State v. Stejskal , 421 P.3d 856 ( 2018 )

1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: May 15, 2018
4 No. A-1-CA-35545
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v.
8 WILBUR M. STEJSKAL,
9 Defendant-Appellant.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY
11 Fred T. Van Soelen, District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Santa Fe, NM
14 Laurie Blevins, Assistant Attorney General
15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Robert E. Tangora
18 Robert E. Tangora, LLC
19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellant
1 OPINION
2 BOHNHOFF, Judge
3 {1} Defendant Wilbur M. Stejskal (Defendant) appeals an amended judgment
4 and sentence entered two years after the entry of his original judgment and sentence.
5 By changing the word “concurrent” to the word “consecutive,” the amended judgment
6 has the practical effect of increasing Defendant’s term of incarceration from nine
7 years to ten years. On appeal, Defendant asserts that, pursuant to Rule 5-801 NMRA
8 and State v. Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, 272 P.3d 689, the district court lacked
9 jurisdiction to amend or modify the original sentence. The State, on the other hand,
10 argues that the amended judgment in this case did not involve a “modification of
11 sentence” for purposes of Rule 5-801 and Torres; instead, the amended judgment
12 merely corrected a clerical mistake as permitted by Rule 5-113(B) NMRA. We
13 conclude that Rule 5-113 authorized the district court to enter the amended judgment
14 and therefore affirm.
15 BACKGROUND
16 {2} Defendant’s convictions are based upon a plea agreement. Pursuant to the
17 terms of that agreement, Defendant pled no contest to two separate crimes, one of
18 which would result in a nine-year sentence and the other of which would result in a
19 three-year sentence with two years unconditionally suspended. The agreement recited
1 that the sentences for both convictions would “run consecutively for a total of ten
2 (10) years in the [d]epartment of [c]orrections.”
3 {3} At a plea hearing, the district court reviewed the terms of the plea agreement
4 with Defendant on the record and accepted Defendant’s plea. At various points during
5 that hearing, the parties and court each acknowledged that the plea agreement called
6 for a ten-year period of incarceration. At a subsequent sentencing hearing, the district
7 court pronounced sentence, explaining that:
8 pursuant to the plea agreement on count one, you are hereby sentenced
9 to nine years in the department of corrections [and on] count two, three
10 years in the department of corrections with two years unconditionally
11 suspended, running consecutively for a total of ten years in the
12 department of corrections, [and] running concurrently with any time that
13 you are currently facing on probation or parole.
14 {4} Thus, based upon the record below, the parties and their counsel understood
15 that the plea agreement called for consecutive sentences that would result in ten years
16 of incarceration and also that Defendant was, in fact, being sentenced to a ten-year
17 term of incarceration. Nonetheless, the written judgment and sentence that was then
18 entered recited that the sentences for the two crimes would run concurrently, with the
19 result that Defendant effectively was sentenced to nine years of incarceration.
20 {5} Two years later, while reviewing Defendant’s file, the district court noticed that
21 the written judgment provided for the sentences to run concurrently instead of
22 consecutively. The court scheduled a presentment hearing sua sponte. At that hearing,
2
1 the court proposed to enter an amended judgment to correct the error. Counsel for
2 Defendant argued that the district court was without jurisdiction to do so, relying
3 upon Rule 5-801(A) and Torres. The court, however, found that it had authority under
4 Rule 5-113 to correct the error in the judgment, and accordingly, entered the amended
5 judgment as proposed.
6 DISCUSSION
7 {6} Rule 5-801 was amended in 2014 by Supreme Court Order No. 14-8300-014,
8 effective for all cases filed on or after December 31, 2014. The version in effect on
9 March 28, 2013, when the case at bar was filed, provided in pertinent part as follows:
10 A. Correction of sentence. The court may correct an illegal
11 sentence at any time pursuant to Rule 5-802 NMRA and may correct a
12 sentence imposed in an illegal manner within the time provided by this
13 rule for the reduction of sentence.
14 B. Modification of sentence. A motion to reduce a sentence
15 may be filed within ninety (90) days after the sentence is imposed[.]
16 Rule 5-802 addresses the procedure to be followed for petitioning for a writ of habeas
17 corpus to determine inter alia that a “sentence [is] illegal or in excess of the maximum
18 authorized by law or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.” Rule 5-113(B) provides
19 that, “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments, orders or other parts of the record and errors
20 in the record arising from oversight or omission may be corrected by the court at any
21 time and after such notice, if any, as the court orders.”
3
1 {7} Defendant contends that “under [Rule 5-801(B)], the district court cannot
2 modify a sentence after ninety (90) days. . . . Any modification beyond the proscribed
3 time period is outside the district court’s jurisdiction.” Citing Torres, Defendant urges
4 that the district court therefore lacked jurisdiction to amend his sentence two years
5 after its original entry. Defendant further argues that changing the two sentences to
6 run consecutively as opposed to concurrently was not a clerical error that could be
7 corrected pursuant to Rule 5-113.
8 {8} Defendant’s trial counsel preserved the error by contesting the district court’s
9 authority to amend the sentence during the presentment hearing. We review a district
10 court’s application of Supreme Court rules of procedure de novo. State v. Miller,
11 2008-NMCA-048, ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 777, 182 P.3d 158.
12 A. Rule 5-801
13 {9} The version of Rule 5-801 in effect in 2013 permitted the district court to
14 correct an illegal sentence at any time through a habeas corpus proceeding and correct
15 a sentence imposed in an illegal manner within 90 days after the sentence is imposed.
16 As the district court noted in its letter ruling, Rule 5-801(A) was not applicable to
17 Defendant’s original sentence, because it was “not illegal in any way.” The State does
18 not contend to the contrary. Rather, the State defends the amended sentence on the
4
1 grounds that the district court properly had authority under Rule 5-113(B) to correct
2 a clerical error in the judgment.1
3 {10} Torres does not affect the applicability of Rule 5-113 to the amendment of
4 Defendant’s sentence. In that case, this Court addressed the jurisdiction of district
5 courts to amend judgments pursuant to Rule 5-801. Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, ¶ 11.
6 The defendant had been sentenced as a habitual offender for the crime of escape from
7 prison in a manner that allowed his newly imposed sentences to run concurrently with
8 his preexisting sentences. Id. ¶ 3. As a result, the sentences imposed ran afoul of
9 NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-17(C) (amended 2003) and NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-
10 21(A) (1977). Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, ¶¶ 9-10; See also State v. Davis, 2003-
11 NMSC-022, ¶ 15, 134 N.M. 172, 74 P.3d 1064 (holding that sentences imposed for
12 crimes committed while an inmate must run consecutive to all combined existing
13 sentences); State v. Mayberry, 1982-NMCA-061, ¶¶ 17-18, 97 N.M. 760, 643 P.2d
14 629 (holding that habitual offender enhancements cannot be served concurrently with
15 their underlying basic sentences). Eighteen years later, as part of an audit conducted
16 by the Department of Corrections, the illegality of Torres’ sentences was discovered
17 and the district court ultimately granted the state’s motion filed under Rule 5-801 to
1
18 The version of Rule 5-801(B) in effect in 2013 permitted the district court
19 only to reduce a sentence and, therefore, that provision also has no application to the
20 amendment of sentence.
5
1 amend the judgment to extend the term of incarceration by eight years. Torres, 2012-
2 NMCA-026, ¶¶ 1, 5. On appeal, this Court reversed. After examining the history of
3 Rule 5-801, we concluded that a district court’s jurisdiction under the pre-2014
4 version of Rule 5-801(A) to correct an illegal sentence was strictly limited to habeas
5 corpus proceedings. Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, ¶ 27. Thus, the State could seek
6 modification of a sentence pursuant to Rule 5-801 only to correct one imposed in an
7 illegal manner and only within the 90-day period following original entry.
8 B. Rule 5-113
9 {11} As stated above, Rule 5-113(B) authorizes a district court at any time to correct
10 “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments, orders or other parts of the record and errors in the
11 record arising from oversight or omission[.]” In State v. Ross, 1983-NMCA-065, ¶¶
12 16-18, 100 N.M. 48, 665 P.2d 310, this Court characterized as a clerical error, and
13 subject to correction under Rule 5-113(B), a citation in a judgment to the statute that
14 defines the crime of burglary of a dwelling house as opposed to the statute that
15 defines the crime of breaking and entering. In Ross, it was clear from the record not
16 only that the defendant had been convicted of breaking and entering but that the
17 district court had intended to sentence him for that crime. However, we have not
18 considered whether the erroneous imposition of sentences to run consecutively versus
6
1 concurrently in a judgment can qualify as a clerical error or otherwise fall within the
2 parameters of Rule 5-113(B).
3 {12} When interpreting a court rule, a court looks to the same rules of construction
4 as if it were interpreting a statute. Our function is to fulfill the intent of the rule. In
5 doing so, we will “give effect to the plain meaning of the rule if its language is clear
6 and unambiguous.” State v. Montoya, 2011-NMCA-009, ¶ 8, 149 N.M. 242, 247 P.3d
7 1127 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted); see also Delfino v.
8 Griffo, 2011-NMSC-015, ¶ 12, 150 N.M. 97, 257 P.3d 917 (recognizing that in
9 determining the Legislature’s intent, the appellate courts will look first to the plain
10 language of the statute and give its words their ordinary meaning).
11 {13} Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 421 (unabr. ed. 1986) defines
12 “clerical error” as “an error made in copying or writing.” Similarly, Black’s Law
13 Dictionary 489 (9th ed. 2010) defines “clerical error” as “[a]n error resulting from a
14 minor mistake or inadvertence, esp[ecially] in writing or copying something on the
15 record, and not from judicial reasoning or determination.” Here, it is clear from the
16 plea agreement as well as the colloquy at the plea hearing and the original sentencing
17 hearing that the district court and the parties understood and intended that Defendant
18 would be sentenced to two consecutive sentences that would run for a total of ten
19 years. We assume the insertion of the word “concurrent” as opposed to “consecutive”
7
1 in the written sentence and judgment was made by the district judge’s clerical
2 assistant during the course of preparing the latter document. In any event, it was an
3 error in copying or writing, i.e., a clerical error.
4 {14} The similarly worded Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 36 has been given
5 a consistent construction. Rule 36 provides: “After giving any notice it considers
6 appropriate, the court may at any time correct a clerical error in a judgment, order, or
7 other part of the record, or correct an error in the record arising from oversight or
8 omission.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 36. Within the meaning of Rule 36, a clerical error “must
9 not be one of judgment or even of misidentification, but merely of recitation, of the
10 sort that a clerk or amanuensis might commit, mechanical in nature.” United States
11 v. Guevremont, 829 F.2d 423, 426 (3d Cir. 1987)(internal quotation marks & citation
12 omitted). “Because a defendant has a constitutional right to be present when he is
13 sentenced, if there is a variance between the oral pronouncement of sentence and the
14 written judgment of conviction, the oral sentence generally controls.” United States
15 v. DeMartino, 112 F.3d 75, 78 (2d Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). Thus, while Rule 36
16 does not authorize a court to modify the written judgment to effectuate an intention
17 that the court did not express in its oral sentence, DeMartino, 112 F.3d at 79, the
18 court may amend a sentence to accurately provide, in accordance with its original
19 intention and oral pronouncement of sentence, that multiple sentences will run
8
1 consecutively as opposed to concurrently. See, e.g., United States v. Becker, 36 F.3d
2 708, 710 (7th Cir. 1994); United States v. McAfee, 832 F.2d 944, 946 (5th Cir. 1987),
3 superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in United States v. Walls, 163 F.3d
4 146, 147 n.1 (2d Cir. 1998) ; Kennedy v. Reid, 249 F.2d 492, 492 (D.C. Cir. 1957).
5 C. Defendant’s Remaining Argument
6 {15} Citing State v. Diaz, 1983-NMSC-090, ¶ 4, 100 N.M. 524, 673 P.2d 501,
7 Defendant also contends that the district court lacked authority to amend the sentence
8 because he had an “expectation of finality” in the original sentence and the district
9 court amended it after he had served two years of it. Diaz does not help Defendant’s
10 cause. While it holds that an oral ruling, including an oral pronouncement of
11 sentence, is not a final judgment and can be changed at any time before entry of final
12 judgment, id. ¶ 6, it does not address at all, much less hold, that a clerical error in a
13 final judgment cannot be corrected pursuant to Rule 5-113(B). Further, to the extent
14 Defendant implicitly is raising a double jeopardy challenge, it, too, is unsupported.
15 Double jeopardy rights are not compromised where the defendant has no reasonable
16 expectation of finality in his or her sentence. March v. State, 1989-NMSC-065, ¶ 5,
17 109 N.M. 110, 782 P.2d 82.; See State v. Cheadle, 1987-NMSC-100, ¶ 12, 106 N.M.
18 391, 744 P.2d 166.
9
1 CONCLUSION
2 {16} The record in this case establishes that the Defendant entered his plea of no
3 contest pursuant to an agreement by which he would receive two consecutive
4 sentences resulting in a total of ten years of incarceration. The parties and court all
5 understood that agreement and accurately recited its sentencing terms at various
6 points in the proceedings. The district court’s pronouncement of sentence in open
7 court was consistent with both written agreement and the parties’ unanimously
8 expressed understanding. We therefore conclude that the written judgment and
9 sentence imposing concurrent sentences resulting in a total of nine years of
10 incarceration was the product of clerical error, which the district court could correct
11 pursuant to Rule 5-113(B). Accordingly, the district court’s amended judgment and
12 sentence imposing consecutive sentences is affirmed.
13 {17} IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 ___________________________________
15 HENRY M. BOHNHOFF, Judge
16 WE CONCUR:
17 ___________________________________
18 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge
19 ___________________________________
20 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge
10