State v. Brown , 312 Neb. 654 ( 2022 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
David B. Brown, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed October 21, 2022. No. S-21-097.
1. Appeal and Error. When reviewing a question of law, an appellate court
resolves the question independently of the lower court’s conclusion.
2. Pleadings: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A trial court’s decision
to grant or deny a motion to reconsider is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion.
3. Public Officers and Employees: Negligence: Pleadings: Appeal and
Error. The appropriate filing procedure when an appeal is lost due to
official negligence is for the party seeking relief to file a motion in
the lower court, seeking the ability to establish the basis for obtain-
ing relief.
4. Public Officers and Employees: Negligence: Appeal and Error.
Where a duty is placed upon a public officer to perform acts necessary
to perfect an appeal, his or her failure to perform cannot be charged to
the litigant or operate to defeat the appeal; however, if the negligence of
the appellant or his or her agent concurs with that of the court official,
it precludes the appeal.
5. Attorney and Client: Agency. The relationship between attorney and
client is one of agency, and the general agency rules of law apply to the
relation of attorney and client.
6. Postconviction: Effectiveness of Counsel: Public Officers and
Employees: Negligence: Appeal and Error. The loss of an appeal on
collateral review due to postconviction counsel’s negligence does not
entitle the party seeking relief to the procedural remedy recognized
when an appeal is lost due to official negligence.
7. Postconviction: Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Where
a defendant is denied his or her right to a direct appeal because counsel
fails to perfect an appeal, the proper vehicle for the defendant to seek
relief is through the Nebraska Postconviction Act.
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 6548. Postconviction: Constitutional Law: Effectiveness of Counsel. There
is no constitutional guarantee of effective assistance of counsel in a
postconviction action and therefore no claim for ineffective assistance
of postconviction counsel.
9. Courts: Judgments: Time: Appeal and Error. A motion for reconsid-
eration does not terminate the time for appeal and is considered nothing
more than an invitation to the court to consider exercising its inherent
power to vacate or modify its own judgment.
10. Courts: Judgments: Legislature: Time: Appeal and Error. Courts
have the power to vacate or modify their own judgments and orders at
any time during the term at which they were pronounced. But this power
may not be used to circumvent the Legislature’s power to fix the time
limit to take an appeal.
11. Courts: Judgments: Time: Appeal and Error. A court may not vacate
an order or judgment and reinstate it at a later date just for the purpose
of extending the time for appeal.
12. Judgments: Appeal and Error. Where the record adequately demon-
strates that the decision of a trial court is correct, although such correct-
ness is based on a ground or reason different from that assigned by the
trial court, an appellate court will affirm.
Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Pirtle, Chief Judge, and Riedmann and Welch, Judges,
on appeal thereto from the District Court for Butler County,
Christina M. Marroquin, Judge. Judgment of Court of
Appeals reversed and remanded with direction.
Robert Wm. Chapin, Jr., for appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
Duffy for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Cassel, J.
INTRODUCTION
We granted the State of Nebraska’s petition for further review
to consider a Nebraska Court of Appeals’ decision 1 extending
1
State v. Brown, 30 Neb. App. 657, 970 N.W.2d 809 (2022).
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654the procedural remedy for “claims of official negligence” 2
to an appeal that purportedly was lost due to an appointed
postconviction counsel’s actions. Because we conclude that
the Court of Appeals’ decision extends State v. Parnell 3 and
State v. Jones 4 beyond their applicable scope, we reverse, and
remand with direction.
BACKGROUND
This case arises from criminal proceedings in the district
court for Butler County. A jury convicted David B. Brown of
two counts of first degree sexual assault, and the court sen-
tenced Brown. On direct appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed
Brown’s convictions and sentences. 5 Brown filed a timely pro
se motion for postconviction relief pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-3001 (Reissue 2016). The State moved to dismiss the
motion, and the district court appointed counsel to represent
Brown. The court heard arguments from the State and Brown’s
appointed counsel.
On September 17, 2020, the court entered an order that sus-
tained the State’s motion to dismiss and “dismissed [Brown’s
motion for postconviction relief] without the necessity of an
evidentiary hearing.” The court addressed three claims. It
stated that Brown’s claim for actual innocence was “an attempt
to relitigate issues decided at trial,” that his ineffective assist­
ance of trial counsel claim for failure to file a motion to
suppress had “no basis” in light of the jury instructions, and
that his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim for
failure to challenge the constitutionality of the Sex Offender
Registration Act 6 had no legal basis.
2
See, State v. Jones, 307 Neb. 809, 950 N.W.2d 625 (2020); State v.
Parnell, 301 Neb. 774, 919 N.W.2d 900 (2018).
3
State v. Parnell, supra note 2.
4
State v. Jones, supra note 2.
5
See State v. Brown, No. A-18-599, 2019 WL 1492689 (Neb. App. Mar. 25,
2019) (selected for posting to court website).
6
See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 29-4001 to 29-4014 (Reissue 2016).
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654Brown did not file an appeal within 30 days of the court’s
order. 7
On January 19, 2021, Brown filed a pro se “Verified Motion
for Reconsideration, Motion to Vacate and Reinstate Order
Denying Motion for Postconviction Relief.” Brown moved the
court to reconsider his motion for postconviction relief or, in
the alternative, to vacate and reinstate the order so that Brown
could file a timely appeal.
In the motion, Brown asserted that his delay in filing an
appeal was due to his appointed counsel’s failure to provide
him with a copy of the court’s order. Brown further alleged
that his counsel did not notify him of the court’s ruling until
October 16, 2020, which was 29 days after the court entered
the order. Brown stated that he did not receive a copy of the
order until December 14.
On January 22, 2021, the court “dismissed” Brown’s motion.
The order stated: “The Court has reviewed [Brown’s] Motion
for Reconsideration. It is untimely filed and the Motion is here
dismissed.”
On February 3, 2021, Brown filed an appeal from that rul-
ing. He assigned, restated, that (1) the district court erred in
dismissing the motion for reconsideration and (2) the attorney
assigned to represent Brown in his postconviction motion was
ineffective. Brown argued that the court abused its discretion
in dismissing the motion as untimely in light of his delay in
receiving a copy of the court’s order. The State argued that
the court “correctly denied the motion for reconsideration
because it could not legally vacate and reissue” the initial
order to circumvent the legislatively created deadline and
because the court had correctly denied Brown’s postconvic-
tion motion. 8
Without addressing the merits of Brown’s motion for recon-
sideration, the Court of Appeals found that the district court
7
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1912 (Cum. Supp. 2022).
8
Brief for appellee at 11.
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654abused its discretion in dismissing the motion as untimely. It
reasoned that a motion for reconsideration does not terminate
the time for appeal and is considered nothing more than an
invitation to the court to consider exercising its inherent power
to vacate or modify its own judgment. 9 It further stated:
Although Brown asserts that the delay in receiving
notice of the court’s dismissal of his postconviction
motion was due to his counsel’s negligence as opposed
to negligence of the court or prison officials, State v.
Parnell[ 10] and State v. Jones[ 11] instruct that Brown’s
motion to reconsider was not untimely and should not
have been dismissed as such. 12
The Court of Appeals also cited to one of its decisions 13 which
addressed the merits of an appeal of the denial of a motion to
vacate an order denying postconviction relief based on alleg-
edly newly discovered evidence.
The Court of Appeals next reasoned that there is no constitu-
tional guarantee of effective assistance of counsel in a postcon-
viction action and therefore no claim for ineffective assistance
of postconviction counsel. 14 It reversed the district court’s dis-
missal of Brown’s motion for reconsideration as untimely and
remanded the matter for consideration on the merits.
The State filed a timely petition for further review, which
we granted.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The State assigns, restated, that the Court of Appeals erred
in (1) relying on Parnell and Jones to conclude that Brown’s
motion for reconsideration was not untimely and (2) remanding
9
See State v. Lotter, 301 Neb. 125, 917 N.W.2d 850 (2018).
10
State v. Parnell, supra note 2.
11
State v. Jones, supra note 2.
12
State v. Brown, supra note 1, 30 Neb. App. at 660, 970 N.W.2d at 812.
13
State v. Manning, 18 Neb. App. 545, 789 N.W.2d 54 (2010).
14
See State v. Hessler, 288 Neb. 670, 850 N.W.2d 777 (2014).
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654the matter, because the district court could not legally vacate
and reinstate the order dismissing Brown’s motion for postcon-
viction relief.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] When reviewing a question of law, an appellate court
resolves the question independently of the lower court’s con-
clusion. 15 A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to
reconsider is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 16
ANALYSIS
In its petition for further review, the State assigns that the
Court of Appeals’ reliance on Parnell 17 and Jones 18 is mis-
placed. It suggests that the procedural remedy outlined in
those cases applies only to “claims of official negligence.” 19 It
points out—and the Court of Appeals recognized—that Brown
attributes his delay in filing to his appointed counsel’s negli-
gence. The State characterizes the Court of Appeals’ decision
as “equat[ing] actions of postconviction counsel with that of
official negligence.” 20
Parnell and Jones Do Not Apply
[3] We begin by analyzing the procedural remedy outlined in
Parnell and Jones to determine whether it applies in Brown’s
situation. In both cases, we recognized a narrow exception to
the 30-day time limit to appeal: The appropriate filing proce-
dure when an appeal is lost due to official negligence is for the
party seeking relief to file a motion in the lower court, seeking
the ability to establish the basis for obtaining relief. 21
15
State v. Koch, 304 Neb. 133, 933 N.W.2d 585 (2019).
16
County of Douglas v. Nebraska Tax Equal. & Rev. Comm., 296 Neb. 501,
894 N.W.2d 308 (2017).
17
State v. Parnell, supra note 2.
18
State v. Jones, supra note 2.
19
Brief for appellee in support of petition for further review at 7.
20
Id.21
State v. Jones, supra note 2; State v. Parnell, supra note 2.
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654This procedural remedy derives from our earlier holding in
State v. Smith. 22 There, a district court overruled a defendant’s
motion for postconviction relief. The defendant appealed from
the order, but the Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal as
untimely. The defendant then filed a second “‘motion for post-
conviction relief,’” alleging that he filed his notice of appeal
and accompanying documents within the 30-day period. 23 He
alleged that the court clerk misplaced the documents he filed,
depriving him of his right to appeal. Given the circumstances,
the defendant requested that the court permit him to appeal.
The district court sustained the motion.
[4] On appeal in Smith, this court distinguished negligence
that results solely from a public officer’s error from negligence
that results, at least in part, due to the acts of the appellant or
his or her agent. We emphasized that where a duty is placed
upon a public officer to perform acts necessary to perfect an
appeal, his or her failure to perform cannot be charged to the
litigant or operate to defeat the appeal; however, if the negli-
gence of the appellant or his or her agent concurs with that of
the court official, it precludes the appeal. 24 We reasoned that
the defendant would be entitled to reinstatement of his appeal
if it was lost solely due to the clerk’s error. Therefore, we held
that the appropriate procedure for securing a new appeal when
an appeal is lost due to official negligence is to file a motion
in the lower court and establish the factual basis for obtain-
ing relief.
We now turn to our analysis in Parnell and Jones. The Court
of Appeals’ decision recites the facts of both cases, which we
briefly set forth here.
In Parnell, the defendant alleged that he missed the dead-
line for appeal, because he did not receive a copy of the dis-
trict court’s order dismissing his motion for postconviction
22
State v. Smith, 269 Neb. 773, 696 N.W.2d 871 (2005).
23
Id. at 777, 696 N.W.2d at 878.
24
State v. Smith, supra note 22.
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654relief. 25 The court clerk certified that a copy of that dismissal
was sent to the State and to the defendant. We held that while
the law presumes that a public officer will faithfully per-
form his or her official duties and that a letter, once properly
mailed, will reach its addressee, both are presumptions that
can be overcome by the showing of evidence to the contrary.
Under the circumstances, we concluded that the defendant
was entitled to an evidentiary hearing to offer proof of his
allegation.
In Jones, the defendant failed to file a timely appeal from
a district court’s order denying his motion for postconviction
relief. 26 The defendant alleged that he attempted to appeal the
denial and that he deposited his paperwork with prison officials
before the 30-day deadline. But he asserted that due to the neg-
ligent acts of the officials, his paperwork did not arrive to the
court in a timely manner. We held that the defendant alleged a
claim of official negligence sufficient to entitle him to a hear-
ing under Parnell.
[5] Although Smith, Parnell, and Jones may seem procedur-
ally similar to Brown’s situation, the basis of Brown’s claim
was fundamentally different. Brown did not attribute his delay
in filing to the negligence of court or prison officials. Brown
alleged that his appeal was lost due to his appointed counsel’s
negligence. Although at oral argument Brown argued that his
postconviction attorney was an “officer of the court,” the rela-
tionship between attorney and client is one of agency, and the
general agency rules of law apply to the relation of attorney
and client. 27 Here, Brown was the principal and postconviction
counsel was his agent.
[6] The loss of an appeal on collateral review due to postcon-
viction counsel’s negligence does not entitle the party seeking
25
State v. Parnell, supra note 2.
26
State v. Jones, supra note 2.
27
Thomas & Thomas Court Reporters v. Switzer, 283 Neb. 19, 810 N.W.2d
677 (2012).
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654relief to the procedural remedy recognized when an appeal is
lost due to official negligence. Under Smith, mere concurring
negligence of an appellant’s agent is sufficient to preclude an
appeal. 28 Where negligence is attributed solely to an appellant’s
agent, the same outcome follows. We agree with the State that
the procedural remedy recognized in Parnell and Jones does
not apply in Brown’s situation. The Court of Appeals erred in
applying that remedy here.
Appointed Postconviction
Counsel’s Alleged Negligence
[7] We have previously held that where a defendant is
denied his or her right to a direct appeal because counsel fails
to perfect an appeal, the proper vehicle for the defendant to
seek relief is through the Nebraska Postconviction Act. 29 After
a trial, conviction, and sentencing, if counsel deficiently fails
to file or perfect an appeal after being so directed by the crimi-
nal defendant, prejudice will be presumed and counsel will be
deemed ineffective, thus entitling the defendant to postconvic-
tion relief. 30 The U.S. Supreme Court has held that a criminal
defendant has a constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel in his or her first appeal as of right. 31
[8] But this procedural remedy is not available when counsel
fails to file an appeal in a postconviction proceeding. Brown’s
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel ended
when the Court of Appeals decided his direct appeal. There is
no constitutional guarantee of effective assistance of counsel in
a postconviction action and therefore no claim for ineffective
28
State v. Smith, supra note 22.
29
See State v. Hess, 261 Neb. 368, 622 N.W.2d 891 (2001) (citing State v.
Trotter, 259 Neb. 212, 609 N.W.2d 33 (2000)).
30
Id. See, also, State v. Collins, 292 Neb. 602, 873 N.W.2d 657 (2016); State
v. Halsey, 195 Neb. 432, 238 N.W.2d 249 (1976).
31
See Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 125 S. Ct. 2582, 162 L. Ed. 2d
552 (2005) (citing Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 83 S. Ct. 814, 9
L. Ed. 2d 811 (1963)).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 654assistance of postconviction counsel. 32 We express no opinion
regarding any other avenue for relief which might be available
to Brown.
No Abuse of Discretion in
Denying Reconsideration
[9] The Court of Appeals correctly distinguished an appeal
from the district court’s order denying reconsideration from an
appeal from the order denying postconviction relief. A motion
for reconsideration does not terminate the time for appeal and
is considered nothing more than an invitation to the court to
consider exercising its inherent power to vacate or modify
its own judgment. 33 The district court had jurisdiction to con-
sider the reconsideration motion, and the Court of Appeals
had jurisdiction to review denial of that motion for abuse of
discretion. 34
But the Court of Appeals erred in finding an abuse of dis-
cretion based upon Parnell and Jones. And here, there was no
other basis for doing so.
[10,11] Courts have the power to vacate or modify their own
judgments and orders at any time during the term at which
they were pronounced. But this power may not be used to cir-
cumvent the Legislature’s power to fix the time limit to take
an appeal. 35 A court may not vacate an order or judgment and
reinstate it at a later date just for the purpose of extending the
time for appeal. 36
[12] Here, Brown did not claim official negligence, and
the court had no power to vacate its denial of postconviction
relief merely for the purpose of extending the time for appeal.
32
State v. Hessler, supra note 14.
33
State v. Lotter, supra note 9.
34
See Rules of Dist. Ct. of Fifth Jud. Dist. 5-1 (rev. 2001) (term coextensive
with calendar year).
35
In re Interest of Luz P. et al., 295 Neb. 814, 891 N.W.2d 651 (2017).
36
Id.- 664 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
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STATE V. BROWN
Cite as 312 Neb. 654While the district court may have inaccurately described the
reconsideration motion as untimely, it could not have used that
motion as a vehicle to extend the time for appeal. Where the
record adequately demonstrates that the decision of a trial court
is correct, although such correctness is based on a ground or
reason different from that assigned by the trial court, an appel-
late court will affirm. 37 The Court of Appeals should have done
so here.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that Parnell and Jones do not apply in
Brown’s situation. The appropriate procedural remedy when
an appeal purportedly was lost due to an appointed counsel’s
actions is for the defendant to seek relief through the Nebraska
Postconviction Act. But that remedy is not available where
the claim is based on ineffective assistance of postconvic-
tion counsel. Because we conclude that the Court of Appeals
erred in its application of Parnell and Jones, we reverse its
decision and remand with direction to affirm the order of the
district court.
Reversed and remanded with direction.
37
State v. Grant, 310 Neb. 700, 968 N.W.2d 837 (2022).