JOYCE M. ANTHONY VS. ONE SUN FARMS, LLC (L-0998-14, L-1461-14, L-2513-15, AND L-0826-16, ATLANTIC COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (CONSOLIDATED) ( 2019 )


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  •                                  NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
    APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
    This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
    internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    APPELLATE DIVISION
    DOCKET NOS. A-4632-16T1
    A-4805-16T1
    A-4954-16T1
    JOYCE M. ANTHONY, Individually
    and as Executrix of the Estate of
    WILLIAM J. ANTHONY, JR., deceased
    and WILLIAM J. ANTHONY, III,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.
    ONE SUN FARMS, LLC, ONE SUN
    INDUSTRIES, LLC, SHIMP
    INCORPORATED, JAMES ROSELL
    TRUCKING, LLC,
    Defendants,
    and
    SOUTH STATE, INC., and
    SEASHORE ASPHALT CORPORATION,
    Defendants-Respondents.
    GARY BRENNER and DESIREE
    BRENNER, husband and wife,
    Plaintiffs-Appellants,
    v.
    ONE SUN FARMS, LLC, ONE
    SUN INDUSTRIES, LLC, SHIMP
    INCORPORATED, JAMES ROSELL
    TRUCKING, LLC, NEWTON B.
    SHIMP, III, GREG HOOVER, GRIFFIN
    TRANSPORT, LLC, SEASHORE
    ASPHALT, INC.,
    Defendants,
    and
    SOUTH STATE, INC., and
    SEASHORE ASPHALT,
    CORPORATION,
    Defendants-Respondents.
    ROBERT BOZZUTO and
    SANDRA NILAN,
    Plaintiffs-Appellants,
    v.
    GREGORY HOOVER, ONE SUN
    FARMS, LLC, a/k/a ONE SUN
    INDUSTRIES, CS TRAILER
    RENTAL, LLC, NEWTON B.
    SHIMP, SHIMP, INC., JAMES
    ROSELL TRUCKING, LLC,
    GRIFFIN TRANSPORT, LLC,
    SEASHORE ASPHALT, INC.,
    Defendants,
    A-4632-16T1
    2
    and
    SEASHORE ASPHALT CORPORATION,
    and SOUTH STATE, INC.,
    Defendants-Respondents.
    AMBERLINE FAISON,
    Plaintiff,
    v.
    GREG R. HOOVER, ONE SUN
    FARMS, LLC,
    Defendants.
    Submitted October 3, 2018 – Decided January 17, 2019
    Before Judges Alvarez and Reisner.
    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
    Division, Atlantic County, Docket Nos. L-0998-14,
    L-1461-14, L-2513-15, and L-0826-16.
    D'Arcy Johnson Day, attorneys for appellants Gary
    Brenner and Desiree Brenner in A-4632-16 (Richard J.
    Albuquerque, on the briefs).
    Ross Feller Casey, LLP, attorneys for appellant Joyce
    Anthony in A-4805-16 (Joel J. Feller and Ryan P.
    Chase, on the briefs).
    William A. Sheehan, attorney for appellants Robert
    Bozzutto and Sandra Nilan in A-4954-16.
    A-4632-16T1
    3
    Chiesa Shahinian & Giantomasi PC, attorneys for
    respondent South State, Inc. (Christopher R. Paldino
    and Chelsea P. Jasnoff, on the briefs).
    Golden, Rothschild, Spagnola, Lundell, Boylan &
    Garubo, PC, attorneys for respondent Seashore Asphalt
    Corp. (Rey O. Villanueva, of counsel and on the briefs).
    PER CURIAM
    In these back-to-back cases which we decide jointly, plaintiffs Joyce M.
    Anthony, individually and as executrix of the Estate of William J. Anthony, Jr.,
    deceased, Gary Brenner and Desiree Brenner, and Robert Bozzuto and Sandra
    Nilan, appeal the November 30, 2016 grant of summary judgment dismissing
    with prejudice their personal injury claims against defendants Seashore Asphalt
    Corp. (Seashore) and South State, Inc. (South State). The judge expanded his
    analysis in a June 13, 2017 letter. We now affirm.
    South State is in the business of highway construction, paving roads, and
    asphalt and sand production. It is registered with the United States Department
    of Transportation (DOT) because it owns and operates commercial vehicles
    incidental to its business operation. South State has a registration number with
    the DOT but not an interstate "operating authority" number because it is not a
    for-hire carrier in the business of transporting other companies' cargo. It is
    owned in part by Chester Ottinger, Jr. and in part by the Ottinger Family Trust.
    A-4632-16T1
    4
    Seashore is owned by Ottinger's wife, Mary Lou Ottinger. It is in the
    business of producing and delivering asphalt and supplying trucking services.
    During the relevant period, Seashore frequently provided trucks to South State
    for use in construction jobs.
    At the time of the tragic accident on November 4, 2013, South State
    required certain portable concrete highway barriers, stored at a site near another
    project, in order to complete the construction of an exit ramp off the Garden
    State Parkway. A South State employee contacted Seashore, requesting vehicles
    for hauling the barriers. As Seashore did not have enough trucks available for
    the job, Seashore contacted One Sun. One Sun, a nursery business owned by
    Newton B. Shimp III, owns several trucks and occasionally leases vehicles to
    Seashore or South State. Shimp agreed to provide the necessary trucks to South
    State. South State, after the accident, paid for the delivery of the barriers .
    While making the delivery, one of One Sun's part-time drivers, Greg R.
    Hoover, violated the company's policy prohibiting passengers—his girlfriend
    accompanied him that morning. On his return trip, Hoover failed to stop at a
    traffic light, striking several vehicles in the intersection, causing injuries, and
    finally, landing on top of an overturned car that had been stopped at the red light.
    One of the occupants of that vehicle died. Hoover's blood test results came back
    A-4632-16T1
    5
    positive for marijuana. Although at the time of the accident he held a valid
    commercial driver's license as well as a valid driver's license, he had a history
    of driving infractions.
    I.
    On appeal, plaintiffs raise two points in essentially the same terms. First,
    plaintiffs allege that the trial court should have applied Federal Motor Carrier
    Safety Regulations (FMCSR) and denied South State summary judgment.
    Plaintiffs contend that South State falls within the FMCSR definition as a motor
    carrier engaged in interstate commerce and thus it is statutorily liable.
    Furthermore, plaintiffs argue, South State is vicariously liable under principles
    of respondeat superior and control because it was the statutory employer of
    Hoover and One Sun. Furthermore, Hoover was acting within the scope of his
    employment with South State when he caused the accident, and pursuant to
    common law principles of respondeat superior and "control" under New Jersey's
    law, South State is Hoover and One Sun's employer.
    As to Seashore, plaintiffs allege that the company was negligent in hiring
    One Sun and Hoover without verifying their qualifications and suitability for the
    job—that Seashore had reason to know that One Sun was incompetent to haul
    highway barriers, and that Hoover was an incompetent driver. Plaintiffs further
    A-4632-16T1
    6
    argue that summary judgment should not have been granted to Seashore because
    it is a corporate alter ego of South State and is therefore vicariously liable for
    Hoover's negligence. Pursuant to the statutory employee and control doctrine,
    Seashore is thus also vicariously liable for Hoover's negligence.        Finally,
    plaintiffs assert as separate grounds that the State of New Jersey's formal
    adoption of the FMCSR makes the statutory employee doctrine applicable to
    Seashore, and the company is therefore liable for Hoover's negligence on that
    basis.
    II.
    We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
    standard used by the trial court. Rowe v. Mazel Thirty, LLC, 
    209 N.J. 35
    , 41
    (2012) (citing Henry v. N.J. Dep't of Human Servs., 
    204 N.J. 320
    , 330 (2010)).
    Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact,
    considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party,
    and the moving party is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. 
    Id.
     at 41 (citing
    Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 
    142 N.J. 520
    , 529 (1995)); R. 4:46-2(c).
    Under this standard, "a court should deny a summary judgment motion only
    where the party opposing the motion has come forward with evidence that
    creates a 'genuine issue as to any material fact challenged.'" Brill, 142 N.J. at
    A-4632-16T1
    7
    529 (quoting R. 4:46-2). "Where the party opposing summary judgment points
    only to disputed issues of fact that are 'of an insubstantial nature,' the proper
    disposition is summary judgment." 
    Ibid.
     (quoting Judson v. Peoples Bank & Tr.
    Co., 
    17 N.J. 67
    , 75 (1954)).
    "When no issue of fact exists, and only a question of law remains, [the
    appellate court] affords no special deference to the legal determinations of the
    trial court." Cypress Point Condo. Ass'n v. Adria Towers, LLC, 
    226 N.J. 403
    ,
    415 (2016) (citing Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 
    140 N.J. 366
    , 378 (1995)). However, "[p]urely legal questions . . . are questions of
    law particularly suited for summary judgment." Badiali v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Grp.,
    
    220 N.J. 544
    , 555 (2015) (citation omitted). "If a case involves no material
    factual disputes, the court disposes of it as a matter of law by rendering judgment
    in favor of the moving or non-moving party on the issue of liability or damages
    or both." Brill, 
    142 N.J. at 537
     (citations omitted).
    The trial judge's factual findings are "binding on appeal when supported
    by adequate, substantial and credible evidence."        Rova Farms Resort v. Inv'rs
    Ins. Co., 
    65 N.J. 474
    , 484 (1974) (citing N.J. Tpk. Auth. v. Sisselman, 
    106 N.J. Super. 358
     (App. Div. 1969)). Such factual findings are reviewed deferentially
    and left undisturbed unless "manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the
    A-4632-16T1
    8
    competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests
    of justice." 
    Ibid.
    III.
    The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is the United States
    Department of Transportation agency that regulates the trucking industry. In
    that capacity, it has issued the FMCSR. See 
    49 C.F.R. §§ 350
     to -99. The trial
    judge did not explicitly find that South State was engaged in interstate
    commerce, however, he concluded instead that the FMCSR did not apply to the
    company because it was not an authorized motor carrier. Plaintiffs argue that
    South State engaged in interstate commerce defined as "[b]etween two places in
    a State as part of trade, traffic, or transportation originating or terminating
    outside the State or the United States." 
    49 C.F.R. § 390
    .5T (2017).
    The term "interstate commerce" has a historically broad reach. See, e.g.,
    Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 
    379 U.S. 241
     (1964); Wickard v.
    Filburn, 
    317 U.S. 111
     (1942). In considering the evidence in the light most
    favorable to the non-moving party, the judge may have assumed South State was
    engaged in interstate commerce. Brill, 
    142 N.J. at 529
    . That did not make South
    State liable, even applying the FMCSR.        The FMCSR's general leasing
    requirements, which set forth the conditions under which an authorized carrier
    A-4632-16T1
    9
    may perform transportation in equipment it does not own, was not adopted by
    New Jersey. Those provisions are found in Part 376, which all parties agree
    have not been adopted. It is those leasing requirements which give rise to the
    "statutory employee" doctrine under which an authorized carrier may be held
    liable for the torts of an independent contractor. An authorized carrier is defined
    as "[a] person or persons authorized to engage in the transportation of property
    as a motor carrier under the provisions of 49 U.S.C. 13901 and 13902." 
    49 C.F.R. § 376.2
    (a). Thus, South State is not liable under this theory.
    As the trial judge found, the definition excluded private motor carriers:
    South State engages in the transportation of property to
    further its construction business and is not a for-hire
    carrier. . . . South State does not offer its transportation
    services to be leased by other companies and is
    therefore not covered under 
    49 C.F.R. § 390.5
    . . . .
    South State is not an "authorized carrier" for the
    purpose of FMCSR's leasing provisions[.]
    He also noted that "[o]ne of the many purposes of the FMCSR[s] . . . was to
    prevent motor carriers from transferring responsibility for compliance with
    federal regulations to independent contractors." That policy was not implicated
    in this circumstance.
    A-4632-16T1
    10
    IV.
    Plaintiffs contend as an additional basis for imposing liability that South
    State should be held liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior. The trial
    judge, to the contrary, held that South State exercised no control over Hoover or
    One Sun sufficient to be considered either's employer.
    The common law doctrine of respondeat superior imposes liability on an
    employer for the torts of his employees, even though the employer is not
    personally responsible.    See Davis v. Devereux Found., 
    209 N.J. 269
    , 287
    (2012). This doctrine has long been part of New Jersey law. 
    Ibid.
     (citations
    omitted).
    To establish an employer's liability for the acts of his employee, a plaintiff
    must prove: "(1) that a master-servant relationship existed and (2) that the
    tortious act of the servant occurred within the scope of that employment." Carter
    v. Reynolds, 
    175 N.J. 402
    , 409 (2003). The first prong focuses on the nature of
    the relationship between the parties. 
    Ibid.
     If no master-servant relationship
    exists, no further inquiry is required. Ibid.; see also Wright v. State, 
    169 N.J. 422
    , 436 (2001) (noting that the doctrine of respondeat superior is necessarily
    based on the existence of a master-servant relationship).
    It is well-established that "control by the master over the servant is the
    A-4632-16T1
    11
    essence of the master-servant relationship on which the doctrine of respondeat
    superior is based." Wright, 
    169 N.J. at
    436 (citing New Jersey Prop. Liab. Ins.
    Guar. Ass'n v. State, 
    195 N.J. Super. 4
    , 8 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 
    99 N.J. 188
    (1984)). New Jersey recognizes Restatement (Second) of Agency § 220 (Am.
    Law Inst. 1958) as the "touchstone for determining who is a servant." Carter,
    
    175 N.J. at 409
    . Section 220 provides:
    (1) A servant is a person employed to perform services
    in the affairs of another and who with respect to the
    physical conduct in the performance of the services is
    subject to the other's control or right to control.
    (2) In determining whether one acting for another is a
    servant or an independent contractor, the following
    matters of facts, among others, are considered:
    (a) the extent of control which, by the agreement,
    the master may exercise over the details of the
    work;
    (b) whether or not the one employed is engaged
    in a distinct occupation or business;
    (c) the kind of occupation, with reference to
    whether, in the locality, the work is usually done
    under the direction of the employer or by a
    specialist without supervision;
    (d) the skill required in the particular occupation;
    (e) whether the employer or the workman
    supplies the instrumentalities, tools, and the
    place of work for the person doing the work;
    A-4632-16T1
    12
    (f) the length of time for which the person is
    employed;
    (g) the method of payment, whether by the time
    or by the job;
    (h) whether or not the work is a part of the regular
    business of the employer;
    (i) whether or not the parties believe they are
    creating the relation of master and servant; and
    (j) whether the principal is or is not in business.
    [Restatement (Second) of Agency § 220 (Am. Law Inst. 1958).]
    "To prevent the issue of agency from reaching the jury, the owner must
    show by uncontradicted testimony that no employer-employee or principal-
    agent relationship existed, or, if one did exist, that the employee or agent had
    transgressed the bounds of his authority." Harvey v. Craw, 
    110 N.J. Super. 68
    ,
    73 (App. Div. 1970) (citations omitted). South State had no contract with One
    Sun, did not request Hoover as a driver, and did not have control over the means
    Hoover would employ to accomplish the task for which he was hired. One Sun,
    not South State, owned the truck that Hoover was driving when the accident
    occurred. One Sun retained the services of Hoover. Neither Hoover nor Shimp
    considered Hoover to be acting as South State's employee. The record is devoid
    of proof that any master-servant relationship existed between South State and
    A-4632-16T1
    13
    One Sun, or South State and Hoover. At the time of the accident, Hoover had
    already dropped off the highway barriers, and was in fact returning to One Sun's
    facilities. Thus, there was no genuine issue of material fact to be considered by
    a jury on the question of respondeat superior. South State had no employer-
    employee or principal-agent relationship with either One Sun or Hoover.
    V.
    Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
    in favor of Seashore because it is directly liable for its own negligence in hiring
    One Sun and Hoover. Generally, "where a person engages a contractor, who
    conducts an independent business by means of his own employees, to do work
    not in itself a nuisance[,] he is not liable for the negligent acts of the contractor
    in the performance of the contract." Mavrikidis v. Petullo, 
    153 N.J. 117
    , 131
    (1998) (quoting Majestic Realty Assocs., Inc. v. Toti Contracting Co., 
    30 N.J. 425
    , 430-31 (1959)). However, Majestic carves out three exceptions to this rule:
    (1) if the principal reserves control "of the manner and means" of the contracted
    work, (2) where the principal hires an incompetent contractor, or (3) where the
    activity contracted for constitutes a nuisance per se. Mavrikidis, 
    153 N.J. at
    134-37 (citing Majestic, 
    30 N.J. at 431
    ).
    A-4632-16T1
    14
    In order to hold an employer liable under the second Majestic exception
    to the general rule of nonliability of principals, for the negligence of their
    independent contractors, the party bearing the burden must show both "(1) that
    the contractor was incompetent or unskilled to perform the job for which he was
    hired, and (2) that the principal knew or had reason to know of the contractor's
    incompetence." Id. at 137. Given this standard, plaintiffs argue that there was
    at minimum a genuine dispute over the extent of Seashore's liability in hiring
    One Sun and Hoover, such that the jury should have made the ultimate decision.
    Plaintiffs assert One Sun was incompetent and unskilled as they are in the
    nursery business. But, the barriers had no unique characteristics that, as the
    judge observed, "require[d] a specialized carrier." The accident was unrelated
    to One Sun's ability or inability to haul the barriers. That was the task for which
    Seashore hired One Sun and Hoover, thus it could not be held liable for
    negligence from retaining them for that purpose.
    A negligence claim requires a plaintiff to "establish four elements: (1) that
    the defendant owed a duty of care; (2) that the defendant breached that duty; (3)
    actual and proximate causation; and (4) damages." Fernandes v. DAR Dev.
    Corp., 
    222 N.J. 390
    , 403-04 (2015) (citing Townsend v. Pierre, 
    221 N.J. 36
    , 51
    (2015)). Here, the accident happened when Hoover was returning to One Sun
    A-4632-16T1
    15
    with an empty truck. Perhaps if the accident were caused by Hoover's inability
    to maneuver a truck filled with heavy concrete barriers, there would be at least
    a tenuous factual connection to plaintiffs' injuries. But that was not the case.
    Hoover was an incompetent driver, plaintiffs argue, and Seashore should
    have known this given his driving history. Hoover's publicly available driver
    license abstract does include multiple past violations, including failure to give a
    proper signal and careless driving. However, plaintiffs do not cite to any
    authority imposing the requirement of performing a driver history search of
    another company's drivers, or even inquiring if the other company performs such
    searches. Further, Hoover possessed a valid commercial driver's license while
    he was driving for One Sun, and thus was not seemingly unfit to drive as far as
    the State of New Jersey was concerned. If he was clearly unfit and incompetent,
    arguably his license would have been suspended.
    Hence, plaintiffs' characterization of One Sun and Hoover as incompetent
    to perform the task lacks support in the record. The problem did not occur in
    the course of the delivery of the barriers. Hoover caused the accident while
    violating the fundamental rule of the road that traffic signals be obeyed, that a
    motor vehicle operator not be under the influence, as well as a policy of his
    employer that passengers not accompany drivers. Thus, Seashore was not the
    A-4632-16T1
    16
    proximate cause of the accident, the negligence standard could not have been
    met, and summary judgment was properly granted.
    VI.
    Finally, plaintiffs argue that Seashore and South State should not have
    been granted summary judgment on the theory that Seashore is a corporate alter
    ego of South State. The record is devoid, however, of any facts establishing that
    relationship either. Seashore was merely a middle man in the transaction that
    led to the tragic consequences, it was not the alter ego of South State.
    The doctrine that would permit the piercing of the corporate veil, to the
    extent that individual shareholders can be personally held liable for debts of the
    corporation, is not met here. The corporation must be virtually indistinguishable
    from an individual or corporate shareholder, resulting in injustice to the
    corporation's debtors. See State, Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 
    94 N.J. 473
     (1983); Mueller v. Seaboard Commercial Corp., 
    5 N.J. 28
     (1950); Coppa v.
    Taxation Div. Dir., 
    8 N.J. Tax 236
     (1986). "The purpose of the doctrine of
    piercing the corporate veil is to prevent an independent corporation from being
    used to defeat the ends of justice, to perpetrate fraud, to accomplish a crime, or
    otherwise to evade the law[.]" Ventron, 
    94 N.J. at 500
     (citations omitted).
    A-4632-16T1
    17
    To pierce the corporate veil, a plaintiff must prove that a subsidiary was
    "a mere instrumentality of the parent corporation" and "the parent so dominated
    the subsidiary that it had no separate existence but was merely a conduit for the
    parent." 
    Id. at 500-01
     (citations omitted). Then the plaintiff must prove that
    "the parent has abused the privilege of incorporation by using the subsidiary to
    perpetrate a fraud or injustice, or otherwise to circumvent the law." 
    Id.
     at 501
    (citing Mueller, 
    5 N.J. at 34-35
    ).
    Seashore is not a subsidiary of South State. The marriage between the
    Ottingers alone is not a basis for piercing the corporate veil. The two companies
    have an ongoing business relationship, but they are ultimately distinct entities.
    No fraud or injustice appears on the record, nor any other fact indicating the
    desire to circumvent the law on the part of either company. See 
    ibid.
    The alter ego doctrine is a stringent safeguard for when "the corporate
    form is used as a shield behind which injustice is sought to be done by those
    who have the control of it." Mueller, 
    5 N.J. at 34-35
     (citation omitted). It is not
    meant to be invoked just because two companies and their respective owners are
    married.   The judge recognized that "a close business relationship existed
    between Seashore and South State," but found that "there is nothing to suggest
    that Seashore was a corporate identity of South State used to circumvent the
    A-4632-16T1
    18
    law." He found that "Seashore was not created as a sham to disguise the use of
    South State's assets for the perpetration of fraud or to avoid liability. . . . [and]
    [n]othing suggests that Seashore was created for an illegitimate purpose." The
    record supports these factual findings.
    Affirmed.
    A-4632-16T1
    19