State v. Stanko , 304 Neb. 675 ( 2019 )


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    Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
    304 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. STANKO
    Cite as 
    304 Neb. 675
    State of Nebraska, appellant,
    v. Rudy Stanko, appellee.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed December 20, 2019.   No. S-18-543.
    1. Criminal Law: Courts: Appeal and Error. In an appeal of a criminal
    case from the county court, both the district court and a higher appellate
    court generally review appeals from the county court for error appearing
    on the record.
    2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
    appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the deci-
    sion conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
    neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable; an appellate court inde-
    pendently reviews questions of law.
    3. Statutes. The interpretation of a statute presents a question of law.
    4. Criminal Law: Intent: Appeal and Error. The purpose of a prosecuto-
    rial appeal brought under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2315.01 (Reissue 2016)
    is to provide an authoritative exposition of the law to serve as precedent
    in future cases.
    5. Appeal and Error. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2316 (Reissue 2016) limits the
    relief an appellate court can afford, even if the exception taken by the
    State is sustained.
    6. Criminal Law: Courts: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A judgment of
    acquittal in the county court shall not be reversed by either the district
    court acting as an intermediate appellate court or upon further consider-
    ation in an appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court or the Nebraska Court
    of Appeals, since the defendant has been placed legally in jeopardy in
    the trial court.
    7. Criminal Law: Directed Verdict. In a criminal case, the court can
    direct a verdict only when (1) there is a complete failure of evidence
    to establish an essential element of the crime charged or (2) evidence is
    so doubtful in character and lacking in probative value that a finding of
    guilt based on such evidence cannot be sustained.
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    304 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. STANKO
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    8. Criminal Law: Directed Verdict: Appeal and Error. In an appellate
    court’s consideration of a criminal defendant’s motion for a directed
    verdict, the State is entitled to have all its relevant evidence accepted as
    true, every controverted fact resolved in its favor, and every beneficial
    inference reasonably deducible from the evidence.
    9. Criminal Law: Proof. The burden is on the State to prove all essential
    elements of the crime charged.
    10. Invitor-Invitee. As a general matter, when a business holds a portion of
    its property open to the public, a person who enters the open area at a
    reasonable time and in a reasonable manner has the implied consent of
    the owner to enter the premises under a limited privilege.
    11. ____. Business property owners have a common-law right to exclude
    from their premises those whose actions disrupt the regular and essential
    operations of the premises or threaten the security of the premises and
    its occupants.
    12. Criminal Law: Statutes: Words and Phrases. The meaning of the
    word “know” or the word “knowingly” in a penal statute varies in the
    context in which it is used.
    13. Trespass: Words and Phrases. The plain language of “knowing” in
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-521(1) (Reissue 2016), in the context of enter-
    ing any building or occupied structure “knowing that he or she is not
    licensed or privileged to do so,” imposes a subjective standard focused
    on the accused’s actual knowledge.
    14. Intent: Circumstantial Evidence. Knowledge, like intent, may be
    inferred from the circumstances surrounding the act.
    15. Trial. An affirmative defense is established as a matter of law only if
    there are no factual issues remaining to be resolved by the trier of fact.
    16. Trespass. A person entering premises open to the public has not “com-
    plied with all lawful conditions imposed on access to or remaining in the
    premises” pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-522(2) (Reissue 2016) if he
    or she has been lawfully barred from the premises and the business has
    not reinstated its implied consent to entry.
    Appeal from the District Court for Sheridan County, Travis
    P. O’Gorman, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County
    Court for Sheridan County, Paul G. Wess, Judge. Exception
    sustained.
    Aaron J. Conn, Sheridan County Attorney, for appellant.
    Andrew M. Pope, of Crites, Shaffer, Connealy, Watson,
    Patras & Watson, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
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    304 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. STANKO
    Cite as 
    304 Neb. 675
    Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, Papik, and
    Freudenberg, JJ.
    Freudenberg, J.
    NATURE OF CASE
    In this exception proceeding, the question presented is
    whether the county court erred in directing a verdict in favor
    of the defendant at the close of the State’s case in chief under
    a complaint for first degree trespass in violation of Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 28-520(1)(a) (Reissue 2016). The defendant had
    received a “stay away” letter intended to apply to all busi-
    nesses owned by the parent company issuing the letter, includ-
    ing two adjoining businesses owned by the same company
    and located in the same building, where the defendant entered
    during business hours and exited without incident when told
    to leave. The county court appeared to conclude the affirma-
    tive defense to criminal trespass described by Neb. Rev. Stat.
    § 28-522(2) (Reissue 2016), that compliance with “all lawful
    conditions imposed on access to or remaining in” the premises
    “at the time open to members of the public,” did not encom-
    pass compliance with a “stay away” letter directed toward the
    defendant.
    BACKGROUND
    The State filed a complaint in county court against Rudy
    Stanko for first degree trespass in violation of § 28-520(1)(a).
    The complaint related to Stanko’s presence on April 3, 2017, at
    a Subway sandwich shop located in the same physical structure
    as a Pump & Pantry convenience store in Gordon, Nebraska.
    Bosselman Enterprises (Bosselman) owns both the Pump &
    Pantry and the Subway franchise at that location and had pre­
    viously sent Stanko a “stay away” letter.
    Section 28-520(1)(a) provides that a person commits first
    degree criminal trespass if he or she (1) enters or secretly
    remains (2) in any building or occupied structure, or any sepa-
    rately secured or occupied portion thereof, (3) knowing that he
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    STATE v. STANKO
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    or she is not licensed or privileged to do so. In contrast, Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 28-521(1) (Reissue 2016) provides:
    (1) A person commits second degree criminal trespass
    if, knowing that he or she is not licensed or privileged to
    do so, he or she enters or remains in any place as to which
    notice against trespass is given by:
    (a) Actual communication to the actor; or
    (b) Posting in a manner prescribed by law or reason-
    ably likely to come to the attention of intruders; or
    (c) Fencing or other enclosure manifestly designed to
    exclude intruders except as otherwise provided in sec-
    tion 28-520.
    Section 28-522 provides that “[i]t is an affirmative defense
    to prosecution under sections 28-520 and 28-521 that . . . (2)
    [t]he premises were at the time open to members of the public
    and the actor complied with all lawful conditions imposed on
    access to or remaining in the premises[.]”
    Trial
    The evidence at trial adduced during the State’s case in chief
    demonstrated that Stanko originally distributed a free newspa-
    per at the Pump & Pantry in Gordon. After complaints from
    customers, Bosselman informed Stanko that it would no longer
    carry the newspaper at its stores and that Stanko could pick up
    the undistributed issues.
    When retrieving the undistributed issues of his newspa-
    per, Stanko was “[a]ggressive” in a verbal exchange between
    Stanko and the Pump & Pantry store manager. The district
    manager for the Bosselman properties in the area explained
    that the aggression was such that “people working didn’t feel
    comfortable with [Stanko’s] coming into the store by the things
    he was saying.”
    In an effort to provide a safe environment for its custom-
    ers and employees, Bosselman decided to send Stanko a “stay
    away” letter. On February 20, 2017, an attorney for Bosselman
    sent the certified “stay away” letter to Stanko. It was described
    “RE: STAY AWAY LETTER” and advised:
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    STATE v. STANKO
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    304 Neb. 675
    Bosselman Pump & Pantry, Inc. and any of its parent,
    sister, or subsidiary companies are requesting that you do
    not come onto any of its properties.
    This notice follows the verbal request that you are spe-
    cifically not welcome at the Bosselman property:
    Pump & Pantry #34
    101 W Hwy 20
    Gordon, NE 69343
    Furthermore, you are prohibited from telephoning any
    Bosselman business including Pump & Pantry # 34, 101
    W Hwy 20, Gordon, Nebraska.
    If you are found on this property or if you telephone
    this business or any Bosselman business, law enforcement
    will be called and you will be charged with trespassing
    and/or harassment.
    A copy of this letter has been sent to the Gordon Police
    Department.
    The letterhead listed all of the Bosselman businesses, includ-
    ing Subway. The district manager testified that the letter fol-
    lowed standard procedure for the company and that it could be
    rescinded under certain circumstances.
    A copy of the letter was sent to the Gordon Police
    Department. Bosselman management verbally communicated
    to an officer of the police department that Stanko was not
    allowed on Bosselman’s property. The officer testified that
    Stanko later told him that he had received the letter.
    The Pump & Pantry and the Subway each have their own
    signage and operating hours, but they share the same building
    with the same address. There are separate entries for the Pump
    & Pantry and the Subway. Once in the building, however,
    people can move freely between one side and the other, unless
    the Subway side is closed. When the Subway side is closed and
    the Pump & Pantry side is open, there is a “little gate” block-
    ing internal access. The larger entry is on the Pump & Pantry
    side but opens into the hallway that adjoins the Pump & Pantry
    and the Subway. Stanko’s newspaper had been distributed in
    that hallway.
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    STATE v. STANKO
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    304 Neb. 675
    On April 3, 2017, Stanko entered directly into the Subway
    side of the building in Gordon. It was undisputed that the
    Subway was open to the public at that time. Stanko was imme-
    diately informed by Subway staff that he was not allowed to be
    there. Stanko asked why he could not order a sandwich. The
    manager replied that Stanko was not allowed on the property.
    Stanko left the building without further incident.
    At the close of the State’s case in chief, Stanko moved for
    a directed verdict. Stanko argued that the State had failed to
    prove the elements of first degree trespass because (1) first
    degree trespass involves a dwelling or other place designed
    for overnight accommodation; (2) unlike second degree tres-
    pass, notice is not an element of first degree trespass; and (3)
    the “stay away” letter warned that Stanko was not welcome
    at the Pump & Pantry and was prohibited from telephon-
    ing any Bosselman business, but merely “request[ed]” that
    Stanko not come onto any of Bosselman’s properties. Further,
    Stanko asserted that a directed verdict should be granted
    because the evidence was undisputed that under the affirma-
    tive defense set forth in § 28-522(2), the building was open
    to members of the public and Stanko had complied with all
    lawful conditions.
    Before ruling on the motion, the court rejected from the
    bench Stanko’s argument that first degree trespass required a
    dwelling or overnight accommodation. But the court appeared
    to view Stanko’s other arguments favorably, focusing on the
    affirmative defense and the absence of any dispute concerning
    the facts that Stanko did not create a disturbance or otherwise
    violate any lawful condition imposed upon the public at large
    and that the Subway was open to the public at the time in ques-
    tion. The court articulated the following:
    [I]t looks to me like, given the testimony that we have
    had thus far, Subsection 2, for example, the premises
    were at the time open to members of the public, and the
    actor, . . . Stanko, complied with all lawful conditions
    imposed upon access to or remaining in the premises . . . .
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    STATE v. STANKO
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    So what I am thinking is the real issue is whether
    or not [the Subway staff member’s] testimony that . . .
    Stanko had come in through the entry door of Subway,
    walked around until she informed him he was to leave.
    The manager came and said . . . Stanko was to leave, and
    he left. And so it seems like her testimony — and she
    testified specifically that at the time Subway was open to
    members of the public. And when asked to leave, he left.
    He didn’t do anything, you know, unlawful as far as, you
    know, breaking anything or disturbing anyone coming in
    the door or leaving when he left.
    So the issue is whether or not that affirmative defense,
    given all the evidence that we have, is sufficient to grant
    a directed verdict, or does that issue go to the jury for
    their decision? There isn’t any contrary evidence that . . .
    Stanko, you know, was unruly while he was in there or
    failed to comply with the request to leave.
    The court continued with its discussion of the affirma-
    tive defense by focusing on which party has the burden of
    proof, stating:
    [T]he burden of proof does not shift to the defendant. It
    stays with the prosecution to prove that either the prem-
    ises [were] not open to members of the public, or that
    . . . Stanko failed to comply with all lawful conditions, et
    cetera, et cetera. And so given that, given what I believe
    the instruction would be, it seems as though the State has
    failed to prove what in the proposed instructions is instru-
    ment or element No. 6, and, therefore, a directed verdict
    would be proper.
    Instruction No. 6 is not in the record. The court asked the par-
    ties whether they disagreed with “the proposition that it’s still
    the State’s burden.” The court elaborated:
    The defendant has the burden to prove that it was open
    to members of the public and that he failed to — or,
    excuse me, abided by all lawful conditions imposed on
    access to or remaining on the premises and, therefore, the
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    STATE v. STANKO
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    defendant must put on evidence and then the jury would
    decide that issue.
    The court later continued: “[O]ne of the elements is knowing
    that one is not licensed or privileged to do so presupposes the
    defense. So, in other words, there would be no affirmative
    defense if a person not given notice, not to come in, didn’t
    come in.” The court asked whether a person entering a busi-
    ness open to the public, by virtue of entering that business, is
    precluded from the affirmative defense that “it was open and I
    didn’t do anything wrong while I was in there.”
    In response, the State argued that Stanko was not lawfully
    following the conditions imposed upon him because he failed
    to follow the “stay away” letter.
    Stanko’s counsel argued that it was the State’s burden to
    show that the Subway was not open to members of the public
    and to put on some evidence suggesting that Stanko may have
    done “anything other than lawfully comply with all conditions
    that were imposed on him at that moment.”
    After a short recess, the court granted Stanko’s motion for a
    directed verdict and dismissed the case. The court did not fur-
    ther articulate its reasons for reaching that conclusion.
    Exception Proceeding
    The State appealed the county court’s decision to the district
    court pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2317 (Reissue 2016).
    The State alleged, among other things, that the county court
    had erred in directing a verdict in favor of Stanko.
    The district court dismissed the appeal. Noting that jeopardy
    had already attached, the district court concluded that an opin-
    ion on appeal would result in an advisory opinion with at most
    “marginal precedential value” because the issues presented
    were limited to the unique facts of this particular case.
    The State appealed to the Nebraska Court of Appeals pursu-
    ant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2315.01 (Reissue 2016). The Court
    of Appeals granted leave to docket the appeal. Though the
    State had assigned several errors, the Court of Appeals granted
    leave to appeal only as to the error alleged regarding the
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    county court’s issuance of a directed verdict based on its inter-
    pretation of criminal trespass statutes and affirmative defenses.
    We subsequently moved the case to our docket.
    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    The State assigns that the district court erred in finding that
    the errors alleged by the county attorney in the appeal from the
    county court were limited to the facts of this particular case,
    that no issue of statutory interpretation was presented nor any
    other issue upon which a decision would be helpful in future
    cases, and that the application did not present an opportunity
    to provide an authoritative exposition of the law that would be
    sufficiently useful as precedent.
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1-3] In an appeal of a criminal case from the county court,
    both the district court and a higher appellate court generally
    review appeals from the county court for error appearing on the
    record.1 When reviewing a judgment for errors appearing on
    the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the decision
    conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and
    is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable; we indepen-
    dently review questions of law.2 The interpretation of a statute
    presents a question of law.3
    ANALYSIS
    [4-6] The purpose of a prosecutorial appeal brought under
    § 29-2315.01 is to provide an authoritative exposition of the
    law to serve as precedent in future cases.4 Neb. Rev. Stat.
    § 29-2316 (Reissue 2016) limits the relief we can afford, even
    if the exception taken by the State is sustained.5 A judgment
    1
    See State v. Thalken, 
    299 Neb. 857
    , 
    911 N.W.2d 562
    (2018).
    2
    See 
    id. 3 State
    v. Thalken, supra note 1.
    4
    State v. Larkins, 
    276 Neb. 603
    , 
    755 N.W.2d 813
    (2008).
    5
    See State v. Thalken, supra note 1.
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    of acquittal in the county court “shall not be reversed”6 by
    either the district court acting as an intermediate appellate
    court or upon further consideration in an appeal to this court
    or the Court of Appeals,7 since the defendant has been “placed
    legally in jeopardy”8 in the trial court. The relief in an appeal
    by the State under § 29-2316 in such circumstances is limited
    to determining the law to govern in any similar case that may
    be pending or that may thereafter arise.9
    The Court of Appeals sustained the State’s application in
    this case as to the error alleged regarding the county court’s
    issuance of a directed verdict based on its interpretation of
    criminal trespass statutes and affirmative defenses. We agree
    that because these are issues of first impression concerning
    the meaning of §§ 28-520 and 28-522, an authoritative exposi-
    tion of the law is needed. The district court erred in determin-
    ing otherwise.
    [7,8] This exception proceeding addresses the meaning of
    §§ 28-520 and 28-522 within the context of whether the
    county court erred by granting Stanko’s motion for a directed
    verdict. In a criminal case, the court can direct a verdict only
    when (1) there is a complete failure of evidence to establish
    an essential element of the crime charged or (2) evidence is
    so doubtful in character and lacking in probative value that a
    finding of guilt based on such evidence cannot be sustained.10
    In our consideration of a criminal defendant’s motion for a
    directed verdict, the State is entitled to have all its relevant
    evidence accepted as true, every controverted fact resolved in
    its favor, and every beneficial inference reasonably deducible
    from the evidence.11
    6
    § 29-2316.
    7
    
    Id. See, also,
    State v. Thalken, supra note 1.
    8
    § 29-2316.
    9
    See 
    id. 10 State
    v. Johnson, 
    298 Neb. 491
    , 
    904 N.W.2d 714
    (2017).
    11
    
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    In light of the county court’s comments from the bench
    before its ruling, the court appeared to grant Stanko’s motion
    for a directed verdict because it believed that under the affirm­
    ative defense to criminal trespass described by § 28-522(2),
    compliance with “all lawful conditions imposed on access to
    or remaining in” the premises “at the time open to members
    of the public,” did not encompass compliance with a “stay
    away” letter directed toward the defendant. The court also
    appeared to consider the affirmative defense and the element
    of “knowing that he or she is not licensed or privileged” to be
    interwoven. We will begin our analysis with the elements of
    the crime charged.
    [9] The burden is on the State to prove all essential elements
    of the crime charged.12 In the charges against Stanko under
    § 28-520(1)(a), it was the State’s burden to prove beyond a
    reasonable doubt that Stanko (1) entered or secretly remained
    in a building or occupied structure (2) with knowledge that he
    was not licensed or privileged to do so.13
    The evidence demonstrated that the Subway was located in
    a building or occupied structure and that Stanko entered that
    building or occupied structure. Section 28-520 applies to “any
    building or occupied structure, or any separately secured or
    occupied portion thereof.” Section 28-520 is not specifically
    crafted for, but encompasses, buildings or structures hosting
    business operations open to the public.
    [10,11] As a general matter, when a business holds a por-
    tion of its property open to the public, a person who enters the
    open area at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner has
    the implied consent of the owner to enter the premises under a
    limited privilege.14 Nevertheless, such implied consent can be
    revoked.15 Business property owners have a common-law right
    12
    State v. Wright, 
    235 Neb. 564
    , 
    456 N.W.2d 288
    (1990).
    13
    See 
    id. 14 87
    C.J.S. Trespass § 151 (2018). See 75 Am. Jur. 2d Trespass § 40 (2018).
    15
    See 
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    to exclude from their premises those whose actions disrupt the
    regular and essential operations of the premises or threaten the
    security of the premises and its occupants.16
    Stanko has never contended that Bosselman did not prop-
    erly exercise its right to exclude him; the evidence at trial was
    that the exclusion stemmed from an incident of disruptive and
    threatening behavior. Instead, Stanko asserted in his motion
    for a directed verdict that the State’s evidence was lacking in
    sufficient probative value to demonstrate that he entered the
    Subway “knowing” that the exclusion communicated to him by
    the “stay away” letter included the Subway.
    [12] We have never before directly addressed the knowledge
    element of § 28-520(1)(a). We have said that the meaning of
    the word “know” or the word “knowingly” in a penal statute
    varies in the context in which it is used.17 In other contexts, we
    have synonymized “knowingly” with “willfully” and distin-
    guished it from “accidentally” or “involuntarily,” stating that
    to commit an act knowingly, the defendant must be aware of
    what he or she is doing.18 In State v. Almasaudi, we held that
    the phrase “receives, retains, or disposes of stolen movable
    property of another knowing that it has been stolen”19 imposes
    a subjective standard.20 We find that standard likewise appli-
    cable to § 28-520(1)(a).
    Section 28-520 is patterned after § 2.02 of the Model Penal
    Code.21 The comments to the Model Penal Code explain that
    the knowledge requirement excludes from criminal liability
    both the inadvertent trespasser and the trespasser who believes
    16
    See Uston v. Resorts International Hotel, Inc., 
    89 N.J. 163
    , 
    445 A.2d 370
         (1982).
    17
    See Hancock v. State ex. rel. Real Estate Comm., 
    213 Neb. 807
    , 
    331 N.W.2d 526
    (1983).
    18
    See State v. Lotter, 
    255 Neb. 456
    , 
    586 N.W.2d 591
    (1998).
    19
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-517 (Reissue 2016) (emphasis supplied).
    20
    State v. Almasaudi, 
    282 Neb. 162
    , 
    802 N.W.2d 110
    (2011).
    21
    Model Penal Code, § 2.02, 10A U.L.A. 94 (2001).
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    that he has received express or implied permission to enter or
    remain on the premises.22 The majority of states have statu-
    tory provisions adopting the “knowing” language of the Model
    Penal Code or similar language, which is generally considered
    to impose a subjective standard.23 Most courts with similar stat-
    utes hold that “knowing that he [or she] is not licensed or privi-
    leged” establishes a subjective standard knowledge of legal
    authority or the consent of the person in lawful possession.24
    Thus, it is not sufficient for the State to show that a defendant
    should have known he was not licensed or privileged to enter
    the dwelling;25 the fact finder must determine whether the facts
    and circumstances would have caused the particular defendant
    to “know” the requisite facts.26
    [13,14] We agree with the majority of other jurisdictions
    and find that the plain language of “knowing” in § 28-521(1),
    in the context of entering any building or occupied structure
    “knowing that he or she is not licensed or privileged to do so,”
    imposes a subjective standard focused on the accused’s actual
    knowledge. That said, knowledge, like intent, may be inferred
    from the circumstances surrounding the act.27 In fact, it is sel-
    dom capable of direct proof.28
    22
    A.L.I., Model Penal Code and Commentaries § 2.02(2)(b)(i), comment 2
    (1985).
    23
    See 3 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 21.2(c) (3d ed. 2018).
    24
    See State v. Dansinger, 
    521 A.2d 685
    , 689 (Me. 1987). See, also, State v.
    Santiago, 
    218 N.J. Super. 427
    , 
    527 A.2d 963
    (1986); State v. Bertram, 
    708 N.W.2d 913
    (N.D. 2006); Com. v. Namack, 
    444 Pa. Super. 9
    , 
    663 A.2d 191
         (1995); State v. Cram, 
    184 Vt. 531
    , 
    955 A.2d 528
    (2008).
    25
    See, Hancock v. State ex rel. Real Estate Comm., supra note 17; Model
    Penal Code, supra note 21 § 2.02(7). See, also, State v. Dansinger, supra
    note 24; State v. Santiago, supra note 24; State v. Bertram, supra note 24;
    Com. v. Namack, supra note 24; State v. Fanger, 
    164 Vt. 48
    , 
    665 A.2d 36
         (1995).
    26
    See State v. Bernstein, 
    697 N.W.2d 371
    (N.D. App. 2005).
    27
    State v. Almasaudi, supra note 20.
    28
    See Callies v. State, 
    157 Neb. 640
    , 
    61 N.W.2d 370
    (1953).
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    The “stay away” letter listed Subway on its letterhead as
    one of Bosselman’s businesses, and Bosselman’s attorney
    requested in the letter that Stanko “not come onto any of
    its properties.” The letter referred to the incident in which
    Stanko was verbally told he was “not welcome” at the Pump
    & Pantry, which shares the same address and is in the same
    building as the Subway, with open access through a hallway
    between the two businesses unless the Subway is closed.
    Stanko acknowledged to the officer of the police department
    that he had received the “stay away” letter. The State pre-
    sented more than sufficient evidence for a trier of fact to find
    that Stanko knew he was not licensed or privileged to enter
    the Subway on the date in question. Thus, a directed verdict
    for a failure of proof on the elements of the offense charged
    was inappropriate.
    [15] Stanko’s motion for a directed verdict was also based
    on his contention that it was undisputed he had complied with
    “all lawful conditions imposed on access” and thus was enti-
    tled to a directed verdict on the affirmative defense set forth by
    § 28-522. An affirmative defense is established as a matter of
    law only if there are no factual issues remaining to be resolved
    by the trier of fact.29
    The propriety of a directed verdict on the affirmative defense
    set forth by § 28-522(2) depends on statutory interpretation of
    “complied with all lawful conditions imposed on access.” We
    have never addressed the meaning of this phrase. The county
    court appeared to conclude that such conditions encompassed
    only those imposed upon the public at large to enter an open
    area at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, and it
    concluded that because the evidence was undisputed Stanko
    entered the Subway during normal business hours and was not
    acting in a disruptive manner, this affirmative defense could be
    decided as a matter of law. The State asserts in this exception
    29
    See Davis v. State, 
    368 Ark. 401
    , 
    246 S.W.3d 862
    (2007). See, also, Hill v.
    State, 
    261 Ga. 377
    , 
    405 S.E.2d 258
    (1991).
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    proceeding that “all lawful conditions imposed” includes the
    condition that a particular person for whom implied consent
    has been indefinitely and lawfully revoked cannot enter the
    premises until consent to enter is reinstated. We agree with
    the State.
    The affirmative defense found in § 28-522, like § 28-520,
    derives from the Model Penal Code. The comments to the
    Model Penal Code explain that the “primary objective of the
    defense is to exclude criminal prosecution for mere presence
    of a person in a place where the public generally is invited,”
    but the affirmative defense would not foreclose prosecution of
    persons “who become undesirable due to disorderly conduct
    or other misbehavior [which] itself amounts to another crimi-
    nal offense.”30
    Only a few states have adopted this part of the Model Penal
    Code.31 One case from one of those states appears at first
    glance to support the county court’s reading of the statute.
    In State v. Morse,32 the court held as a matter of law that the
    defendant should be acquitted of criminal trespass under the
    “open to the public” affirmative defense, despite the fact that
    the defendant had been indefinitely evicted from the casino
    in question for allegedly cheating at blackjack. The defendant
    had not exhibited cheating or disorderly conduct on the date
    he was alleged to have trespassed. The court reasoned that, as
    a place of public business, the casino could lawfully exclude
    patrons for cause only, and it stated that “fairness mandates
    that when the patron attempts to return to the casino and acts
    in accord­ance with all lawful conditions imposed, the patron
    30
    A.L.I., Model Penal Code and Commentaries § 221.2, comment 2 at 90
    (1980).
    31
    Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 53a-110 (West 2012); § 28-522; N.J. Stat. Ann.
    § 2C:18-3 (West 2015); 18 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 3503 (West 2015); S.D.
    Codified Laws § 22-35-7 (2017); Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9A.52.090
    (West 2015).
    32
    State v. Morse, 
    276 N.J. Super. 129
    , 
    647 A.2d 495
    (1994).
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    cannot be excluded, as he is not interfering with any legitimate
    business interests.”33
    But, in State v. Slobin,34 a case from the same jurisdic-
    tion also involving blackjack at a casino, the court rejected
    as dicta any contention that an exclusion by a business open
    to the public can last for no more than 24 hours. The court
    then affirmed criminal trespass convictions of patrons who
    were indefinitely barred from the blackjack table for repeated
    disorderly conduct, despite the fact that they were not disor-
    derly on the date they were alleged to have trespassed.35 Other
    courts in jurisdictions with statutes adopting the language
    of the Model Penal Code have similarly affirmed convic-
    tions of criminal trespass when the defendants were law-
    fully barred from the business premises, despite otherwise
    behaving reasonably at the time for which they were charged
    for trespassing.36
    [16] We hold that a person entering premises open to the
    public has not “complied with all lawful conditions imposed on
    access to or remaining in the premises” pursuant to § 28-522(2)
    if he or she has been lawfully barred from the premises and the
    business has not reinstated its implied consent to entry. While
    a penal statute is to be construed strictly, it is to be given a
    sensible construction in the context of the object sought to be
    accomplished, the evils and mischiefs sought to be remedied,
    and the purpose sought to be served.37 And in the absence of
    anything indicating otherwise, statutory language is to be given
    its plain and ordinary meaning.38
    33
    
    Id. at 134,
    647 A.2d at 497.
    34
    State v. Slobin, 
    294 N.J. Super. 154
    , 
    682 A.2d 1205
    (1996).
    35
    
    Id. 36 See,
    Com. v. White, 
    342 Pa. Super. 1
    , 
    492 A.2d 32
    (1985); State v. Finley,
    
    97 Wash. App. 129
    , 
    982 P.2d 681
    (1999). See, also, Alexis v. McDonald’s
    Restaurants of Massachusetts, 
    67 F.3d 341
    (1st Cir. 1995).
    37
    In re Interest of W.D., 
    232 Neb. 581
    , 
    441 N.W.2d 608
    (1989).
    38
    
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    Unlike that portion of § 28-522(2) describing the element
    that “[t]he premises were at the time open to members of
    the public,” § 28-522(2) does not limit “all lawful condi-
    tions imposed” to those imposed on “members of the public.”
    Rather, § 28-522(2) designates that “the actor complied with
    all lawful conditions imposed on access to or remaining in the
    premises.” (Emphasis supplied.)
    Thus, the plain language of § 28-522(2) encompasses condi-
    tions specific to a specific patron, and we will not read into the
    statute “all lawful conditions imposed [on the general public].”
    It is not sensible to conclude that the Legislature wished to
    shield lawfully barred former business patrons from criminal
    trespass liability so long as they comply with the conditions
    of the limited privilege granted by the business to the public
    at large.
    The county court was correct that “one of the elements is
    knowing that one is not licensed or privileged to do so pre-
    supposes the defense,” inasmuch as the “open to the public”
    affirmative defense is one of privilege and negates the unlaw-
    ful entry element of criminal trespass.39 The county court
    was incorrect, however, in its understanding of what “all
    lawful conditions” under the “open to the public” affirmative
    defense entails.
    Under the facts presented, there was no legal basis for grant-
    ing a directed verdict in Stanko’s favor. The State presented
    evidence from which the trier of fact could have determined
    that Stanko was lawfully barred from the Subway, knew he
    was barred from the Subway, and did not comply with the
    condition that he not enter the Subway until his privilege was
    reinstated. Stanko’s acquittal stands, pursuant to the limits of
    relief we can afford under a prosecutorial appeal brought under
    § 29-2315.01, but the State’s exception is sustained. When
    the business revokes and has not reinstated its limited implied
    privilege to enter at a reasonable time and in a reasonable
    39
    See State v. R.H., 
    86 Wash. App. 807
    , 
    939 P.2d 217
    (1997).
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    manner, the defendant has not complied with all lawful condi-
    tions imposed on access to or remaining in the premises, for
    purposes of the “open to the public” affirmative defense set
    forth in § 28-522.
    CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we sustain the State’s exception
    to the district court’s order, which should have sustained the
    exception to the county court’s judgment.
    Exception sustained.
    Heavican, C.J., not participating.