Kaur v. Foster Poultry Farms LLC ( 2022 )

Filed 9/14/22
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GURDIP KAUR,
F081786
Plaintiff and Appellant,
(Super. Ct. No. 17CECG03360)
v.
FOSTER POULTRY FARMS LLC, OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Kristi C.
Kapetan, Judge.
Bahar Law Office and Sarvenaz Bahar; Law Office of Dean B. Gordon and Dean B.
Gordon for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Waxman and Achermann and James J. Achermann; Gearheart and Sonnicksen and
Justin C. Sonnicksen for California Applicants’ Attorneys Association as Amici Curiae on
behalf of Plaintiff and Appellant.
Jesselyn Friley, Mark D. Rosenbaum, Kathryn Eidmann for Public Counsel as Amici
Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Appellant.
Wanger Jones Helsley, Michael S. Helsley, John P. Kinsey and Amber N. Less, for
Defendant and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
SEE CONCURRING OPINION
In this employment matter, plaintiff and appellant Gurdip Kaur (Kaur) appeals from
the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of her former employer, defendant and
respondent Foster Poultry Farms LLC (Foster Farms), on her claims of discrimination based
on disability and race/national origin, and retaliation, under the Fair Employment and
Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, §§ 12900 et seq) and Labor Code section 1102.5. The
principal issue on appeal is whether a decision by the Workers’ Compensation Appeals
Board (WCAB) denying Kaur’s claim for disability discrimination under Labor Code
section 132a has res judicata or collateral estoppel effect in the instant action. For purposes
of the instant matter, we conclude it does not. The trial court’s grant of summary judgment
was based on giving collateral estoppel effect to the WCAB decision. We therefore reverse
the trial court’s judgment.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Complaint
Kaur filed the complaint in this matter on October 3, 2017. The complaint asserted
six causes of action against Foster Farms. The first five causes of action arose under FEHA:
(1) discrimination on the basis of race/nationality and disability; (2) failure to provide
reasonable accommodation; (3) failure to engage in an interactive process; (4) failure to take
all reasonable measures to prevent discrimination; and (5) retaliation for asserting FEHA
rights. The sixth cause of action asserted in the complaint was retaliation in violation of
Labor Code section 1102.5.
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
Prior to initiating the instant lawsuit, on July 22, 2016, Kaur filed a petition against
Foster Farms with the WCAB, asserting claims under Labor Code section 132a. Kaur’s
Labor Code section 132a claims against Foster Farms were litigated in an administrative
hearing over three days, spread over the course of a year, before workers’ compensation
Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Debra Sandoval. The ALJ issued her ruling on July 9,
2.
2019, denying Kaur’s petition. (We refer to the ruling interchangeably as the WCAB
decision/opinion or the workers’ compensation ALJ’s decision/ruling/opinion.)1
Thereafter, Foster Farms amended its answer in the instant case to assert an
affirmative defense that all of Kaur’s disability-related claims were barred by res judicata
and collateral estoppel based on the workers’ compensation ALJ’s ruling on, and denial of,
Kaur’s Labor Code section 132a petition.
Foster Farms then moved, on the basis of this affirmative defense, for summary
judgment. More specifically, Foster Farms sought summary adjudication of Kaur’s
disability-related and other claims in the instant matter based on res judicata and/or
collateral estoppel, in light of the WCAB’s adjudication of Kaur’s Labor Code section 132a
petition. Foster Farms also sought summary adjudication of Kaur’s cause of action for
discrimination based on race/national origin on grounds it was barred by the applicable
statute of limitations.
In connection with its motion for summary judgment, Foster Farms requested the
superior court to take judicial notice of (1) Kaur’s WCAB petition, (2) the minutes and a
summary of evidence (there was no reporter’s transcript) from the three-day trial before the
WCAB; and (3) the WCAB opinion.
Kaur opposed Foster Farms’ motion for summary judgment on grounds that Foster
Farms had not established its affirmative defense of collateral estoppel/res judicata, Kaur’s
race/national origin discrimination claim was timely, and there were numerous triable issues
of material fact.
In addition, Kaur objected to Foster Farms’ request for judicial notice of the WCAB
records on various grounds, including the contention that the trial court could not take
judicial notice of the truth of the factual assertions reflected in these records.
1 “Orders, findings, decisions and awards issued by a workers’ compensation judge
shall be the orders, findings, decisions and awards of the Workers’ Compensation Appeals
Board unless reconsideration is granted.” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 10330.)
3.
The trial court granted Foster Farms’ request for judicial notice and also granted
summary judgment in favor of Foster Farms, holding that the WCAB opinion barred Kaur’s
disability-related and other claims under FEHA and Labor Code section 1102.5, and that
Kaur’s race/nationality discrimination action was time barred. This appeal followed.
FACTS
Kaur’s Work History
Kaur started working at Foster Farms in 2001 and worked for the company for nearly
15 years. For the last eight years of her employment, from 2008 to 2016, Kaur worked as a
yield monitor at Foster Farms’ Cherry Avenue plant (Cherry plant), a chicken processing
facility.
Kaur’s Workplace Injury in April 2013
On April 24, 2013, Kaur slipped at work while wearing company-issued rubber
boots; she broke her left wrist.
Kaur was required to wear slip-resistant rubber boots provided by Foster Farms for
her work as a yield monitor. Kaur testified at deposition that for two weeks prior to her
accident, she “kept asking” her supervisor, Cheng Vang, for new boots because her boots
were “slippery.”
On the day of her accident, Kaur first slipped at approximately 8:30 a.m. She went
to Vang and asked for new boots. Vang told her to get a new pair of boots from Rosa in the
supply room. Rosa told Kaur that Kaur’s boots were only six-months old and did not give
Kaur new boots.
Kaur returned to work and slipped a second time that day but was able to prevent a
fall by grabbing onto a coworker. This time she complained about her boots to another
supervisor, Joe Wendy, the supervisor of the supply room. Wendy went to get new boots
for Kaur but was told by Rosa that boots in Kaur’s size were unavailable. Kaur believed
Rosa was lying, as she had not mentioned the lack of availability to Kaur earlier that day.
4.
Approximately four hours after she talked to Wendy, Kaur slipped again. This time, she fell
to the ground and broke her left wrist.
Kaur had ongoing problems in getting supplies from Rosa. Kaur is originally from
India, and she and other Indian employees at the plant frequently encountered difficulties in
obtaining work-related gear from Rosa. Kaur had heard that Rosa, who is Filipino, would
readily provide supplies for other workers. Kaur believed Rosa refused Kaur’s requests for
supplies because Kaur is Indian.
Kaur complained about Rosa to Victor Moreno, the labor relations manager for
Foster Farms. She told him Rosa refused to give her and other Indian employees gear and
supplies they needed for work, because they are Indian. Moreno acknowledged there was a
problem, “ ‘We see a lot of complaints against her, what can we do? You guys can get the
supply from another person.’ ” Kaur and other Indian workers would try, whenever
possible, to get their supplies from Sarah who worked in the supply department on another
shift. However, they often had no choice but to go to Rosa as they needed new supplies
every day, sometimes multiple times a day, especially gloves.
After Surgery for her Broken Wrist, Kaur had Physical Restrictions
Kaur had surgery to address her broken wrist and thereafter was restricted in the use
of her left hand and wrist for work. The work restrictions included no heavy work and no
pulling, pushing, pinching, or lifting heavy weights with her left hand.
Kaur returned to work at Foster Farms in June 2013 and went back to her regular
position as a yield monitor, with no modification in her duties; she used both hands in
performing her yield monitor duties.2 Kaur told her supervisor, Cheng Vang, that she
needed light duty given the restrictions on using her left hand; Kaur told Vang, “I need light
duty, change my job, I can’t carry heavy stuff.” Vang told her, “If you can’t do the work,
2 Moreno, the labor relations manager, described the duties of yield monitors: “They
would do routine checks of product, including temperatures, inventory levels, where they’re
at and what type of product we have in certain bins.”
5.
you should just quit.” Kaur responded, “ ‘I need my job, I didn’t get hurt at home, I got hurt
here at work and it’s because you didn’t change my shoes.’ ” Kaur was left in tears.
Kaur reported Vang’s comment to Moreno, the labor relations manager. Moreno told
her, “ ‘Don’t worry, I will take care of it.’ ” Moreno did not get back to Kaur about her
complaint but apparently spoke with Vang because Vang came to Kaur later that day and
told her to let him know of any problems she encountered. Vang even moved a bin for Kaur
that weighed 159 pounds and was too heavy for Kaur to move herself. This was the only
time that Vang helped her. Kaur said she encountered issues all day because she could only
work with one hand. But thereafter, on an ongoing basis, Vang ignored her requests for
accommodation and basically stopped talking to her. In addition, on December 27, 2013,
Vang and another manager, Pang Xiong, terminated Kaur for an alleged violation of the
company’s lunch break policy, ostensibly based on video evidence. Although Kaur
repeatedly requested to see the video, she was never shown it or given a copy. Kaur filed a
grievance through her union, taking issue with her termination; she was reinstated in March
2014.
Kaur continually confronted problems working as a yield monitor, but she persevered
to provide for her family.
Foster Farms Underwent a Restructuring and Kaur was Terminated in June 2016
In May 2016, Foster Farms announced it would undergo a restructuring that would
affect its Cherry and Belgravia chicken processing plants. The Cherry and Belgravia plants
were located four miles apart. As part of the restructuring, the Cherry plant would lose 500
positions, while the Belgravia plant would gain 300 positions. Some employees would have
to transfer from the Cherry plant to the Belgravia plant and would get to choose their
position based on seniority.
Moreno, the labor relations manager, was responsible for overseeing the placement
of employees affected by the restructuring. In June 2016, Moreno met with Kaur and told
her she was losing her position as yield monitor because the company was reducing the
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number of positions at the Cherry plant and employees with more seniority than Kaur had
already selected the remaining yield monitor positions. Moreno told Kaur that the only
position he believed she could do with her restrictions at the Cherry plant was pallet jack
driver.
Kaur had constantly seen pallet jacks in operation throughout the Foster Farms
facility, over her long tenure at the company. It was clear to Kaur that the job of a pallet
jack driver was suitable for strong, healthy men. Kaur’s coworkers unequivocally advised
her that the work of a pallet jack driver required the use of both hands. Kaur was also aware
from personal experience that she could not perform the pallet jack driver job with one
hand. Prior to her meeting with Moreno, Kaur had tried to move a pallet jack that was
obstructing her work area but was not able to drive it using only one hand. Kaur told
Moreno she could not perform the job of a pallet jack driver because of her restrictions: “I
told him this is not the job of one hand.” Moreno asked Kaur to identify positions she could
perform. Kaur proposed: (1) supply room, (2) grader, (3) position responsible for checking
water and chemical levels (referred to as “PA”), (4) worker responsible for checking
temperatures in the cooler, (5) worker responsible for checking rings, (6) back-up trainer,
and (7) timekeeper. Moreno told her, “ ‘We have only [the] pallet jack job for you.’ ”
At the time, there were 100 open positions at the Cherry plant, but Moreno did not
review the list of open positions with Kaur (other than showing her a master list on a dry
erase board). An additional 300 positions were open at the nearby Belgravia plant at the
time; the Belgravia plant had positions for graders, timekeepers, supply room workers,
backup trainers, etc. Moreno did not consider or review with Kaur any of the 300 open
positions at the Belgravia plant. Moreno acknowledged that as a 15-year employee, Kaur
would have had “decent seniority” to select a position she wanted; with regard to positions
other than the yield monitor position she had more seniority than many other people.
Moreno believed the company’s union contract prevented him from offering Kaur a job at
the Belgravia plant because she was offered the pallet jack driver position at the Cherry
7.
plant. His understanding of the contract was that it prohibited interplant transfers if the
employee in question was offered a position in his or her home plant. Other workers with
less seniority than Kaur who were not able to secure a position at the Cherry plant were
offered positions at the Belgravia plant.
The evidence showed it was undisputed that Kaur could not safely perform the pallet
jack driver position with her restrictions. Per the company’s official job description for the
pallet jack driver position, the position called for transporting and loading product as well as
stacking empty pallets and moving stacks of the same; the tools used in the position
included, but were not limited to, “PIT (Power Industrial Truck) or Motorized pallet jacks.”
The applicable job description stated the position required “frequent” handling and gross
manipulation with both hands; “frequent” was defined as “34-66%” of the time spent on the
job. Moreno testified that, when he offered Kaur the position, he reviewed the job
description and knew it stated the pallet jack position required the use of both hands 1/3 to
2/3 of the time. Moreno further acknowledged there was a “conflict” between the job
description and Kaur’s physical restrictions and that “[s]he may have had problems doing it
just with her left hand.”3
Moreno also acknowledged that operating the pallet jack with only one hand was not
safe in congested areas of the plant. To explain why he felt it was appropriate to offer Kaur
a position that, given the official job description and Moreno’s personal knowledge, she
3 The “Job Summary” in the company’s job description for the applicable “Pallet
Jack/Inventory” position provided: “Workers in this position are responsible for
transferring products in different forms in various locations throughout the plant. This may
include inside, outside, in busy or crowded areas, in tight places and across various surfaces.
All products may require scanning or documentation in some fashion as they are loaded to
maintain proper tracking information. Most of the products are either kept in freezers or
refrigerators at low temperature and are transferred to or from these areas. Some product
may be taken and loaded onto trailers that are also refrigerated. Workers may wear cold
weather gear while working depending on the location. Workers will stand while driving
the PIT [power industrial truck] and must maintain good balance while driving. The worker
may be responsible for stacking empty pallets and using a PIT to move stacks of the same.”
8.
could not safely perform, Moreno made an analogy to driving a car. He said: “[I]t’s kind of
like driving your car. The DMV says hands at 10 and 2 on the wheel, two hands, but I drive
single-handed all the time and most people do.” Moreno also referred to another job
position, “live hanger,” and noted, “if you read the job description[,] it says grab [the live
birds] with two hands, but yet there’s people out there all the time that are grabbing using
one hand to place the bird and they’ll alternate.” Moreno acknowledged Foster Farms
prepares accurate job descriptions in order to correctly document and record the physical
requirements of each job.4
Moreno had offered to have Kaur trained for the pallet jack driver position, but Kaur
declined the offer of training and rejected the position based on her understanding it was not
compatible with her physical restrictions. Moreno believed the company had done all it was
required to do to “accommodate” Kaur’s disability by offering her the position of pallet jack
driver and, since she had rejected the position, the company was not obligated to take
further action. At deposition, Moreno was asked: “After [Kaur] refused the pallet jack
operator, did you believe that Foster Farms’ duty to accommodate [Kaur’s] disability was
satisfied or did you think that Foster Farms should try to find some other job that she might
be able to do?” Moreno answered, “I felt we did meet our obligation.”
Moreno did nothing with regard to Kaur’s suggestions about the positions she could
do consistent with her restrictions. At deposition, Moreno acknowledged that other
positions that Kaur had requested came open a little later, including PA monitor and
timekeeper. Moreno testified: “I believe [Kaur had requested] a timekeeper and a
[PA]/ozone monitor [position]. The timekeeper happened to come up later in the process
4 Notably, at the hearing on Foster Farms’ motion for summary judgment in the instant
matter, counsel for Foster Farms asserted: “[T]he original job that [Kaur] was doing was a
yield monitor. That job description also said that you had to use two hands, but we still
accommodated her in that position for a year trying to see if she could do it with one arm.
She was able to do that. We were hoping she could do the same thing for a pallet jack
operator, but she didn’t even try. She just turned it down.”
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after I was dealing with her, and I believe the PA/ozone monitor was a new position we
identified [that] we needed for this new process to cut down on bacteria on the process, so
there was one that was added later in the process.” As to the PA/ozone monitor position,
Moreno confirmed, “That job could be done with one hand.” Moreno told Kaur to apply for
these positions. The record suggests Moreno was referring to the Cherry plant, as he did not
address what positions were available at the Belgravia plant. The record, however, is not
clear whether Moreno was talking about a period before or after Kaur’s termination in
connection with these positions.
On July 22, 2016, Moreno informed Kaur she was being terminated. The sole reason
for Kaur’s termination was that she “chose not to take the [one] accommodation” offered by
the company (i.e., the pallet jack driver position); it was not a performance-related
termination. The company’s termination letter to Kaur stated: “[Y]our employment with
Foster Farms has ended due to not being able to find a position within your permanent
restrictions despite our search over the past 60 days.” Kaur asked Moreno, “ ‘You have
many other positions, can you find me one?’ ” Moreno responded, “ ‘There’s nothing right
now.’ ”
Approximately 300 employees at the Cherry plant were involved in the restructuring;
of these 300 employees, Foster Farms terminated only five to 10 employees. Moreno could
not identify anyone else with Kaur’s level of seniority who was terminated as part of the
restructuring.
On October 24, 2016, Kaur filed a Labor Code section 132a petition with the
WCAB. On February 22, 2017, Kaur filed a discrimination complaint with the Department
of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH). Kaur’s complaint with the DFEH included
allegations of disability discrimination as well as discrimination based on race/national
origin. Kaur stated at deposition that three Foster Farms employees discriminated against
her based on her race/national origin: Rosa, Supervisor Cheng Vang, and Supervisor Pang
Xiong (Kaur is of Indian origin and Rosa, Vang, and Xiong are of Southeast Asian origin).
10.
DISCUSSION
I. Summary Judgment: Standard of Review
“Any party may move for summary judgment in an action if it is contended that the
action has no merit.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (a).)
“Summary judgment is granted when there is no triable issue as to any material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c).) This court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment
and we are not bound by the trial court’s stated reasons or rationales. [Citation.] [¶] In
reviewing a motion for summary judgment, we accept as undisputed fact only those
portions of the moving party’s evidence that are uncontradicted by the opposing party. In
other words, the facts alleged in the evidence of the party opposing summary judgment and
the reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom are accepted as true.” (Hersant v.
Department of Social Services (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 997, 1001 (Hersant).) “ ‘We liberally
construe the evidence in support of the party opposing summary judgment and resolve
doubts concerning the evidence in favor of that party.’ ” (Conroy v. Regents of University
of California (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1244, 1249-1250.)
“[F]rom commencement to conclusion, the party moving for summary judgment
bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. That is because of the general principle that a party
who seeks a court’s action in his favor bears the burden of persuasion thereon. (See Evid.
Code, § 500.) There is a triable issue of material fact if, and only if, the evidence would
allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the party opposing the
motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof…. [A] plaintiff bears the
burden of persuasion that ‘each element of’ the ‘cause of action’ in question has been
‘proved,’ and hence that ‘there is no defense’ thereto. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.
(o)(1).) A defendant bears the burden of persuasion that ‘one or more elements of’ the
‘cause of action’ in question ‘cannot be established,’ or that ‘there is a complete defense’
11.
thereto. (Id., § 437c, subd. (o)(2).)” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th
826, 850, fns. omitted.)
“[S]ummary judgment law in this state [no] longer require[s] a defendant moving for
summary judgment to conclusively negate an element of the plaintiff’s cause of action….
All that the defendant need do is to ‘show[] that one or more elements of the cause of action
… cannot be established’ by the plaintiff. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (o)(2).)”
(Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co., supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 853, fn. omitted.)
Finally, the principal issues in this appeal relate to the trial court’s application of the
doctrines of res judicata and/or collateral estoppel. As to these issues, we will
independently determine whether Foster Farms’ motion for summary judgment was
properly granted on the ground that the undisputed facts establish that Kaur’s disability-
related claims were barred as a matter of law under the affirmative defenses of res judicata
and/or collateral estoppel. (See, e.g., Johnson v. GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. (2008) 166
Cal.App.4th 1497.)
II. WCAB Decision Did Not Have Preclusive Effect on Kaur’s FEHA Claims
As noted, the primary issue raised by Kaur on appeal is whether the decision by the
WCAB denying Kaur’s claim for disability discrimination under Labor Code section 132a
has a res judicata or collateral estoppel effect on the claims at issue in this action. Kaur
argues the trial court erroneously determined that the WCAB’s decision had preclusive
effect as to Kaur’s disability-related claims under FEHA (that is, her disability
discrimination claim, failure to provide reasonable accommodation claim, and failure to
engage in an interactive process claim). Kaur further argues the trial court erroneously
concluded that Foster Farms had carried its burden on summary judgment to show that Kaur
could not prove these claims at trial. Kaur challenges the trial court’s grant of summary
adjudication in favor of Foster Farms, on Kaur’s disability-related claims under FEHA. In
response, Foster Farms argues the trial court correctly found, with reference to the WCAB
decision, that “the doctrine of issue preclusion/collateral estoppel bars [Kaur] from
12.
advancing her [disability-related] claims” under FEHA, and properly granted summary
adjudication in favor of Foster Farms as to these claims. (Fn. omitted.)
We conclude the WCAB’s decision on Kaur’s Labor Code section 132a claim does
not have preclusive effect on Kaur’s disability related FEHA claims, and the trial court
therefore erroneously granted summary adjudication in favor of Foster Farms as to these
claims. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s grant of summary adjudication as to
Kaur’s claims of disability discrimination, failure to provide a reasonable accommodation,
and failure to engage in an interactive process.
In order to elucidate our reasoning, we will first address the scope of Labor Code
section 132a and then discuss the law relevant to Kaur’s disability related FEHA claims.
Thereafter, we will analyze why the workers’ compensation ALJ’s ultimate findings do not
have preclusive effect in this FEHA action, and in turn do not operate to dispose of Kaur’s
disability related FEHA claims.
A. Labor Code Section 132a and the Workers’ Compensation Administrative
Law Judge’s Decision on Kaur’s Petition Under That Statute
As noted, Kaur filed a petition before the WCAB under Labor Code section 132a.
Labor Code section 132a provides: “Any employer who discharges, or threatens to
discharge, or in any manner discriminates against any employee because he or she has filed
or made known his or her intention to file a claim for compensation with his or her
employer or an application for adjudication, or because the employee has received a rating,
award, or settlement, is guilty of a misdemeanor and the employee’s compensation shall be
increased by one-half, but in no event more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), together
with costs and expenses not in excess of two hundred fifty dollars ($250). Any such
employee shall also be entitled to reinstatement and reimbursement for lost wages and work
benefits caused by the acts of the employer.” (Lab. Code, § 132a, subd. (1).) Succinctly
stated, Labor Code section 132a, by its terms, applies to an employer who discharges, or
threatens to discharge, or in any manner discriminates against an employee because the
13.
employee: (a) has filed or made known an intention to file a compensation claim with the
employer or an application for adjudication, (b) has received a rating, award, or settlement,
or (c) has testified or indicated an intention to testify in another employee’s compensation
case. (Lab. Code, § 132a, subds. (1), (3).)
“Although [Labor Code section] 132a specifies protected activity (e.g., claiming
compensation, receiving a rating or award), the statute also declares a broad policy against
discrimination ‘in any manner,’ and its provisions [have been] liberally construed to apply
in other circumstances where an employee is penalized as a result of an industrial injury.”
(2 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (11th ed. 2022) Workers’ Compensation, § 22; see Lab.
Code, § 132a [“It is the declared policy of this state that there should not be discrimination
against workers who are injured in the course and scope of their employment.”].)
Judson Steel Corp. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 658 (Judson
Steel), is the seminal case for a broad application of Labor Code section 132a, beyond the
strict terms of the statute. Ralph Maese, the petitioner in Judson Steel, was injured in
January 1974, received medical treatment and compensation benefits, and returned to work
in April 1975. The applicable union contract provided for loss of seniority status when an
employee had not worked for 12 consecutive months because of illness or injury. The
employer, interpreting this language as automatically causing a loss of seniority, laid Maese
off two days after his return to work. However, under an exception in the contract, the 12-
month period was normally extended by mutual consent of the union and the employer
when the employee’s absence was due to an industrial accident. The WCAB determined
that the employer made no attempt to extend the period, and that loss of seniority as a result
of an industrial injury was a penalty prohibited by Labor Code section 132a. Accordingly,
the WCAB increased Maese’s compensation by one-half. Judson Steel affirmed the
WCAB’s determination.
In affirming the WCAB’s determination, Judson Steel “explained that the type of
discriminatory actions subject to penalty under [Labor Code] section 132a is not limited to
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those enumerated in the statute,” and “interpreted section 132a liberally to achieve the goal
of preventing discrimination against workers injured on the job.” (Department of
Rehabilitation v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (Lauher) (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1281, 1299
(Lauher); see Judson Steel, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 666-669.) Judson Steel “cautioned,
however, that ‘[Labor Code] [s]ection 132a does not compel an employer to ignore the
realities of doing business by ‘reemploying’ unqualified employees or employees for whom
positions are no longer available.’ ” (Lauher at p. 1299; Judson Steel, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p.
667.)
In Lauher, supra, 30 Cal.4th 1281, our Supreme Court addressed the requirements of
discrimination claims under Labor Code section 132a. Lauher held that to establish a prima
facie case of discrimination in violation of Labor Code section 132a, an employee must
show that the employer caused the employee to suffer some detrimental consequences as the
result of an industrial injury, and that the employer singled out the employee for
disadvantageous treatment because of the industrial nature of the injury. (Lauher, supra, 30
Cal.4th at pp. 1300, 1301; County of San Luis Obispo v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd.
(2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 641, 648; Gelson’s Markets v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2009)
179 Cal.App.4th 201, 210.)
Lauher rejected an employee’s claim that his employer discriminated against him
within the meaning of Labor Code section 132a by insisting that he use his accumulated
sick and vacation leave for the time he was away from work seeking treatment for his
injury. In the absence of allegations suggesting otherwise, the court assumed that
employees with nonindustrial injuries also were required to use their sick time to attend
medical appointments. Thus, nothing indicated that the employer singled out the employee
“for disadvantageous treatment because of the industrial nature of his injury.” (Lauher,
supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 1301.) Lauher held “[a]n employer … does not necessarily engage
in ‘discrimination’ prohibited by [Labor Code] section 132a … because it requires an
employee to shoulder some of the disadvantages of the industrial injury.” (Lauher, supra,
15.
30 Cal.4th at p. 1300.) Rather, by prohibiting discrimination, “the Legislature meant to
prohibit treating [industrially] injured employees differently, making them suffer
disadvantages not visited on other employees because the employee was [industrially]
injured or had made a claim.” (Ibid.)
Kaur’s petition before the WCAB alleged that she “was injured in an incident at
work that arose out of employment and was in the course of her employment.” The petition
also alleged that Foster Farms “[was] aware that [Kaur] had suffered a work place injury on
April 24, 2013.” The petition further alleged that Foster Farms “did intentionally and by
means of retribution [discriminate] against [her] and said discrimination was in response
and in retribution for [her] claim of injury and her filing of her workers’ compensation
claim for benefits.”
Kaur testified at a hearing held in the WCAB proceeding. Although no reporter’s
transcript of the hearing was prepared, the record includes a “Summary of Evidence” that
summarizes Kaur’s testimony. (Unnecessary capitalization omitted.) The Summary of
Evidence documents the substance of Kaur’s testimony, in part, as follows:
“[Prior to Kaur’s termination by Foster Farms,] [Vic] Moreno called
her into his office and told her that Foster Farms didn’t have a job available
for her. He told her the only position they could offer her was a pallet jack
driver, and nothing else was available. She told him a pallet jack operator
needs the use of both hands, but he told her it could be done with one hand.
She told him if he could go to the [facility] floor and operate the pallet jack
with one hand then she would be willing to do it. When she returned to the
[facility] floor and told her coworkers the job she had been offered they
laughed and said the company was insane.
“During her 16 years of working at Foster Farms [Kaur] saw the pallet
jack being operated every day. She also had friends who operated it. Prior to
her injury she had on occasion needed to operate a pallet jack in order to move
it out of the way, so she knew it needed two hands to operate it. Both hands
need to be able to twist at the wrist in order to operate the controls, and her
left wrist doesn’t twist. No other jobs were offered to her, and Vic Moreno
never demonstrated that he could operate the pallet jack with one hand.
[¶] …. [¶]
16.
“…. [Kaur] did not feel that the offer of pallet jack driver was a
legitimate job offer.5 She felt that Vic Moreno did not expect her to take the
job, and that he offered it to her as an excuse to terminate her.”
After the hearing, the worker’s compensation ALJ presiding over the proceeding
issued “findings of fact,” an “order,” and an “opinion on decision.” (Unnecessary
capitalization omitted.) The ALJ made the following “findings of fact”: “(1) [Kaur] has
failed to show that Defendant discriminated against [her] because of her industrial injury in
violation of Labor Code Section 132(a)”; and (2) “Defendant’s discharge of [Kaur] was
reasonable and necessitated by the realities of doing business.” (Unnecessary capitalization
omitted.) The ALJ ordered that “[Kaur] take nothing on her Petition for [Labor Code
section] 132(a) benefits.” (Unnecessary capitalization omitted.) The ALJ issued a written
“opinion on decision” that was a little over one page long. (Unnecessary capitalization
omitted.) The “opinion on decision,” in its entirety, stated as follows:
“In order to prevail on a claim for discrimination under Labor Code
Section 132(a), the employee must show not only that the employer’s action
caused detriment to an industrially injured employee, but also that the
employee was treated differently than non-industrially injured employees.
Even if the employee establishes a prima facie case, the defendant can show
that its actions were necessitated by the realities of doing business and,
thereby, were not discriminatory.
“In this case, it is undisputed that [Kaur] was terminated at a time when
Defendant was undergoing a plant wide downsizing affecting approximately
300 employees. As part of the downsizing, the number [of] employees needed
in particular positions was being reduced with the remaining positions filled
by seniority. [Kaur] had been working as a yield monitor for approximately
two years following her injury when the number of yield monitor position[s]
was reduced from 7 to 4 and [Kaur] was fifth in seniority.
“Defendant’s witnesses testified credibly that within the restrictions of
[Kaur’s] seniority, union rules, essential work functions of various open
positions and [Kaur’s] permanent work restrictions[,] Defendant attempted to
place [Kaur] into an alternative position since her position was being
eliminated. [Kaur] refused to even attempt training for the open position of
5 The workers’ compensation ALJ addressed Kaur’s testimony to this effect in her
decision (see below).
17.
pallet jack operator. It is [Kaur’s] contention that Defendant should have been
able to find her a different alternative position that suited her better. [Kaur]
claims that she was treated differently during the down-sizing process due to
her industrial injury because most of the other displaced employees were able
to be placed into an alternative position. While she may have been treated
differently than other non-injured employees, [Kaur] has failed to show that
she was treated differently than non-industrially injured employees were or
would have been treated. [Kaur] failed [to] show that she was singled out for
discriminatory treatment as a result of her industrial injury.
“Based upon the credible testimony of Defendant’s witnesses,
Defendant’s actions in attempting to identify an alternative position that was
open and available to [Kaur] based upon her seniority and within her
permanent work restrictions were necessitated by the realities of doing
business. [Kaur’s] claim that Defendant’s offer of a pallet jack operator was
not a legitimate offer is not credible based upon her failure to even attempt a
trial or training in the position before refusing.” (Some italics added.)
B. Kaur’s FEHA Claims for Disability Discrimination, Failure to Provide
Reasonable Accommodation, and Failure to Engage in a Good Faith
Interactive Process
FEHA, Government Code sections 12900, et seq., prohibits discrimination in
compensation or in terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of “race,
religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, mental disability,
medical condition, genetic information, marital status, sex, gender, gender identity, gender
expression, age, sexual orientation, or veteran or military status.” (Gov. Code, § 12940,
subd. (a); McCaskey v. California State Automobile Assn. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 947, 979
[“FEHA makes it unlawful to take adverse action toward an employee ‘because of’ his or
her membership in a protected classification.”] (italics added); Heard v. Lockheed Missiles
& Space Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1735, 1748 [“An employer will be liable for intentional
discrimination if it is shown that its employment decision was premised upon an illegitimate
criterion.”].) “A claim asserting a violation of this provision is a ‘disparate treatment’
claim.” (McCaskey, supra, at p. 979.)
Three “unlawful employment practices” under FEHA are relevant to Kaur’s principal
disability-related claims: disability discrimination, failure to provide reasonable
18.
accommodation, and failure to engage in an interactive process. (Gov. Code, § 12940.)6 As
indicated above, section 12940, subdivision (a) (section 12940(a)) declares it an unlawful
employment practice “[f]or an employer, because of the … physical disability … of any
person … to bar or to discharge the person from employment … or to discriminate against
the person in compensation or in terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.” Section
12940(a)(1) clarifies that “[t]his part does not prohibit an employer from … discharging an
employee with a physical … disability … if the employee, because of [his or her] physical
… disability, is unable to perform [his or her] essential duties even with reasonable
accommodations.” (§ 12940(a)(1).)
Next, section 12940, subdivision (m)(1) (section 12940(m)(1)) declares it an
unlawful employment practice “[f]or an employer or other entity covered by this part to fail
to make reasonable accommodation for the known physical … disability of an …
employee.” Section 12940(m)(1) clarifies that “[n]othing in this subdivision … shall be
construed to require an accommodation that is demonstrated by the employer … to produce
undue hardship.” Finally, section 12940, subdivision (n) (section 12940(n)) declares it an
unlawful employment practice “[f]or an employer … to fail to engage in a timely, good
faith, interactive process with the employee … to determine effective reasonable
accommodations, if any, in response to a request for reasonable accommodation by an
employee … with a known physical … disability or known medical condition.”
In framing and defining the above-described concepts—disability discrimination,
reasonable accommodation, interactive process—“FEHA seeks to assure [that] ‘those
employees with a disability who can perform the essential duties of the employment
position with reasonable accommodation’ have the opportunity to do so and are not
discriminated against based on their disability.” (Shirvanyan v. Los Angeles Community
College Dist. (2020) 59 Cal.App.5th 82, 88 (Shirvanyan).) Significantly, given the instant
6 Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.
19.
context, “[f]or the purposes of a FEHA claim, the cause of an employee’s disability is
irrelevant; the focus is on the employer’s efforts to reasonably accommodate the disability,
regardless of its cause.” (Shirvanyan, at p. 89, italics added.)
Although Kaur bears the burden of proving the elements of her claims at trial, in the
summary judgment context the moving party bears the burden of demonstrating there are no
material triable issues of fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Foster
Farms sought summary judgment on the ground that Kaur could not establish her claims. It
bore the initial burden of showing that Kaur could not establish one or more of the elements
of her causes of action and the ultimate burden of proving there are no triable issues of fact
as to her causes of action. (See Nadaf-Rahrov v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. (2008) 166
Cal.App.4th 952, 962-963 (Nadaf-Rahrov).)
(i) Disability Discrimination—Section 12940a
Kaur’s first cause of action, disability discrimination, arises under section 12940(a).
Section 12940(a) prohibits employers from discharging or taking another adverse
employment action against an employee because of his or her physical disability. To
establish discrimination under section 12940(a), an employee must show that he or she (1)
suffered from a disability, (2) could perform the essential duties of the job with or without
reasonable accommodation, and (3) was subjected to an adverse employment action because
of the disability. (Sandell v. Taylor-Listug, Inc. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 297, 310.)
As to her disability discrimination claim, Kaur asserted that she suffered from a
physical disability in that she injured her left wrist in a work-related accident on April 24,
2013. Kaur did not allege that, following her injury/disability she could perform the
essential functions of her prior position as a yield monitor with or without accommodation.
Rather, she alleged she sought accommodation of her disability through reassignment to a
vacant position in the company that was compatible with her disability-related physical
restrictions; an appropriate position was available, but Foster Farms did not assign her to the
desired position; instead, Foster Farms terminated her on July 22, 2016. (See § 12926,
20.
subd. (p) [reasonable accommodation includes reassignment to an appropriate vacant
position] (see below).) Kaur thus alleged she was unlawfully discharged because of her
disability, as Foster Farms could have but did not provide her with a reasonable
accommodation (reassignment to a vacant position compatible with her restrictions) that
would have allowed her to continue working with the company.
When an employee seeks accommodation by being reassigned to a vacant position in
the company, to prevail on summary adjudication of a section 12940(a) claim, the employer
must show there is no triable issue of fact about the employee’s ability, with or without
accommodation, to perform the essential functions of an available vacant position that
would not be a promotion. (Nadaf-Rahrov, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th 952, 962-963.)
(ii) Reasonable Accommodation—Section 12940(m)(1)
Kaur’s second cause of action, failure to provide a reasonable accommodation, arises
under section 12940(m)(1). As noted, under FEHA, an employer’s failure to make
reasonable accommodation for the known physical disability of an employee is an unlawful
employment practice. (§ 12940(m)(1).) A reasonable accommodation is any
“ ‘modification or adjustment to the workplace that enables the employee to perform the
essential functions of the job held or desired.’ ” (Scotch v. Art Institute of California (2009)
173 Cal.App.4th 986, 1010 (Scotch).) Reasonable accommodations include “[j]ob
restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, …
and other similar accommodations for individuals with disabilities.”7 (§ 12926, subd. (p),
italics added; Scotch, at p. 1010.)
7 More specifically, reasonable accommodations are defined, by way of example, in
section 12926, subdivision (p). Section 12926, subdivision (p) provides: “ ‘Reasonable
accommodation’ may include either of the following: [¶] (1) Making existing facilities used
by employees readily accessible to, and usable by, individuals with disabilities. [¶] (2) Job
restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position,
acquisition or modification of equipment or devices, adjustment or modifications of
examinations, training materials or policies, the provision of qualified readers or
21.
Under section 12940(m)(1), employers are required to make reasonable
accommodation for the known disability of an employee unless it would produce “undue
hardship” to its operation. Section 12926, subdivision (u), defines the term, “undue
hardship.” Section 12926, subdivision (u) provides: “Undue hardship” means an action
requiring significant difficulty or expense, when considered in light of the following factors:
[¶] (1) The nature and cost of the accommodation needed. [¶] (2) The overall financial
resources of the facilities involved in the provision of the reasonable accommodations, the
number of persons employed at the facility, and the effect on expenses and resources or the
impact otherwise of these accommodations upon the operation of the facility. [¶] (3) The
overall financial resources of the covered entity, the overall size of the business of a covered
entity with respect to the number of employees, and the number, type, and location of its
facilities. [¶] (4) The type of operations, including the composition, structure, and
functions of the workforce of the entity. [¶] (5) The geographic separateness or
administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities.”
The elements of a failure to accommodate claim are “ ‘ (1) the plaintiff has a
disability under the FEHA, (2) the plaintiff is qualified to perform the essential functions of
the position [held or desired], and (3) the employer failed to reasonably accommodate the
plaintiff’s disability.’ ” (Swanson v. Morongo Unified School District (2014) 232
Cal.App.4th 954, 969 (Swanson).) “ ‘Ordinarily, the reasonableness of an accommodation
is an issue for the jury.” (Prilliman v. United Airlines, Inc. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 935,
953.)
FEHA imposes an “ ‘affirmative duty’ ” (Soria v. Univision Radio Los Angeles,
Inc. (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 570, 598, quoting Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 11068, subd. (a)) on
employers “ ‘to make [a] reasonable accommodation for the known disability of an
interpreters, and other similar accommodations for individuals with disabilities.” (Italics
added.)
22.
employee unless doing so would produce undue hardship to the employer’s operation.’ ”
(Shirvanyan, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. 88; § 12940(m)(1).) Thus, “[i]f the employee
cannot be accommodated in his or her existing position and the requested accommodation is
reassignment, an employer must make affirmative efforts to determine whether a position is
available.” (Raine v. City of Burbank (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1215.) “Telling the disabled
employee to check available job postings does not satisfy the employer’s duty to reassign or
transfer a disabled employee to a vacant position. The employer is in a better position to
know what jobs are vacant or may become vacant to which the person with the disability
can be assigned.” (Chin et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Employment Litigation (The Rutter
Group 2022) ¶ 9:2269, italics added.)
“Although an employer does not have an obligation to create a new job, reassign
another employee, or promote a disabled employee, ‘[c]ourts have made it clear that “an
employer has a duty to reassign a disabled employee if an already funded, vacant position at
the same level exists.” ’ [Citation.] Moreover, a disabled employee seeking reassignment
to a vacant position ‘is entitled to preferential consideration.’ ” (Swanson, supra, 232
Cal.App.4th at p. 970, second italics added; see Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 11068, subd. (d)(5)
[“The employee with a disability is entitled to preferential consideration of reassignment to
a vacant position over other applicants and existing employees.”].)
“Because the normal course of an employee’s job may not make her aware of all
available and effective reasonable accommodations, FEHA also requires that ‘in response to
a request for reasonable accommodation by an employee … with a known physical …
disability or known medical condition,’ an employer ‘engage in a timely, good faith,
interactive process with the employee … to determine effective reasonable
accommodations, if any.’ ” (Shirvanyan, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at pp. 88-89; § 12940,
subd. (n).)
In addition, the duty to reasonably accommodate a disabled employee is a
“ ‘ “ ‘continuing’ ” ’ ” one that is “ ‘ “ ‘not exhausted by one effort.’ ” ’ ” (Swanson, supra,
23.
232 Cal.App.4th at p. 969.) “A single failure to reasonably accommodate an employee may
give rise to liability, despite other efforts at accommodation.” (Ibid.)
Finally, “assuming the employee is disabled, the employer cannot prevail on
summary judgment on a claim of failure to reasonably accommodate unless it establishes
through undisputed facts that (1) reasonable accommodation was offered and refused; (2)
there simply was no vacant position within the employer’s organization for which the
disabled employee was qualified and which the disabled employee was capable of
performing with or without accommodation; or (3) the employer did everything in its power
to find a reasonable accommodation, but the informal interactive process broke down
because the employee failed to engage in discussions in good faith.” (Jensen v. Wells Fargo
Bank (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 245, 263 [also noting that, in general, “the disabled employee
is entitled to preferential consideration” relative to workers with greater seniority or
qualifications]; Claudio v. Regents of the University of California (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th
224, 243 (same).)
(iii) Interactive Process—Section 12940(n)
Kaur’s third cause of action, failure to engage in an interactive process, arises under
section 12940(n). FEHA makes it “ ‘an unlawful employment practice … [¶] … [¶] … [f]or
an employer or other entity covered by this part to fail to engage in a timely, good faith,
interactive process with the employee … to determine effective reasonable
accommodations, if any, in response to a request for reasonable accommodation by an
employee … with a known physical … disability or known medical condition.’ (§ 12940,
subd. (n).) Although the interactive process is an informal process designed to identify a
reasonable accommodation that will enable the employee to perform his or her job
effectively [citation], an employer’s failure to properly engage in the process is separate
from the failure to reasonably accommodate an employee’s disability and gives rise to an
independent cause of action.” (Swanson, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 971.)
24.
“The employee must initiate the process unless his or her disability and the resulting
limitations are obvious. Once initiated, the employer has a continuous obligation to engage
in the interactive process in good faith.” (Swanson, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 971, italics
added.) “Both employer and employee have the obligation ‘to keep communications open’
and neither has ‘a right to obstruct the process.’ [Citation.] ‘Each party must participate in
good faith, undertake reasonable efforts to communicate its concerns, and make available to
the other information [that] is available, or more accessible, to one party.” (Scotch, supra,
173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1014.)
“[T]he fact that an employer took some steps to work with an employee to identify
reasonable accommodations does not absolve the employer of liability…. If the employer is
responsible for a later breakdown in the process, it may be held liable.” (Nadaf-Rahrov,
supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 985 (italics added); see Fjellestad v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc.
(8th Cir. 1999) 188 F.3d 944, 952-953 & fn. 6 [factual dispute existed about whether
employer engaged in good faith interactive process even though employer provided some
accommodations];8 Scotch, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013 [“ ‘[T]he employer’s
obligation to engage in the interactive process extends beyond the first attempt at
accommodation and continues when the employee asks for a different accommodation.’ ”].)
“ ‘Liability hinges on the objective circumstances surrounding the parties’
breakdown in communication, and responsibility for the breakdown lies with the party who
fails to participate in good faith.’ ” (Scotch, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1014.)
C. Collateral Estoppel or Issue Preclusion
As noted, the trial court ruled that Kaur’s disability-related discrimination and other
claims under FEHA, and retaliation claims under FEHA and Labor Code section 1102.5,
8 “Because of the similarity between state and federal employment discrimination
laws, California courts look to pertinent federal precedent when applying our own statutes.”
(Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 317, 354.)
25.
were barred by application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel based on the workers’
compensation ALJ’s decision.
Collateral estoppel or issue preclusion precludes relitigation of issues argued and
decided in prior proceedings or a prior case, even if the second suit raises different causes of
action. (DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813, 824 (DKN); Lucido v.
Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 341 (Lucido).)
A prior decision precludes relitigation of issues under the doctrine of collateral
estoppel only if five threshold requirements are satisfied. “First, the issue sought to be
precluded from relitigation must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding.
Second, this issue must have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it must
have been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in the former
proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party against whom preclusion is
sought must be the same as, or in privity with, the party to the former proceeding.” (Lucido,
supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 341.) The party asserting collateral estoppel bears the burden of
establishing these requirements. (Pacific Lumber Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd.
(2006) 37 Cal.4th 921, 943.)
D. Issue Preclusion Doctrine Does Not Dispose of Kaur’s Disability
Discrimination, Failure to Provide Reasonable Accommodation, and
Failure to Engage in Good Faith Interactive Process Claims Under FEHA
Foster Farms argues it is entitled to summary adjudication on Kaur’s claims for
disability discrimination, failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to
engage in an interactive process. Foster Farms does not dispute that Kaur had a physical
disability protected by FEHA or ground its arguments for summary adjudication and
summary judgment on the evidence adduced in the instant matter. Rather, Foster Farms
contends that the findings of the workers’ compensation ALJ on Kaur’s Labor Code section
132a petition have preclusive effect here, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel or issue
preclusion, and are dispositive as to Kaur’s claims of disability discrimination, failure to
26.
provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to engage in an interactive process. We
disagree.
In her petition before the WCAB, Kaur simply alleged that Foster Farms “did
intentionally and by means of retribution [discriminate] against [her] and said
discrimination was in response and in retribution for [her] claim of injury and her filing of
her workers’ compensation claim for benefits.” The workers’ compensation ALJ
considered Kaur’s claims with reference to Labor Code section 132a standards and
undertook a relatively simple and limited analysis. The ALJ noted that Foster Farms
“attempted to place [Kaur] into an alternative position since her position was being
eliminated” but “[Kaur] refused to even attempt training for the open position of pallet jack
operator.” The ALJ also addressed Kaur’s claim, as reflected in the synopsis of her hearing
testimony, that she “did not feel that the offer of pallet jack driver was a legitimate job
offer,” rather “[s]he felt that Vic Moreno did not expect her to take the job, and that he had
offered it to her as an excuse to terminate her.” The ALJ noted that “Defendant’s actions in
attempting to identify an alternative position that was open and available to [Kaur],” that is,
the pallet jack driver position, were “necessitated by the realities of doing business,” and
that Kaur’s claim that it “was not a legitimate offer is not credible based upon her failure to
even attempt a trial or training in the position before refusing [it].”
The ALJ further observed: “[Kaur] claims that she was treated differently during the
down-sizing process due to her industrial injury because most of the other displaced
employees were able to be placed into an alternative position. While she may have been
treated differently than … non-injured employees, [she] has failed to show that she was
treated differently than non-industrially injured employees were or would have been
treated.” (Italics added.) The ALJ applied the standards articulated in Lauher, supra, 30
Cal.4th 1281, for prevailing on a claim under Labor Code section 132a. The ALJ
determined Kaur had not shown that any disparate treatment she experienced was triggered
by the industrial nature of her injury (as opposed to merely the fact of being injured or
27.
disabled). The ALJ concluded Kaur was not entitled to relief under Lauher because she had
“failed to show that she was singled out for discriminatory treatment as a result of her
industrial injury.” Accordingly, the ALJ denied Kaur’s petition for Labor Code section
132a benefits.
The ALJ made two ultimate “findings of fact” in her decision: “1. [Kaur] has failed
to show that Defendant discriminated against [her] because of her industrial injury in
violation of Labor Code Section 132(a)” and “2. Defendant’s discharge of [Kaur] was
reasonable and necessitated by the realities of doing business.”
Foster Farms’ contention that the ALJ’s decision disposes of Kaur’s disability related
FEHA claims is unpersuasive since the ALJ made clear her decision addressed only whether
Kaur experienced discrimination on account of the industrial nature of her injury. The ALJ
expressly stated Kaur may well have been treated differently as compared to non-injured
employees, but she had failed to show she had been singled out for discriminatory treatment
because of the industrial nature of her injury. Labor Code section 132a does not prohibit
employers from requiring “[an] employee to shoulder some of the disadvantages of an
industrial injury”; rather, it prohibits them from singling out an employee “for
disadvantageous treatment because of the industrial nature of his injury.” (Lauher, supra,
30 Cal.4th at pp. 1300, 1301.) FEHA’s protections are far broader than those arising from
Labor Code section 132a.
Preliminarily we note that Labor Code section 132a proscribes a relatively narrow
range of discriminatory conduct by employers, while FEHA targets a much broader range of
discriminatory conduct and imposes affirmative duties on employers as to disabled
employees. Labor Code section 132a prohibits discrimination based, inter alia, on the
industrial nature of an employee’s injury/disability or the filing of a workers’ compensation
claim by the employee. Under FEHA, disability is a protected classification, with the cause
of the employee’s injury/disability rendered irrelevant.
28.
For purposes of her FEHA disability-discrimination claim, Kaur does not allege that
Foster Farms discriminated against her because she had suffered an industrial injury; rather,
she contends that Foster Farms discriminated against her on the basis of disability because,
rather than providing her with an available, reasonable accommodation for her physical
restrictions, it terminated her. Thus, Kaur’s FEHA disability discrimination claim is
premised on the allegation that she was unlawfully discharged because of her disability as
Foster Farms could have, but did not, provide her with a reasonable accommodation (i.e.,
reassignment to a vacant position that was compatible with her disability-related
restrictions) that would have allowed her to continue working with the company. The
worker’s compensation ALJ concluded, in the prior Labor Code 132a proceeding, that Kaur
may have been treated differently than non-injured workers during the Foster Farms’
restructuring, but she had not shown that she was treated differently on account of the
industrial nature of her injury. The issues decided by the worker’s compensation ALJ are
not “identical” to the issues implicated in Kaur’s FEHA disability discrimination claim.
Kaur’s FEHA claims for disability discrimination, failure to provide reasonable
accommodation, and failure to engage in a good faith interactive process involve entirely
different inquiries and issues than her claims under Labor Code section 132a and encompass
a whole range of affirmative duties and other requirements applicable to the employer (e.g.,
continuing obligations to make reasonable accommodations and engage in an interactive
process), as well as benefits that accrue to the employee (e.g., preferential treatment with
regard to open positions), that have no relevance to a Labor Code section 132a proceeding.
The workers’ compensation ALJ found that Foster Farms’ offer to move Kaur to a
pallet jack position when her yield monitor job was eliminated in the company’s
restructuring, was “necessitated by the realities of doing business.” In contrast, as discussed
above, under FEHA an employer has an affirmative duty to make reasonable
accommodations (reasonable accommodation includes reassignment of the employee to an
appropriate vacant position), unless doing so would produce “undue hardship” to its
29.
operation. Undue hardship is evaluated with reference to several specific and strictly
defined criteria. (§ 12940(m)(1); § 12926, subd. (u).) The duty to make reasonable
accommodations under FEHA is an ongoing one and is not satisfied based on a single
attempt at a single point in time. Furthermore, under FEHA disabled employees are eligible
for preferential treatment when a company fills open positions. Employers must also
identify reasonable accommodations by engaging in a good faith interactive process with
the employee; the employer’s duty to do so is continuing and ongoing.
These considerations (ongoing obligations to identify and provide reasonable
accommodations if no undue hardship, continuing good faith engagement with the
employee, preferential placement of the disabled employee into available positions, etc.) do
not apply under Labor Code section 132a and the workers’ compensation ALJ who heard
Kaur’s Labor Code section 132a petition was not required to, and did not, consider or
address these issues in making her determinations. While not relevant to a Labor Code
section 132a discrimination claim, these considerations were critical to Kaur’s FEHA
claims given that Moreno testified at deposition that the company only offered Kaur one
alternative position, i.e., the pallet jack driver position, did nothing with Kaur’s suggestions
as to potential jobs that were compatible with her disability, did not consider Kaur for
positions that were open at the Belgravia plant, and did not offer Kaur suitable positions
such as the PA/ozone monitor and timekeeper positions when these became available later
in the process.9
In addition, the workers’ compensation ALJ was not called upon to decide whether
Foster Farms was required to provide a reasonable accommodation to Kaur during the
period from 2013 to 2016, after she sustained her wrist injury and returned to work with
9 As part of reasonably accommodating Kaur’s injury, Foster Farms could even have,
for example, offered her a limited leave of absence until a suitable position, such as the
PA/ozone monitor position or timekeeper position, became available, as happened here.
30.
restrictions but remained in her preexisting “yield monitor” position until that position was
eliminated.
We conclude the issues decided in the Labor Code section 132a proceeding are not
“identical” to the issues implicated in Kaur’s FEHA claims for disability discrimination,
failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to engage in an interactive
process, and therefore the doctrine of issue preclusion is not applicable. (See Lucido, supra,
51 Cal.3d at p. 341.) Moreover, the issues adjudicated by the workers’ compensation ALJ
are not dispositive of these FEHA claims as these issues did not constitute a required
element of any of the FEHA claims and therefore did not negate an element of any of the
FEHA claims. Summary adjudication of Kaur’s FEHA claims for disability discrimination,
failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to engage in an interactive process
on grounds of issue preclusion is therefore not warranted. The trial court erred in granting
summary adjudication on these claims on the basis that the workers’ compensation ALJ’s
findings had collateral estoppel effect in the instant matter and were dispositive as to these
claims.10
Our analysis and conclusion find support in other cases that have considered the
precise issue that is before us, including City of Moorpark v. Superior Court (1998) 18
Cal.4th 1143 (Moorpark) and Malais v. Los Angeles City Fire Department (2007) 150
10 The concurrence suggests that issue preclusion could potentially apply to bar a
FEHA disability discrimination action where a WCAB decision addresses issues that are
outside the scope of, and therefore not necessarily decided for purposes of, a Labor Code
section 132a claim. We disagree. By definition, issue preclusion would not apply in such a
case because the matter would not be necessary to the WCAB decision. “In order for the
determination of an issue to be given preclusive effect, it must have been necessary to a
judgment. This requirement ‘prevent[s] the incidental or collateral determination of a
nonessential issue from precluding reconsideration of that issue in later litigation.’ ”
(McMillin Development, Inc. v. Home Buyers Warranty (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 896, 906.)
It is hard to envision a circumstance in which a determination by the WCAB of the
hypothetical issue identified by the concurrence - an issue that is collateral to, and not
needed for resolution of, a Labor Code section 132a claim - could satisfy the “necessarily
decided” element of collateral estoppel.
31.
Cal.App.4th 350 (Malais).) In Moorpark, our Supreme Court held that “[Labor Code]
section 132a does not provide an exclusive remedy and does not preclude an employee from
pursuing FEHA and common law wrongful discharge remedies,” and “disapprove[d] any
cases that suggest otherwise.” (Moorpark, supra, at p. 1158.) Moorpark pointed out that
FEHA and Labor Code section 132a are distinct legal regimes without any clear overlap.
Moorpark noted, for example: “The term ‘disability’ has a specific meaning in the context
of the workers’ compensation law that it has in no other context. On the other hand, the
FEHA includes detailed definitions of ‘ “Physical disability” ’ and ‘ “Mental disability” ’
that make no reference to workers’ compensation law.” (Moorpark at p. 1158.)
Significantly, for our purposes, Moorpark emphasized: “Because the standards for
establishing disability discrimination may well be different under the FEHA than under
[Labor Code] section 132a, a decision in an employee’s favor on a [Labor Code] section
132a petition would not establish a FEHA violation.” (Moorpark at p. 1158.) Under
Moorpark’s rationale, it would be equally true that denial of an employee’s Labor Code
section 132a petition would not preclude him or her from establishing a FEHA violation.
In Malais, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the employer on an
employee’s FEHA disability claims and, thereafter in a separate proceeding, the WCAB
held that the employer engaged in disability discrimination in violation of Labor Code
section 132a. On appeal, in the FEHA case, the employee argued that summary judgment
should be reversed because the WCAB’s finding had collateral estopped effect on his FEHA
disability discrimination claim. The appellate court rejected this argument on the ground
that “ ‘the issues in a FEHA action are not identical to the issues in a claim of
discrimination under [Labor Code] section 132a,’ ” and declined to give collateral estoppel
effect to a WCAB opinion in the FEHA action. (Malais, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 353,
fn. 1.) Significantly, the appellate court also held that the WCAB properly rejected the
employer’s claim, in the WCAB proceeding, that the trial court’s grant of summary
32.
judgment on the FEHA claims was res judicata on the Labor Code section 132a claim.
(Ibid.)
III. Kaur’s Other Claims: Failure to Take All Reasonable Measures to Prevent
Discrimination Under FEHA; Retaliation for Asserting FEHA Rights; and
Retaliation Under Labor Code Section 1102.5
In addition to granting summary adjudication as to Kaur’s disability-related
discrimination, failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to engage in an
interactive process claims under FEHA, the trial court also granted summary adjudication as
to Kaur’s other claims: failure to take all reasonable measures to prevent discrimination
under FEHA, retaliation for asserting FEHA rights, and retaliation under Labor Code
section 1102.5. The trial court’s grant of summary adjudication as to these claims was
based on the court’s determination that the claims were barred by application of the doctrine
of collateral estoppel based on the workers’ compensation ALJ’s decision on Kaur’s Labor
Code section 132a petition. We conclude the trial court erred in granting summary
adjudication as to these claims on this basis.
Foster Farms contends that just as summary adjudication is warranted as to Kaur’s
disability-related discrimination and related claims, Kaur’s remaining claims for failure to
take all reasonable measures to prevent discrimination under FEHA, retaliation for asserting
FEHA rights, and retaliation under Labor Code section 1102.5 also fail because of the
preclusive effect of the WCAB decision.
However, we concluded above that Foster Farms is not entitled to summary
adjudication, based on application of the collateral estoppel doctrine, on Kaur’s claims for
disability discrimination, failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and failure to
engage in an interactive process. Foster Farms’ argument that summary adjudication is
warranted, in light of the WCAB decision, on Kaur’s remaining claims for failure to take all
reasonable measures to prevent discrimination under FEHA, retaliation for asserting FEHA
33.
rights, and retaliation under Labor Code section 1102.5, is similarly unavailing.11 Summary
adjudication of these claims is reversed.
IV. Kaur’s Claim of Race/Nationality Discrimination
The trial court granted summary adjudication (in favor of Foster Farms) as to Kaur’s
cause of action for discrimination based on race/nationality (under section 12940a), on
statute of limitations grounds. Kaur challenges the trial court’s determination.
The parties agree that Kaur was required to exhaust her administrative remedies by
filing an administrative complaint with the DFEH within one year following the occurrence
of the alleged unlawful conduct at issue. (See former Gov. Code, 12960, subd. (d) (Stats.
2005, ch. 642, § 1) [“(d) No complaint may be filed after the expiration of one year from the
date upon which the alleged unlawful practice or refusal to cooperate occurred.”]; Acuna v.
San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1412.) Kaur filed her DFEH
complaint on February 22, 2017.
“To exhaust his or her administrative remedies as to a particular act made unlawful
by the [FEHA], the claimant must specify that act in the administrative complaint, even if
the [administrative] complaint does specify other cognizable wrongful acts.” (Martin v.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1718, 1724.) “[I]n the context of the
[FEHA] … ‘[t]he failure to exhaust an administrative remedy is a jurisdictional, not a
procedural, defect,’ and thus that failure to exhaust administrative remedies is a ground for a
defense summary judgment.” (Ibid.)
Kaur testified at deposition that three Foster Farms employees discriminated against
her based on her race/national origin: Rosa, Supervisor Cheng Vang, and Supervisor Pang
Xiong (Kaur is of Indian origin and Rosa, Vang, and Xiong are of Southeast Asian origin).
Kaur testified that Rosa refused to give Kaur a new pair of slip-resistant boots on April 24,
11 Foster Farms’ argument is based on the erroneous premise that the WCAB decision
had established Kaur was not wrongfully terminated on a discriminatory basis and therefore
her claims for failure to prevent discrimination under FEHA as well as retaliation
necessarily fail.
34.
2013, the day that Kaur slipped and fell on the wet floor of the production facility. Kaur
believed Rosa refused Kaur’s requests for supplies because Kaur is Indian.
As for Supervisor Pang Xiong, Kaur testified at deposition that he, along with
Supervisor Cheng Vang, terminated her on December 27, 2013, for allegedly violating the
company’s lunch break policy. Kaur filed a grievance through her union, taking issue with
her termination; she was reinstated in March 2014.
With respect to Supervisor Vang, Kaur testified at deposition that he was her direct
supervisor and that he ignored her requests for accommodation and would not listen to her,
from the time she sustained her wrist injury in 2013, until her termination in 2016.
Since the acts attributed to Rosa and Xiong occurred in 2013 and Kaur did not file
her DFEH complaint until 2017, we conclude Kaur did not timely exhaust her
administrative remedies as to the alleged wrongful conduct by Rosa and Xiong. Therefore,
the trial court properly granted summary adjudication as to any claim of race/nationality
discrimination based on their conduct.
As for alleged wrongful acts by Vang, when Kaur returned to work in June 2013,
after sustaining her wrist injury, and complained of disability-related difficulties in doing
her job, Vang told her, “If you can’t do the job, you should just quit.” Vang was also
involved in the decision to terminate Kaur for an alleged lunch break violation in December
2013; Kaur won reinstatement. Kaur stated at deposition that Vang continually ignored her
requests for accommodation of her disability from April 2013, when she sustained her wrist
injury, until July 2016, when she was terminated. Kaur alleged that Vang treated her badly
because she was Indian. Kaur also described tensions between the Indian and Southeast
Asian employees at the plant.
Kaur has timely exhausted her administrative remedies as to the alleged wrongful
conduct by Vang, for purposes of her claim of race/nationality discrimination. Accordingly,
the trial court erroneously granted summary adjudication as to any claim of race/nationality
discrimination based on Vang’s conduct.
35.
As for the alleged wrongful acts of Rosa and Xiong, we are not persuaded by Kaur’s
undeveloped contention that the alleged wrongful conduct of Rosa and Xiong is brought
within the limitations period by application of the “continuing violation” doctrine. (See
Richards v. CH2M Hill, Inc. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 798, 812.)
In conclusion, we note we need not address Kaur’s remaining claims—that is, her
contentions that (1) the trial court erred in taking judicial notice of various records from the
WCAB proceeding on her Labor Code section 132a petition, and (2) the doctrines of res
judicata and collateral estoppel should not be applied in this matter for public policy
reasons—as our resolution of the merits of Kaur’s other claims has rendered these issues
moot.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. Summary adjudication of claims of race/nationality
discrimination based on the alleged acts of Rosa and Pang Xiong is affirmed. Summary
adjudication of all other claims is reversed. The case is remanded for further proceedings.
Kaur is awarded costs on appeal.
SMITH, J.
I CONCUR:
FRANSON, J.
36.
POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J., Concurring.
I concur in the judgment but write separately to emphasize the narrowness of
today’s decision. The majority’s resolution of the disability discrimination issue rests on
the correct but unremarkable holding that when a factfinder expressly declines to reach a
factual issue, their finding has no collateral estoppel effect as to the unreached factual
issue. It does not stand for the broad proposition that factual findings by an
administrative law judge (ALJ) on a claim under Labor Code section 132a1 can never
supply the basis for issue preclusion in a subsequent Fair Employment and Housing Act
(FEHA) (Gov. Code, §§ 12900 et seq.) action. Even if it purported to do so, the binding
authority of an appellate decision is only coextensive with the facts presented by the case.
(Brown v. Kelly Broadcasting Co. (1989) 48 Cal.3d 711, 734–735.)
The reason an across-the-board rule will not work in the context of issue
preclusion is best explained by contrasting it with claim preclusion. Claim preclusion
and issue preclusion operate on different levels of abstraction and therefore have different
units of analysis. Claim preclusion concerns causes of action. In contrast, factual issue
preclusion does not involve “ultimate issues” but rather zooms in to the individual factual
allegations supporting a cause of action.2 (Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d
335, 342; see DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813, 824.)
The majority’s comparison of the elements and legal nuances of section 132a
claims and how they differ from a FEHA disability discrimination claim is a cogent
explanation for why claim preclusion does not apply. (See maj. opn., ante, at pp. 30–31.)
But it does not speak to factual issue preclusion, which is concerned not with identity of
1 All further statutory references are to the Labor Code unless otherwise stated.
2 Issue preclusion can also apply to issues of law litigated and determined by final
judgment. (Lumpkin v. Jordan (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1229–1230.) Here,
however, respondent is invoking collateral estoppel as to an issue of fact. Consequently,
in this opinion, I discuss issue preclusion as it pertains to issues of fact, rather than issues
of law.
causes of action, but rather identity of a factual issue in each of two different
proceedings. The question is whether “ ‘ “ ‘identical factual allegations’ are at stake in
the two proceedings, not whether the ultimate issues … are the same.” ’ ” (In re
Marriage of Brubaker & Strum (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 525, 537; see Key v. Tyler (2019)
34 Cal.App.5th 505, 534.)
This is why we cannot state a blanket rule about whether an ALJ’s factual findings
on a section 132a claim will always or never have preclusive effect in a FEHA disability
discrimination lawsuit. Its application depends on (1) what factual issues were decided in
the section 132a claim and (2) what factual allegations the plaintiff relies on to establish
the legal elements of a subsequent FEHA cause of action.
Sometimes, a section 132a claim will be resolved by a factual finding that is
irrelevant to, or at least not dispositive of, a FEHA disability discrimination claim. In
that circumstance, the parties could not rely on issue preclusion to obtain summary
judgment in the FEHA suit. For example, the ALJ’s finding in the present case expressly
left open the possibility the employer treated the employee differently due to her injury.
Thus, the ALJ did not make a finding as to the factual issue the employer presently
claims was resolved in its favor: whether the employee was subjected to an adverse
employment action “because of” her disability.
But there are a wide variety of factual issues which may prove dispositive in a
section 132a case, depending on the specific factual allegations relied upon by the parties
to prove or disprove the elements of section 132a. In cases where a factual finding from a
section 132a proceeding negates the factual assertions on which the employee later relies
to establish a necessary element of a subsequent FEHA cause of action, issue preclusion
would apply.3
3 Assuming the other elements of issue preclusion are present.
2.
Consider a hypothetical where an employee claims she was demoted because of a
disability, which was initially caused by an industrial injury. The employer may seek to
disprove the disadvantageous treatment element of a section 132a claim by showing the
demotion was entirely a consequence of poor job performance unrelated to the disability.
If the ALJ indeed finds the demotion was entirely a consequence of poor job performance
(and not the disability), it would have preclusive effect as to a subsequent FEHA
disability discrimination lawsuit based solely on the same factual assertion that the
employee was demoted because of the disability.4
4 The majority suggests this finding would be “outside the scope” of a section
132a claim and therefore, “not necessary” to the decision. Not so.
To prevail on a disability discrimination claim under section 132a, the employee
must make two showings. First, it must be shown the employer caused detriment to the
employee as the result of disability that happened to have been caused by an industrial
injury. (See Smith v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 1104.) All
that matters under this element is whether the detrimental treatment was imposed
“because of” such a disability. (See County of Santa Barbara v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeals Bd. (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 211, 215.) This is satisfied even where an employer
discriminates against all injured employees, not just those whose injuries were industrial.
In other words, it is irrelevant whether the detrimental treatment was directed at the
industrial nature of the injury. (See id. at pp. 215–216 & fn. 2.)
In Department of Rehabilitation v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (Lauher) (2003)
30 Cal.4th 1281, “the California Supreme Court added a new element to the prima facie
case of discrimination which a worker must establish to show a violation of section
132a.” (Gelson’s Markets v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 201,
209, italics added.) In addition to the first element described above, employees must also
show the employer singled the employee out for disadvantageous treatment because of
the “industrial nature” of the injury. (See Lauher, at p. 1301, italics omitted.)
After Lauher, an employee must show both (1) detriment and (2) differential
treatment. (See County of San Luis Obispo v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2005)
133 Cal.App.4th 641, 648; see also Gelson’s Markets v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd.,
supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 210.)
Because of its multiple elements, a section 132a claim may be defeated in a
variety of ways. Here, the ALJ found the element established by Lauher had not been
proven – i.e., that the employee had not been singled out for discriminatory treatment due
to the industrial nature of her injury. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 18.)
But in other cases, a section 132a claim might be defeated by a factual finding on
the first element. For example, an ALJ might find that the alleged detrimental treatment
3.
With these observations, I concur in the judgment.
POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.
(e.g., demotion, termination) was not “the result of” the employee’s disability/injury, but
rather their poor job performance or some other nondiscriminatory consideration.
Indeed, the alleged causal connection between the disability/protected activity and the
detrimental treatment is often a central battleground in these cases. (E.g., Barns v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 524, 531; Smith v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeals Bd., supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 1110.) An ALJ’s resolution of such a factual
dispute would be completely germane to the ultimate disposition of a claim under section
132a. It certainly could not be said such a finding is “entirely unnecessary” (Castillo v.
City of Los Angeles (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 477, 482) to resolving the section 132a claim.
4.