Chavez-Juarez (Antonio) v. State ( 2014 )

 The district court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Chavez-Juarez's
Batson challenges
Chavez-Juarez argues that the district court violated his right
to equal protection by permitting the State to use peremptory strikes
against three prospective jurors, on account of their ethnicity, in violation
of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
"We review the district court's ruling on a Batson challenge for
an abuse of discretion." Nunnery v. State, 127 Nev. „ 263 P.3d 235,
258 (2011). "Discriminatory jury selection in violation of Batson generally
constitutes structural error that mandates reversal." Diomampo v. State,
124 Nev. 414, 423, 185 P.3d 1031, 1037 (2008) (internal quotations
omitted).
Batson and its progeny disallow the use of peremptory strikes
to systematically exclude jurors based on their race or ethnicity. 476 U.S.
at 86; see also Conner v. State, 130 Nev. , , 327 P.3d 503, 508-09
(2014) (applying Batson to prohibit the discriminatory exclusion of jurors
based on race or ethnicity). In Batson, the United States Supreme Court
articulated a three-step process for evaluating the constitutionality of a
peremptory strike. 476 U.S. at 96; see also Ford v. State, 122 Nev. 398,
403, 132 P.3d 574, 577 (2006) (applying the three-step analysis to review a
Batson challenge). This court has previously recognized that the three
steps require:
(1) the opponent of the peremptory challenge must
make out a prima facie case of discrimination, (2)
the production burden then shifts to the proponent
of the challenge to assert a neutral explanation for
the challenge, and (3) the [district] court must
then decide whether the opponent of the challenge
has proved purposeful discrimination.
Ford, 122 Nev. at 403, 132 P.3d at 577.
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Regardless of whether or not the opponent of a peremptory
challenge makes a sufficient prima facie case of discrimination, if the
proponent of the challenge proffers a race-neutral explanation, the district
court's assessment of the prima facie case becomes moot. Doyle v. State,
112 Nev. 879, 888, 921 P.2d 901, 907 (1996) (citing Hernandez v. New
York, 500 U.S. 352, 359 (1991)), overruled on other grounds by Kaczmarek
v. State, 120 Nev. 314, 333, 91 P.3d 16, 29 (2004). Here, the first step of
the Batson inquiry became moot when the district court sought race-
neutral justifications from the State for all three of its peremptory
challenges to which Chavez-Juarez objected. Therefore, we need only
address the second and third requirements under Batson as they apply to
this case.
The second step of the Batson analysis requires the State to
proffer a race-neutral reason for its peremptory challenge. Ford, 122 Nev.
at 403, 132 P.3d at 577-78. However, "the State's neutral reasons for its
peremptory challenges need not be persuasive or even plausible." Id.Furthermore, "[a] legitimate reason for excluding a juror [consistent with
Batson] [need] not [be] a reason that makes sense, but a reason that does
not deny equal protection." Thomas v. State, 114 Nev. 1127, 1137, 967
P.2d 1111, 1118 (1998) (internal quotations omitted). Therefore, the State
satisfies its burden under step two if it provides a facially race-neutral
justification for its strike. Id.; see also Ford, 122 Nev. at 403, 132 P.3d at
577-78.
Once the State proffers race-neutral reasons, the third step
requires the district court to assess whether "the opponent of the challenge
has proved purposeful discrimination." Ford, 122 Nev. at 403, 132 P.3d at
577 (emphasis added). "[T]he defendant bears a heavy burden in
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demonstrating that the State's facially race-neutral explanation is pretext
for discrimination." Conner, 130 Nev. at , 327 P.3d at 509; see also Rice
v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 338 (2006) (holding that "the ultimate burden of
persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with, and never shifts from,
the opponent of the strike" (internal quotations omitted)). "In order to
carry that burden, the defendant must offer some analysis of the relevant
considerations which is sufficient to demonstrate that it is more likely
than not that the State engaged in purposeful discrimination." Conner,
130 Nev. at , 327 P.3d at 509 (emphasis omitted).
For the reasons stated below, we hold that the district court
did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Chavez-Juarez's Batson
challenges.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by overruling Chavez-
Juarez's Batson challenge regarding prospective juror number 2
During voir dire, the State asked prospective juror number 2
whether she could follow the law, irrespective of what a particular law
may require. Prospective juror number 2 replied that she could not and
expressed her concerns about not being heard by the justice system and
her potential willingness to fight to change a law if it was important to
her. The State also observed, on the record, that prospective juror number
2 hesitated in response to questions about her willingness to comply with
instructions. The State then used a peremptory challenge to exclude
prospective juror number 2 from the venire. Chavez-Juarez then raised a
Batson challenge by asking the reason for the State's peremptory
challenge, but the State responded that it was concerned by prospective
juror number 2's responses and hesitations when answering questions
about following instructions. This explanation fulfilled the second step's
requirement because concern over responses and hesitations was a race-
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neutral reason for striking prospective juror number 2. See Ford, 122 Nev.
at 403, 132 P.3d at 577-78.
Chavez-Juarez did not produce any evidence or argument that
would support a finding of discriminatory intent. Instead, he merely
asked for the reason for the State's challenge. The only evidence before
the district court when it resolved the challenge regarding prospective
juror number 2 was the State's race-neutral justifications. Therefore, the
district court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed the State to use
a peremptory challenge to strike prospective juror number 2.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by overruling Chavez-
Juarez's Batson challenge regarding prospective juror number 5
In response to the State's questions during voir dire,
prospective juror number 5 stated that she believed a victim must
physically resist to demonstrate a lack of consent. After the prosecutor
asked additional questions which provided prospective juror number 5
with opportunities to explain her response, she did not qualify her answer
and remained focused only on what she would do personally. Chavez-
Juarez argues that prospective juror number 5's answers were similar to
those of another veniremember who was eventually seated on the jury, but
that assertion is belied by the record. Although the other juror agreed
that he personally would do what he could to resist against an assault, he
recognized that other factors such as age, size, and fear could prevent a
victim from demonstrating a lack of consent by physically resisting.
Therefore, prospective juror number 5's unqualified responses were
significantly different from the responses of the other prospective juror.
The State used a peremptory challenge on prospective juror
number 5 and Chavez-Juarez responded by raising his second Batson
challenge. The State justified its challenge by stating its concerns
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regarding prospective juror number 5's understanding of consent,
especially considering the facts of this case that involved a child victim
who did not physically resist her attacker. Therefore, the State proffered
a race-neutral justification for its peremptory strike and thereby satisfied
the requirements of the second step of the Batson inquiry. See Ford, 122
Nev. at 403, 132 P.3d at 577-78. Chavez-Juarez neither argued that the
State's race-neutral reason was pretextual nor proffered evidence to
demonstrate that the State acted with discriminatory intent. In the
absence of such evidence, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
accepting the State's race-neutral justification and overruling Chavez-
Juarez's Batson challenge regarding the disqualification of prospective
juror number 5.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by overruling Chavez-
Juarez's challenge of prospective juror number 19
When the State used a peremptory challenge on prospective
juror number 19, Chavez-Juarez made a Batson challenge by requesting
that the State justify its use of a challenge on another Hispanic member of
the venire. The State responded that prospective juror number 19 was
unqualified to serve on a jury because he had a felony drug conviction and
a history of removals from the United States for being present in the
country illegally. However, the prosecutors did not strike him for cause so
as to not embarrass him in front of the rest of the venire. Additionally, the
State argued that prospective juror number 19 had mentioned having
criminal experience and was "nodding and nodding off' during voir dire.
Since "the State's neutral reasons for its peremptory challenges need not
be persuasive or even plausible," the State met its burden under step two
because its reasons were not "inherent[ly]" discriminatory. Ford, 122 Nev.
at 403, 132 P.3d at 577-78. The district court found that the State's
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proffered reasons were 'not so illusory as I use the term, or possibly
illusory, as for me to sustain a Batson challenge."
Again, Chavez-Juarez did not proffer evidence or analysis to
demonstrate that the State's race-neutral justifications were pretextual.
Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by accepting the
State's race-neutral justifications and overruling Chavez-Juarez's Batson
challenge regarding prospective juror number 19.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Chavez-Juarez
Chavez-Juarez argues that the district court abused its
discretion by imposing a sentence based on his refusal to admit guilt. He
relies on what he contends is a "well settled" Nevada rule "that a district
court abuses its sentencing discretion when it relies on a defendant's
refusal to admit guilt and take responsibility in fashioning a sentence."
We review a district court's imposition of a sentence for an
abuse of discretion. Parrish v. State, 116 Nev. 982, 989, 12 P.3d 953, 957
(2000). The reliance upon prejudicial matters "constitutes an abuse of
discretion that necessitates a resentencing hearing before a different
judge." Castillo v. State, 110 Nev. 535, 545, 874 P.2d 1252, 1259 (1994),
disapproved of on other grounds by Wood v. State, 111 Nev. 428, 430, 892
P.2d 944, 946 (1995).
Chavez-Juarez correctly cites Nevada caselaw for the principle
that reliance on a defendant's refusal to admit guilt and take
responsibility at sentencing constitutes an abuse of discretion. Brake v.
State, 113 Nev. 579, 584-85, 939 P.2d 1029, 1032-33 (1997); see also Brown
v. State, 113 Nev. 275, 290-91, 934 P.2d 235, 245-46 (1997); Thomas v.
State, 99 Nev. 757, 758, 670 P.2d 111, 112 (1983); Bushnell v. State, 97
Nev. 591, 593-94, 637 P.2d 529, 531 (1981). However, that is not what
took place in the district court here, and an examination of the cases
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Chavez-Juarez relies upon reveals their inapplicability to the facts of the
present case.
In Brake, when the defendant refused to accept guilt, the
district court told the defendant that for "your lack of remorse, this [c]ourt
reaches the conclusion that the recommendation of the State is
appropriate." 113 Nev. at 584, 939 P.2d at 1033 (internal quotations
omitted). The Brake court held that because "it appears that the district
court's consideration of [the defendantis lack of remorse likely resulted in
the harshest possible sentence being assessed," the district court abused
its discretion. Id. at 585, 939 P.2d at 1033.
Likewise, in Brown, the district court warned the defendant
that if he did not accept guilt, then the district court would not show
mercy and would impose a harsher sentence. 113 Nev. at 290, 934 P.2d at
245. After the defendant refused to do so, the district court imposed a
harsher sentence as a direct result of this refusal. Id. at 290-91, 934 P.2d
at 245; see also Thomas, 99 Nev. at 758, 670 P.2d at 112 (holding that the
district court abused its discretion because the defendant's refusal to
admit guilt was a central consideration at sentencing); Bushnell, 97 Nev.
at 593, 637 P.2d at 531 (holding that the district court abused its
discretion at sentencing because the "sole reason" for the district court's
imposition of a harsher sentence was the defendant's decision to maintain
his innocence).
Unlike the Brake, Brown, Bushnell, and Thomas defendants'
refusals to admit guilt, Chavez-Juarez's denial of guilt did not directly
contribute to his sentence and was not a central consideration at
sentencing. The district court did, however, consider comments Chavez-
Juarez made about his victim and her mother when he exercised his right
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to allocution. Among other statements, Chavez-Juarez remarked that
their absence from the sentencing hearing "tell[s] you a lot of things about
them," that the victim's mother was a prostitute and that he believed the
victim learned her behavior from her prostitute mother.
The district court then imposed the sentence of 55-years-to-life
and orally presented its justification for the sentence. In doing so, the
district court discussed the nature of the case and the trial proceedings
and concluded by stating that "engaging in these acts has earned [Chavez-
Juarez] the sentences just imposed." As part of its sentencing statement,
the district court made the following comments regarding Chavez-Juarez:
His statements to the police, and his
testimony at trial, reveal that his denial about the
reality of what occurred is complete.
His denial is complete in the sense that, as
his allocution. . . reveals, he has projected, and
blaming on an 8-year-old at the time of these
offenses, the sexual misconduct that occurred.
. . . [H]e would indicate to me that the 8- or
9-year-old victim was acting like a prostitute. And
that kind of projection demonstrates a complete
denial of responsibility for among the most serious
kinds of misconduct which can be committed in
our society.
Contrary to Chavez-Juarez's argument that these comments
were about his refusal to admit guilt, they were instead made in the
context of discussing Chavez-Juarez's statements blaming the victim and
her mother for his crimes, and his statements contradicting his earlier
confession." At no point did the district court state that it based its
'Chavez-Juarez raised the issue of his having taken responsibility
for his actions when he argued that his confession to the police should be a
continued on next page...
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sentence on Chavez-Juarez's refusal to accept responsibility or to admit
guilt. The district court instead concluded that the defendant's conduct
"earned" him the harsh sentence. Therefore, the district court did not
abuse its discretion by imposing a sentence based on Chavez-Juarez's
criminal conduct.
Conclusion
The district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling
Chavez-Juarez's three Batson challenges to the State's use of peremptory
strikes. In addition, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
imposing Chavez-Juarez's sentence. Therefore, we
ORDER the judgment of the district court AFFIRMED.
J.
Pickering
Saitta
...continued
mitigating factor because he allegedly cooperated with the police.
Therefore, any reference by the district court to Chavez-Juarez's denial of
responsibility was in response to the inconsistencies between Chavez-
Juarez's seeking credit for his taped confession and his later denials
regarding that confession.
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cc: Hon. Egan K. Walker, District Judge
Washoe County Public Defender
Attorney General/Carson City
Washoe County District Attorney
Washoe District Court Clerk
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