Carrion v. Smith , 644 F. Supp. 2d 452 ( 2009 )

644 F.Supp.2d 452 (2009)

Carlos CARRION, Petitioner,
v.
Joseph T. SMITH, Superintendent of Shawangunk Correctional Facility, Respondent.

No. 04 Civ. 1034 (SAS).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

August 12, 2009.

Marjorie M. Smith, Esq., Law Office of Marjorie M. Smith, Piermont, NY, for Petitioner.

Mary C. Farrington, Deborah Hickey, Assistant District Attorneys, New York, NY, for Respondent.

OPINION AND ORDER

SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge:

I. INTRODUCTION

Approximately seventeen years ago, petitioner Carlos Carrion was charged with one count of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree, twenty counts of attempted murder in the first degree, one count of criminal use of a firearm in the first degree, two counts of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, and one count of reckless endangerment in the first degree.^[1] These charges grew out of Carrion's purchase of a large amount of cocaine and an ensuing gun fight with the police. Carrion purchased eleven pounds of cocaine from a location in the Bronx, which he intended to re-sell.^[2] While traveling to and from the purchase site, Carrion carried two firearms with him.^[3] As he was traveling in a cab, the police directed the cab driver to stop and pull over.^[4] Instead of stopping, the cab raced down the street before coming to an abrupt stop.^[5] At this point, Carrion exited the cab on foot.^[6] A gun battle ensued between Carrion and a number of police officers.^[7] Carrion appeared to fire at the police officers first.^[8] Carrion hit one of the police officers in the arm and continued shooting at them as he fled.^[9] Carrion was eventually subdued after several police bullets struck him.^[10] Carrion has been rendered a paraplegic as a result of the injuries he sustained that day.^[11]

After he was indicted, the prosecution offered Carrion a plea deal that would have permitted him to plead guilty to a single count of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree that would carry an indeterminate sentence of ten years to life imprisonment on the condition that he allocute to all of the crimes charged in the indictment.^[12] Carrion declined the offer and proceeded to trial.^[13] On October 19, 1993, the jury convicted Carrion of five counts of attempted murder and all of the other charges.^[14] On December 10, 1993, the court sentenced Carrion to an aggregate indeterminate prison term of 125 years to life.^[15]

After properly exhausting his state court remedies, Carrion filed the instant petition for habeas corpus. He raised the following claims:

• ineffective assistance of trial counsel, in violation of the Sixth Amendment, resulting from his trial attorney's alleged failure "to fully inform and advise him" about the People's pretrial offer

• ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, in violation of the Sixth Amendment, resulting from his appellate attorney's alleged failed to raise "significant and obvious" issues on appeal

• violation of his Sixth Amendment right to be present at all material stages of the trial resulting from his exclusion from an ancillary proceeding

• violation of his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by the trial court when it imposed a sentence of 125 years to life as punishment for Carrion's decision to reject the prosecutor's pretrial plea offer and insist on a trial

• violation of the Eighth Amendment as the sentence imposed on Carrion constitutes cruel and unusual punishment because he is a paraplegic confined to a wheelchair.^[16]

On January 25, 2007, Magistrate Judge Frank Maas issued an R & R to this Court in which he recommended Carrion's petition be denied. Carrion filed timely objections to the R & R which focused on Judge Maas's denial of his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim.^[17] After reviewing the R & R and Carrion's Objections in detail, I respectfully disagreed with the conclusions reached by Judge Maas and found that Carrion had not received effective assistance from his trial counsel, Roy Kulcsar, with regard to the advisability of accepting a ten-year plea offer.^[18] Without holding an evidentiary hearing, but upon careful review of the state court record and the hearing before the Magistrate Judge, I granted Carrion's section 2254 petition.^[19] The People appealed, and the Second Circuit remanded, based on this Court's failure to hold its own evidentiary hearing.^[20] Specifically, the Second Circuit stated that "[f]or the district court, upon remand, to adhere to its own credibility conclusions, as opposed to those found by the magistrate judge, the district court would need to conduct a renewed hearing to appraise the credibility of the witnesses."^[21] The Second Circuit did not address, however, whether Kulcsar provided constitutionally ineffective assistance in failing to vigorously advise Carrion to take the plea offer.^[22] But the Second Circuit did not foreclose this possibility.^[23]

II. BACKGROUND

A. Prior Proceedings

In my original decision, I found that Carrion satisfied the two-part test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims, as established in Strickland v. Washington.^[24]

Other than Kulcsar's lukewarm endorsement that the proffered plea bargain was a "good offer," he did nothing to persuade his client to take what was obviously a very beneficial deal. Moreover, Kulcsar was aware, and so informed Justice Snyder, that the events responsible for causing his client's paralysis was an impediment to his client taking the plea because his client believed that these events established a defense to all of the charges he was facing. But Kulcsar made no efforts to explore this area with his client in order to dispel his belief that the shooting established a viable defense to the charges against him. Finally, Kulcsar must have been aware that the People had an open and shut case against his client, at least with respect to the drug possession charge, which carried a mandatory minimum fifteen year penalty. In sum, only a constitutionally deficient attorney would have failed to vigorously advise his client to take the plea. Under these circumstances, I find that Kulcsar's representation fell below the requirement for constitutionally effective assistance of counsel.^[25]

In addition, based on statements made by Carrion in a post-hearing affidavit^[26] and the significant disparity between the plea offer and the sentence imposed after trial, I found that Carrion established the requisite prejudice.^[27] I concluded that the "appropriate remedy here is to give Carrion the benefit of the original plea offer and re-sentence him accordingly."^[28]

B. The State Court Decision

The relevant state court decision is the trial court's December 14, 2001 Order (the "Order") denying Carrion's pro se motion to vacate his judgment of conviction pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10 ("section 440.10").^[29] The Order describes Carrion's ineffective assistance claims as follows: (1) "[t]he defendant claims that his trial attorney did not provide effective assistance of counsel" and (2) "[t]he defendant claims that defense counsel's trial tactical decisions constituted ineffective assistance of counsel."^[30] The first claim encompasses the alleged failure by Kulcsar to adequately encourage Carrion to accept the People's ten-year plea offer (the "advice claim") while the second claim addresses the quality of representation Carrion received at trial (the "representation claim").

After reciting the federal and state standards for ineffective assistance of counsel, the state court addressed Carrion's representation claim and held that Carrion received effective trial representation under both standards.^[31] However, with regard to the advice claim—that Carrion received constitutionally inadequate advice regarding the advisability of accepting the ten-year plea offer—the state court relied on the arguments set forth by the People in opposition to Carrion's section 440.10 motion.^[32]

In the People's Response to Defendant's CPL 440.10 Motion,^[33] the People argued that Carrion was not prejudiced by Kulcsar's plea offer advice, or lack thereof, because despite Carrion's knowledge of the ten-year plea offer he insisted on going to trial.^[34] These arguments were adopted by the trial court and incorporated into its Order.^[35] Neither the People, nor the trial court, ever addressed the adequacy of Kulcsar's advice regarding the advisability of the People's ten-year plea offer or whether Kulcsar adequately informed Carrion of his sentencing exposure if he went to trial. These inquiries were foreclosed by the finding that Carrion did not suffer any prejudice from the lack of counsel's advice given his insistence on going to trial. Accordingly, the question is whether the Order represents an unreasonable application of federal law (here, Strickland) by the state court.

C. The Hearing Before the Magistrate Judge

The crucial question, then, is what actually transpired between Carrion and Kulcsar over fifteen years ago. At the hearing before Magistrate Judge Maas, Carrion testified that Kulcsar discussed the plea offer with him once, at a meeting they had at Bellevue Hospital.^[36]

Carrion testified that at this meeting Kulcsar told him there was a plea offer: "[H]e told me that it was 10 to life, and I told him what he think about it? He said, it's my decision. And he thought that it was a good offer." According to Carrion, he was never informed what the maximum sentence could be if he were convicted of the charges against him, nor of the mandatory minimum sentences on the various charges. Carrion stated that Kulcsar did not discuss with him the likelihood that he would be convicted of the cocaine possession charge, or the fact that the charge carried a 15-year minimum sentence.^[37]

Kulcsar, on the other hand, had little recollection of Carrion's case and did not remember any meetings with Carrion.^[38] Kulcsar did not remember how many times he discussed the plea offer with Carrion or when and where such discussions took place.^[39] Instead of providing specific details, Kulcsar testified that it was his standard practice to make no recommendation to clients as to whether they should take a plea.^[40] Based on Kulcsar's established practice, "Judge Maas rejected Carrion's assertions as incredible and found that Kulcsar had advised him of the possibility of a very lengthy minimum sentence if he proceeded to trial."^[41]

D. The Hearing Before This Court

This Court conducted its own evidentiary hearing on April 15, 2009, April 28, 2009, and May 4, 2009.^[42] After the hearing, the parties submitted post-hearing memoranda of law. At the hearing, both parties were represented by counsel. Both Carrion and Kulcsar, among others, testified at the hearing. The following is a summary of the relevant portions of their testimony.

1. Carrion's Testimony

After retained counsel withdrew from Carrion's criminal case, the state court assigned Kulcsar to represent Carrion.^[43] Carrion recalled having first met Kulcsar while at Bellevue Hospital, where Carrion was recuperating from five gun shot wounds he received while battling with the police.^[44] It was at this meeting, which lasted approximately thirty to forty-five minutes, that Kulcsar conveyed to Carrion the terms of the People's ten to life plea offer.^[45] Kulcsar did not, however, explain what Carrion would have to do to obtain this plea, nor did he discuss the requirement that Carrion allocute to all the charges.^[46] According to Carrion, Kulcsar characterized the plea offer as a "good offer,"^[47] but he never questioned Kulcsar as to why he thought so.^[48] Kulcsar did not offer any other advice about the plea offer or whether it would be wise for Carrion to accept it.^[49] Kulcsar simply told Carrion that whether or not to take the plea was his decision.^[50]

Carrion also testified that Kulcsar never informed him of his sentencing exposure if he went to trial and was unsuccessful.^[51] Carrion admitted to Kulcsar that he possessed eleven pounds of cocaine at the time he exited and fled from the cab.^[52] Kulcsar never told Carrion that the minimum sentence for that quantity of cocaine was fifteen years to life, nor did he tell Carrion that his conviction on the drug count was virtually inevitable.^[53] Although Carrion also admitted that he had two handguns at the time of his arrest, Kulcsar failed to inform him of the sentence for illegal possession of a weapon.^[54] In a similar vein, Kulcsar did not discuss with Carrion the strength of the prosecution's case with regard to the attempted murder charges, nor did he tell Carrion what the sentence would be for attempted murder of a police officer.^[55] Finally, Kulcsar never informed him that his sentences could be imposed consecutively so that if he were convicted of five counts of attempted murder, he could be sentenced to consecutive twenty-five years to life on each count, which would amount to a sentence of 125 years to life.^[56]

Carrion testified that had he known of the consequences of going to trial, he would have accepted the plea offer.

Q. Did Mr. Kulcsar give you some idea of what might happen if you went to trial?

A. No.

Q. Would you have been willing to accept the plea offer of ten to life if you had known that the mandatory minimum sentence you could receive on the narcotics possession count against you was fifteen to life?

A. Of course.

Q. What if accepting the plea offer required you to say that you attempted to murder ten police officers; would you have been able to do that, if you had known what the mandatory minimum was for narcotics possession?

A. Yes.^[57]

Carrion further testified that he was not influenced in deciding whether to plead guilty or go to trial by the hope of a recovery in a civil lawsuit.^[58]

2. Kulcsar's Testimony

Kulcsar testified that there was no defense to the drug charge Carrion was facing^[59] and that, "[b]arring some miracle from God, [he] could not have obtained an acquittal."^[60] Kulcsar conceded that if Carrion were convicted on the drug count alone, he would have been sentenced to at least fifteen years to life, but that he had been offered a plea of ten years to life.^[61] Although Kulcsar could not recall if he actually told Carrion that there was no defense to the drug charge, he thought "that in the context of [their] discussions it was clear that there was no defense to the drug charge."^[62]

When asked whether he advised Carrion of the consequence of going to trial, Kulcsar remembered, in general terms, a discussion "as to the substantial sentence that [Carrion] could receive if he were convicted."^[63] Kulcsar could not, however, recall any specific discussions he had with Carrion concerning the sentencing ranges for the various counts with which Carrion was charged.^[64] Kulcsar stated that as a matter of routine, established practice, he discussed relevant sentencing ranges with his clients and he believed he had done so with Carrion.^[65] However, excluding reliance on Kulcsar's established practice, Kulcsar could not remember whether he specifically advised Carrion of the maximum penalty should he go to trial and lose.^[66]

Kulcsar testified that the "main stumbling block" to Carrion taking the plea was the prosecution's requirement that he allocute to the entire indictment.^[67] At Carrion's sentencing, Kulcsar stated that the primary reason for going to trial was Carrion's belief that he was nearly assassinated and made a paraplegic by the police as a result of being shot while he was lying on the ground.^[68] Kulcsar further stated that if it were not for Carrion's concern over a pending or contemplated civil action against the police officers involved, he would have pled guilty.^[69] Although Kulcsar was aware that Carrion was thinking about a civil lawsuit, he had no discussions with Carrion "regarding the consequence of any decision he made in his criminal case with respect to a civil lawsuit because that's not [his] area of expertise."^[70] With regard to the potential civil case, Kulcsar testified as follows:

I had no discussions with Mr. Carrion relating to his civil case, how the criminal case would affect the civil case or not. The only discussions I had with him related specifically to the criminal case, whether or not he wanted to take the plea, that he understood what the parameters of the plea were and what was required of him to take the plea, and that it was his decision as to whether or not he wanted to plead.^[71]

Kulcsar does not, however, advise his clients as to the advisability of taking a plea, even when it is in their best interests to do so. Kulcsar's established "no advice" policy became apparent through the following colloquy:

THE COURT: You don't give advice?

THE WITNESS: I don't tell them what I believe they should do when they ask me, what do you think I should do. What I've always said ... is the ultimate decision is only yours. I can only assist you in whichever way you decide, but the decision has to be yours because whatever that decision is—you have to live with it.

THE COURT: You don't say my advice is?

THE WITNESS: No.

THE COURT: If that person asks for advice, do you give it?

THE WITNESS: No. Because my experience after 30 years, the question is always phrased, what do you think I should do? And I've always said, I can't tell you what you should do. I know what I would do, but that's not necessarily the same thing you should do or you would want to do.

THE COURT: Anyway, you don't give advice and if asked you don't give the advice either?

THE WITNESS: I don't give specific advice, yes, you should take the plea or, no, you should not take the plea....^[72]

Kulcsar followed his "no advice" policy and did not advise Carrion to take the plea offer even though he realized Carrion's judgment was "clouded" by his physical injuries and paralysis.^[73] Kulcsar never told Carrion that going to trial was a bad decision, much less the worst decision he ever made in his life.^[74] In Kulcsar's own words: "I did not bang him over the head and tell him, if you don't take this plea and go to trial in front of [the judge] ... you're going to get a substantial, substantial, substantial, substantial sentence."^[75] Nor did Kulcsar recall any conversation in which Carrion asked Kulcsar what he should do.^[76]

Kulcsar acknowledged that perhaps he should have spent more time with Carrion discussing his decision.^[77] In hindsight, Kulcsar now believes that he should have had a court-appointed psychiatrist examine Carrion to see if he was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder which "was causing him to make a decision that in [Kulcsar's] opinion was not a good decision."^[78] In sum, Kulcsar concedes that he did not have any "forceful, vigorous" discussions to try to influence Carrion to take the plea.^[79]

III. STANDARDS^[80]

A. Section 2254 Standard

In applying the "unreasonable application" prong of section 2254(d)(1), the Second Circuit offered the following guidance regarding the deferential standard mandated by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996):

Prior to AEDPA, it sufficed for a grant of habeas for a federal court to conclude that the petitioner was denied adequate representation and suffered prejudice, within the meaning of Strickland. AEDPA, however, requires more than a conclusion that counsel's performance was constitutionally inadequate. Under the AEDPA standard, "objectively unreasonable application involves some increment of incorrectness beyond error." Hemstreet v. Greiner, 491 F.3d 84, 90 (2d Cir.2007). Habeas may not be granted unless the federal court concludes not only that counsel's performance was deficient, but also that the state court's conclusion to the contrary was unreasonable. Satisfaction of the "unreasonable application" requirement does not follow inevitably from the district court's conclusion that Kulcsar's performance was deficient. The court was not at liberty under AEDPA to grant habeas relief unless it made the further finding that the state court's application of Strickland was unreasonable.^[81]

More recently, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel within the context of a section 2254 petition.^[82] In Knowles v. Mirzayance, defense counsel recommended that his client, Alexandre Mirzayance, withdraw his not guilty by reason of insanity ("NGI") plea after the jury convicted him of first-degree murder during the guilt phase of a bifurcated trial.^[83] "When the jury found Mirzayance guilty of first-degree murder, counsel doubted the likelihood of prevailing on the NGI claim."^[84] Accordingly, "on the advice of counsel, Mirzayance abandoned his NGI plea before [the second phase of the bifurcated trial] commenced."^[85]

In state post-conviction proceedings, Mirzayance claimed that his attorney's recommendation to withdraw the NGI plea constituted ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland.^[86] The trial court's denial of Mirzayance's state habeas petition was affirmed by the California Court of Appeal.^[87] Mirzayance then filed a petition for federal habeas relief under section 2254, which was initially denied by the district court.^[88] The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court and "ordered an evidentiary hearing on counsel's recommendation to withdraw the NGI plea."^[89] During that hearing, the Magistrate Judge found that Mirzayance "had nothing to lose" by going forward with the NGI phase of the trial and held that counsel's performance was therefore deficient.^[90] The district court accepted the Magistrate Judge's recommendation to grant the writ.^[91] The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court based, in part, on its view that counsel had nothing to lose by pursuing the NGI defense.^[92] The Supreme Court reversed.

The Supreme Court held that the state court decision denying Mirzayance's ineffective assistance claim did not violate clearly established federal law.^[93]

With no Supreme Court precedent establishing a "nothing to lose" standard for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, habeas relief cannot be granted pursuant to § 2254(d)(1) based on such a standard. Instead, such relief may be granted only if the state-court decision unreasonably applied the more general standard for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims established by Strickland.... Indeed, this Court has repeatedly applied that standard to evaluate ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims where there is no other Supreme Court precedent directly on point.^[94]

"[B]ecause the Strickland standard is a general standard, a state court has even more latitude to reasonably determine that a defendant has not satisfied that standard."^[95] The Supreme Court thus held that "[u]nder the doubly deferential judicial review that applies to a Strickland claim evaluated under the § 2254(d)(1) standard, Mirzayance's ineffective-assistance claim fails."^[96] "Where, as here, a district court has performed additional fact finding," the issue is "whether the state court's decision was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law in light of any newly-discovered facts."^[97]

B. Strickland

To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment, a petitioner "must demonstrate (1) that his attorney's performance `fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,' and (2) that `there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'"^[98] Under the first prong—the performance prong—the inquiry is "contextual" and "asks whether defense counsel's actions were objectively reasonable considering all the circumstances."^[99] In determining what constitutes objective reasonableness, courts look for guidance to "`[p]revailing norms of practice as reflected in American Bar Association standards.'"<sup>[100]</sup> Courts also consider the "basic duties" of a defense attorney, as described in Supreme Court cases before and after Strickland.<sup>[101]</sup> Attorney errors that fall below an objective standard of reasonableness "include omissions that cannot be explained convincingly as resulting from a sound trial strategy, but instead arose from oversight, carelessness, ineptitude, or laziness."<sup>[102]</sup> "`Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential,' and `a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.'"^[103]

"Under the second prong—the prejudice prong—a `reasonable probability' of a different result is a `probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.'"^[104] "The prejudice prong can be satisfied `even if the errors of counsel cannot be shown by a preponderance of the evidence to have determined the outcome.'"^[105]

C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel—Plea Offers

Among the "basic duties" of a defense attorney are the "duties to consult with the defendant on important decisions and to keep the defendant informed of important developments in the course of the prosecution."^[106] The professional norms of conduct "provide at least two benchmarks for the representation of a client who is deciding whether to accept a plea offer."^[107]

The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provide that a "lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation."^[108] When a plea offer is made, "`knowledge of the comparative sentence exposure between standing trial and accepting a plea offer will often be crucial to the decision whether to plead guilty.'"^[109] Accordingly, the lawyer "should usually inform the defendant of the strengths and weaknesses of the case against him, as well as the alternative sentences to which he will most likely be exposed."^[110]

A closely related duty is that "defense counsel `must give the client the benefit of counsel's professional advice on this crucial decision' of whether to plead guilty."^[111] In a pre-Strickland case, the Supreme Court described the duty to provide informed advice on a plea offer as one of the basic functions of defense counsel: "Prior to trial an accused is entitled to rely upon his counsel to make an independent examination of the facts, circumstances, pleadings and laws involved and then to offer his informed opinion as to what plea should be entered."^[112] In fact, the Supreme Court has held that a defendant "requires the guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against him."^[113] Furthermore, "the right to counsel is the right to effective assistance of counsel."^[114]

In Boria v. Keane, the Second Circuit held that Boria's attorney had failed to adequately advise his client with respect to a plea offer.^[115] Boria's attorney not only failed to give his ultimate opinion as to the wisdom of the plea offer but "never gave his client any advice or suggestion as to how to deal with the People's offered plea bargain."^[116] In granting Carrion's petition, this Court stated that the "instant case is quite similar to that considered in Boria v. Keane.'"^[117] The Second Circuit disagreed with this statement, pointing out that this case "is not within [the] scope of the ruling in Boria."^[118] The court explained

In Boria, where the defendant rejected the plea offer, counsel, who was found ineffective, "never gave his client any advice or suggestion as to how to deal with the People's offered plea bargain." In the present case, in contrast, regardless of whether Kulcsar told his client the sentencing exposure, the district court credited that he told his client that the offer was a "good offer." ... To find Kulcsar's advice ineffective would represent a further extension of Boria.^[119]

The Second Circuit further noted that Boria is a pre-AEDPA case and, therefore, employed a more liberal rule than the deferential AEDPA standard.^[120]

IV. DISCUSSION

The question is whether this Court, after conducting its own evidentiary hearing, finds the state court's denial of Carrion's ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim to be an unreasonable application of federal law under the deferential AEDPA standard. This question implicates three distinct inquiries: (1) whether Kulcsar's assistance to Carrion with regard to the plea offer fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms;^[121] (2) whether there is a reasonable probability that Carrion would have taken the plea offer but for Kulcsar's ineffective assistance; and (3) whether the state court decision finding Kulcsar's assistance to be constitutionally effective represents an unreasonable application of federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

A. Carrion Did Not Receive Effective Assistance of Counsel

Kulcsar's assistance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness in two ways: (1) he failed to advise Carrion of the sentencing exposure he faced if he were convicted at trial; and (2) he failed to give Carrion advice regarding the advisability of accepting the plea offer that was sufficiently robust under the circumstances.

1. Sentencing Exposure

When a plea offer is made and there is a reasonable probability that the defendant is uncertain about the sentencing exposure he faces, whether or not he accepts the plea, a lawyer unquestionably has a duty to inform his client of the sentencing exposure he faces if he accepts the plea offer and if he does not. I conclude, based on the testimony and the records, that Kulcsar did not inform Carrion of the sentencing exposure he faced if he declined to accept the plea. In this regard, Kulcsar's assistance fell below an objective level of reasonableness.

Carrion testified that Kulcsar never advised him as to the sentencing ranges for the charges he faced.^[122] Although this testimony is self-serving, I find it credible, especially given his demeanor in testifying and Carrion's other corroborating testimony that he lacked the sophistication to invent.^[123] Kulcsar, on the other hand, testified that he had no present recollection if he ever discussed with Carrion the mandatory minimum and maximum sentences for every count in the indictment.^[124] After the passage of so much time, the only evidence available to rebut Carrion's testimony is Kulcsar's testimony concerning his "established practice." The Second Circuit explained that "while neither Judge Maas nor Judge Scheindlin was required to conclude from Kulcsar's testimony of his usual practice that Kulcsar advised Carrion of his sentencing exposure, it was permissible for either of them to do so."^[125] Although established practice testimony is probative, it is less probative than a witness's testimony of his own memory of the events. Kulcsar's testimony about his past established practice was confused^[126] and not persuasive.^[127] I conclude that Kulcsar did not advise Carrion of the sentencing range he faced if he rejected the plea offer.

Furthermore, Kulcsar testified that if he had to do it over again, he would have asked the state court to appoint a psychiatrist to determine whether Carrion was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, or some other psychiatric disorder, that was impairing his judgment.^[128] This testimony is relevant as it demonstrates that Kulcsar was uncertain as to whether Carrion was capable of understanding whatever information Kulcsar did impart as to the plea offer. Accordingly, on the basis of the testimony at the evidentiary hearing conducted by this Court, I find that Kulcsar failed to apprise Carrion of the mandatory minimum sentence he faced if he went to trial and his total sentencing exposure.^[129]

2. Advocacy

"Defense counsel have a constitutional duty to give their clients professional advice on the crucial decision of whether to accept a plea offer from the government."^[130] I find that Kulcsar breached this duty given his paltry advice to Carrion concerning the plea offer.^[131] Kulcsar had one conversation with Carrion in which he described the proposed plea as a "good offer." Under the particular circumstances of this case, this single, lukewarm endorsement of the plea offer was simply not enough. In fact, it was not clearly an endorsement of the plea offer at all: an offer might be good, for example, because it is better than what one had hoped for but still not worthy of acceptance. Indeed, Kulcsar admitted that he had a strict "no advice" policy, according to which he does not advise his clients as to the advisability of taking a plea, even when it is in their best interests to do so. At the time the plea offer was made, Carrion was suffering from a deteriorated physical and mental state arising from his recently-inflicted paraplegia. Carrion also had a limited understanding of English and of the criminal justice system in general, as he was a first-time offender. Moreover, Kulcsar acknowledged that Carrion's judgment was "clouded," in part because he was preoccupied with a potential civil suit. But Kulcsar's concession that he knew that an acquittal on the drug charge was virtually impossible is most striking.^[132] Given that the drug charge carried a minimum sentence of fifteen years to life, the People's plea offer of ten years to life was extremely generous.^[133] There was no reason why Carrion should not have taken the plea offer and certainly no reason why Carrion should not have been strongly advised of the advantages of doing so. Therefore, Kulcsar should have made an effort to persuade Carrion to do so.^[134] As Carrion argued:

Had Kulcsar fulfilled his duty to give effective plea advice, he would have laid out in appropriately stark terms the choices facing Carrion: either accept the plea offer of 10 years-life and allocute to the attempted murder charges, or go to trial without any defense to the drug, weapon possession and reckless endangerment charges and face a likely minimum 40-year-life sentence, and very possibly the life-without-possibility-of-parole sentence he actually received. He would have also explained to Carrion in no uncertain terms that ... even if he allocuted to the attempted murder charges, it would not prevent him from going forward with his civil claim, as to which proof that the police had attempted to assassinate him would be relevant.^[135]

Under the particular circumstances presented here, more was required of Kulcsar than what he gave.^[136] Kulcsar's "no advice" policy under the circumstances is tantamount to the absence of counsel. Carrion should have been advised to accept the plea offer given counsel's understanding that Carrion would be convicted, at a minimum, of a count requiring a mandatory fifteen year sentence and that Carrion did not deny his guilt with respect to this count. Under these unique circumstances, where nothing could be gained by proceeding to trial, counsel should have made an explicit recommendation to take the plea offer, at the very least. If Carrion declined to accept that advice, he would then have no one to blame but himself. Consequently, regardless of the sentencing exposure issue, I find that Carrion received ineffective assistance of counsel from Kulcsar with regard to the plea offer.^[137]

This finding is not in conflict with the recent decision of the Honorable Denise Cote in Berry v. Ercole,^[138] a case that is both similar and dissimilar to the case sub judice. In Berry, the defendant was indicted for, inter alia, Attempted Murder in the Second Degree, the most serious charge.^[139] Berry was represented by Allan Brenner who, like Kulcsar, could not recall specific conversations with his client but testified as to his established practice.^[140] Before the trial began, Berry, like Carrion, was offered a generous plea bargain. His attorney conveyed the offer with little advice as to whether Berry should take it.^[141] Berry was convicted of all counts contained in the indictment and was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of thirty-five years.^[142] At the time of his sentencing, the state court judge engaged Berry in a colloquy in which Berry affirmed that he had wanted to go to trial and understood that he could get a much longer sentence as a result.^[143]

Five years later, Berry filed a federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus claiming that his trial counsel failed to provide him "with advice as to whether to accept the prosecution's favorable 9 year plea offer."^[144] Judge Cote held an evidentiary hearing during which "Berry admitted that he had repeatedly told Brenner that he was innocent."^[145] Furthermore, with regard to Brenner's advice, Judge Cote found that "Brenner did not explicitly advise Berry on February 2, 2001 to plead guilty and accept the offer of a nine year sentence. Brenner did, however, advise Berry that it was a generous offer."^[146] Finally, citing Berry's colloquy with the state court judge, Judge Cote found that Berry failed to show that he would have pled guilty had Brenner encouraged him to accept the plea offer.^[147]

Berry is distinguishable from the instant case on two separate grounds. First, unlike Berry, who consistently maintained his innocence as to all charges, Carrion never disavowed possessing eleven pounds of cocaine, nor could he. Thus, this "innocence factor," which Judge Cote relied upon so heavily in finding that there was no prejudice to Berry,^[148] does not apply to Carrion. Second, in Berry, Judge Cote found that the trial court's direct interaction with Berry during the plea colloquy was entitled to "great weight in any assessment of whether Berry made a voluntary and informed decision to reject the plea offer."^[149] Here, there was no such colloquy. Although the trial judge was informed that Carrion's preoccupation with a contemplated civil suit was a major impediment to his accepting the plea offer, there is no indication that she ever explored this concern with Carrion directly or otherwise questioned him as to whether he knowingly rejected the plea offer. Thus, there is no colloquy on which this Court could rely to determine whether Carrion made a "voluntary and informed decision" in rejecting the plea offer.^[150] For these reasons, Berry is distinguishable.

In sum, having found that Carrion has met the first prong of Strickland in that he has shown that Kulcsar's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, the next query is whether Carrion has established the requisite prejudice. Only if this question can be answered in the affirmative can this Court proceed to analyze whether the state court's decision denying Carrion's ineffective assistance claim constituted an unreasonable application of federal law.

B. Prejudice

The second Strickland prong requires a showing of prejudice which, in the Second Circuit, requires "some objective evidence other than defendant's assertions."^[151] "Generally, a defendant suffers prejudice if there is a reasonable probability that his reliance on counsel's ineffective assistance affected the outcome of the proceedings."^[152] "[A] significant sentencing disparity in combination with defendant's statement of his intention [to have pled guilty] is sufficient to support a prejudice finding."^[153] Here, the disparity between the plea offer ten years to life and the sentence imposed—125 years to life—is extremely large. In addition, at the hearing before this Court, Carrion testified that he would have pled guilty if he knew the drug possession charge carried a minimum sentence of fifteen years to life. Given this assertion, which I find to be credible, coupled with the significant sentencing disparity, I find there to be sufficient objective evidence to support the conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that Carrion would have accepted the plea offer, if properly counseled by Kulcsar. Carrion has therefore satisfied the prejudice prong of Strickland.

The People argued to the state court that Carrion suffered no prejudice because he thought that agreeing to the plea bargain would negatively affect his civil suit. Carrion denies this. The only support for this assertion is Kulcsar's belief, which he repeated during testimony before this Court, that Carrion did not accept the plea out of concern for the civil trial. Later in his testimony, however, Kulcsar admitted that he "had no discussions with Mr. Carrion relating to his civil case, how the criminal case would affect the civil case or not."^[154] Thus, Kulcsar's belief that Carrion was motivated not to take the plea offer because of its impact on his potential civil case was based on pure speculation. Furthermore, if Kulcsar believed that Carrion's decision not to accept the plea offer rested on this ground, Kulcsar was plainly ineffective for failing to discuss this issue with Carrion—especially given what was at stake and the implausibility of his civil claim. In short, in light of the newly discovered facts, the only reasonable conclusion is that Carrion was prejudiced by Kulcsar's failures.^[155]

C. The State Court Decision Represents an Unreasonable Application of Federal Law

Carrion was denied the effective assistance of counsel by Kulcsar's failure to advise Carrion of the relevant sentencing ranges and his failure to meaningfully advise Carrion to accept the terms of the plea offer. It would be an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court, to hold otherwise.^[156]

As stated earlier, the relevant state court decision is the December 14, 2001 Order denying Carrion's section 440.10 motion. In his motion, Carrion stated:

As defendant has sworn to in his affidavit, had he known his odds, he would have accepted the people's offer, for counsel not to truly stress the position of the case, allowing the defendant to press on to trial, viewing the nature of the charges, five counts of attempted murder upon the police, counsel failed to advise the defendant not to pursue the suicidal course he seemed bent upon following.^[157]

The trial court did not squarely address Carrion's ineffectiveness of pretrial counsel claim but instead held that "[a]s to the defendant's remaining arguments, they are denied for the reasons set forth by the People in their response."^[158] The December 14, 2001 Order is undeniably a decision on the merits. The question is whether that denial is a summary rejection of Carrion's ineffective assistance claim without explanation or whether this Court must analyze the People's response to Carrion's section 440.10 motion, as incorporated in the December 14, 2001 Order, in determining whether the state court Order represents an unreasonable application of Federal law.

Where "`a state court fails to articulate the rationale underlying its rejection of a petitioner's claim, and when that rejection is on the merits, the federal court will focus its review on whether the state court's ultimate decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent.'"^[159] For the reasons just discussed, I conclude that the state court's decision denying Carrion's ineffective assistance claim is an unreasonable application of the Strickland standard.

The conclusion remains the same even when this Court analyzes the People's response to Carrion's section 440.10 motion. The People's opposition is based, in essence, on the argument that Carrion could not have been prejudiced by Kulcsar's assistance, or lack thereof, because he was suicidally bent on going to trial-no matter what. But the newly discovered evidence shows that there is no reason to believe that Carrion was bent on going to trial.^[160] Furthermore, there is prejudice as it is beyond dispute that had Carrion been properly counseled, he might well have accepted the plea offer and received a much shorter sentence.^[161] Any conclusion to the contrary constitutes an unreasonable application of Federal law, notwithstanding the "doubly deferential" standard described in Knowles.^[162] In sum, upon further analysis and after holding my own evidentiary hearing, I stands by my initial determination "that the state-court decision rejecting Carrion's ineffective assistance of counsel claim constitutes an unreasonable application of federal law."^[163]

D. Remedy

When I first decided this case, I stated "A district court has considerable discretion in fashioning an appropriate remedy in a habeas proceeding."^[164] Citing United States v. Day,^[165] I held that "[t]he appropriate remedy here is to give Carrion the benefit of the original plea offer and re-sentence him accordingly."^[166] But Day was a case brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 ("section 2255"), not section 2254. Section 2255 permits a prisoner in federal custody to "move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence."^[167] Section 2254, on the other hand, provides that "a district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States."^[168] Thus, it appears that section 2255 gives a district court a host of options not available under section 2254.

Boria v. Keane, was a case brought pursuant to section 2254. Although Boria is a pre-AEDPA case, AEDPA did not alter in any way the remedies that are available under 2254 and requires no deference to state courts in this regard. In Boria, as here, Boria alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective. However, unlike this case, Boria was not offered a plea deal that would have allowed him to plead guilty to fewer counts than he faced at trial. Accordingly, the Boria court did not vacate the conviction. And yet, because Boria had already served a longer sentence than the maximum he could have received under the rejected plea offer, the Boria court "order[ed] that the sentence be reduced to time served and that the petitioner be discharged, but the judgment of conviction will not be disturbed."^[169] Thus, in effect, the Boria court ordered specific performance of the plea deal with the goal of placing Boria in the position he would have occupied had he accepted the plea.

Following Boria, I am ordering specific performance of the rejected plea offer with the goal of placing Carrion in the position he would have occupied had he accepted the offer. Because this case has a different fact pattern from Boria, the result is different. Here, unlike Boria, the plea offer would have allowed Carrion to plead guilty to only one count in the indictment, rather than the many counts he was convicted of at trial. Thus, if Carrion had accepted the plea offer rather than going to trial, he would have been convicted only of possessing a controlled substance in the first degree.^[170] In order to give Carrion the benefit of the plea deal, I vacate the counts of which he was convicted at trial but to which he would not have pled guilty under the plea offer.^[171] Thus, Carrion's only remaining conviction is for possession of a controlled substance in the first degree. Unlike Boria, however, Carrion has not served more time than he could have served under the terms of the plea deal. Under the plea deal, Carrion would have received an indeterminate sentence of ten years to life imprisonment. Thus, giving Carrion the benefit of the plea deal, his sentence is reduced to that indefinite term of ten years to life imprisonment. Carrion has been in prison for almost eighteen years. Therefore, he should immediately be summoned to the Parole Board to determine whether he is eligible for release in light of his newly imposed sentence.

E. Stay

After this Court granted Carrion's habeas petition, respondent moved for a stay pending appeal to the Second Circuit. After reviewing the "stay factors" enunciated in Hilton v. Braunskill,^[172] this Court stayed its Judgment, finding that

upon Carrion's release from state custody, he will be detained by federal immigration authorities for a substantial period of time before he is deported. Thus, he will still be in custody, albeit in a different, and perhaps less favorable, venue while his case remains on appeal. If, on the other hand, Carrion is deported while his case is pending, there is a risk of flight from further reincarceration should the State prevail. The United States has only a limited extradition treaty with the Dominican Republic. It is therefore very difficult and costly, and sometimes impossible, to extradite a Dominican national. Finally, there is a strong public interest in not having the sentence of a violent felon, imposed in accordance with state law, modified by the actions of a federal district court until the Second Circuit has had an opportunity to address the constitutional challenge presented on appeal.^[173]

In all likelihood, respondent will again appeal the decision granting Carrion's petition and will inevitably move for a stay pending that appeal. In the interest of efficiency, this Court hereby stays the instant Opinion and Order pending review by the Second Circuit. In the absence of a timely appeal, the stay will automatically be lifted.

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Carrion's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is granted. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this case.

SO ORDERED.

NOTES

[1] See Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Frank Maas to the Honorable Shira A. Scheindlin ("R & R"), dated January 25, 2007, at 6.

[2] See id. at 3, 5.

[3] See id. at 5.

[4] See id. at 4.

[5] See id.

[6] See id.

[7] See id.

[8] See id.

[9] See id. at 4-5.

[10] See id. at 5.

[11] See id. at 2.

[12] See id. at 17. A sentence of ten years to life imprisonment would have entitled Carrion to his first parole hearing after ten years of incarceration.

[13] See id. at 6-8.

[14] See id. at 9.

[15] See id. at 11. See also Brief for Defendant-Appellant in The People of the State of New York v. Carlos Carrion, Ex. A of Appendix Vol. I in Support of Answer Opposing Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus, at 5-6.

[16] See R & R at 14-15. Familiarity with the R & R is assumed.

[17] See Petitioner's Objections to the Magistrate Judge's Report ("Objections"). Carrion also objected to Judge Maas's recommendation that the following claims be denied: his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim; his Sixth Amendment right to be present at all material proceedings claim; and his Eighth Amendment sentencing claim. See id. at 1 n. 1. Carrion did not elaborate on these claims in his Objections; rather he "relie[d] on the arguments contained in his Memorandum in Support of Traverse, submitted 12/15/04." Id. I have reviewed these claims and Carrion's original arguments and agree with Judge Maas's recommendation that these claims are without merit. Accordingly, all of Carrion's habeas claims, other than his ineffective assistance of counsel claim with regard to the plea offer, are hereby dismissed.

[18] See Carrion v. Smith, 537 F.Supp.2d 518, 520 (S.D.N.Y.2008). Familiarity with this Opinion and Order is assumed.

[19] See id. at 532 ("In sum, having found both inadequate representation and prejudice, the inevitable conclusion is that the state-court decision rejecting Carrion's ineffective assistance of counsel claim constitutes an unreasonable application of federal law.").

[20] See Carrion v. Smith, 549 F.3d 583 (2d Cir.2008). Familiarity with this Opinion is also assumed.

[21] Id. at 590.

[22] See id. ("[W]e are unable to review the legal determination that Kulcsar's failure to `vigorously advise his client' to take the plea offer constituted `constitutionally deficient' counsel.").

[23] See id. ("[T]here may perhaps be circumstances where the disparity between the sentence offered under a plea agreement and the sentencing exposure in the absence of such an agreement (factoring in both the probable sentence and the likelihood of conviction) might require counsel to give advice about the benefits and risks of accepting or not accepting a plea offer beyond merely stating the sentencing exposure ....").

[24] 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

[25] Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 530 (footnote omitted).

[26] As part of his Objections to the R & R, Carrion submitted an affidavit wherein he stated:

I would have accepted the favorable plea had I been properly notified and advised by counsel that the minimum I faced was 15 years to life. It surely served my best interest to do so considering the overwhelming damning evidence and unfavorable odds that were against me at the time.

Affidavit Opposing Report and Recommendation to the Honorable Shira A. Scheindlin ¶ 9.

[27] See Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 532 ("Given these assertions, coupled with the significant sentencing disparity, I find there to be sufficient objective evidence to support the conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that Carrion would have accepted the plea offer, if properly counseled by Kulcsar.").

[28] Id. at 533.

[29] See 12/14/01 Order of the Honorable Leslie Crocker Snyder ("12/14/01 Order" or "December 14, 2001 Order"), Ex. I to Appendix Vol. II in Support of Answer Opposing Petition For a Writ of Habeas Corpus ("Appendix Vol. II").

[30] Id. at 1.

[31] See id. at 2 ("While the defendant may now disagree with the arguments made by defense counsel during the trial, the Court of Appeals has held that facile hindsight or mere disagreement with an exercise of professional judgment by defense counsel does not translate automatically into ineffective assistance of counsel. So long as the evidence, the law and the circumstances of a particular case reveal that the attorney provided meaningful representation, constitutional requirements will have been met.") (citations omitted).

[32] See id. at 3 ("As to the defendant's remaining arguments, they are denied for the reasons set forth by the People in their response.").

[33] Ex. H to Appendix Vol. II.

[34] See id.

[35] See 12/14/01 Order at 3 ("As to the defendant's remaining arguments, they are denied for the reasons set forth by the People in their response.").

[36] See Carrion, 549 F.3d at 586.

[37] Id.

[38] See id.

[39] See id.

[40] See id.

[41] Id. at 587.

[42] Citations to the transcripts of the three hearing dates before this Court are as follows: "4/15/09 Tr.," "4/28/09 Tr.," and "5/4/09 Tr."

[43] See 5/4/09 Tr. at 39.

[44] See id.

[45] See id. at 50.

[46] See id. at 44.

[47] Id. at 43.

[48] See id. at 61.

[49] See id. at 43, 45.

[50] See id. at 43.

[51] See id. at 46-47.

[52] See id. at 42.

[53] See id.

[54] See id. at 42, 44.

[55] See id. at 43-44.

[56] See id. at 44.

[57] Id. at 47 (objection omitted).

[58] See id. at 48.

[59] See id. at 77.

[60] 4/28/09 Tr. at 66.

[61] See 4/15/09 Tr. at 104.

[62] Id. at 106.

[63] See 4/28/09 Tr. at 84.

[64] See id. at 60, 85.

[65] See id. at 85.

[66] See id. at 60.

[67] 4/15/09 Tr. at 98.

[68] See id. at 103 ("I sincerely believe that if he had not had an honest belief that he was shot while he was on the ground and suffered paralysis as a result of being shot in the back by the police while he was already on the ground, he would not have gone to trial.").

[69] See id. at 73 ("I believe that a primary interest of Mr. Carrion other than being found not guilty of attempted murder of police officers was to establish the fact that when he was shot and sustained the injury that made him a paraplegic, he was lying on the ground because he either had a pending action against the police officers or contemplated bringing a civil action.").

[70] Id. at 99.

[71] Id.

[72] Id. at 105-106. Kulcsar reaffirmed his no advice policy on the second day of the hearing. See 4/28/09 Tr. at 64 (Kulcsar stating: "Again, if a client says what do I think they should do, I will not say, you should do this or you should do that.").

[73] See 4/28/09 Tr. at 75.

[74] See id. at 69, 72.

[75] Id. at 69.

[76] See 5/14/09 Tr. at 10.

[77] See 4/28/09 Tr. at 75.

[78] Id. at 72.

[79] Id. at 63.

[80] The standards for section 2254 petitions, ineffective assistance of counsel in general, and ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to plea offers were recited in this Court's earlier Opinion. See Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 520-25. Below is a discussion of cases that came to this Court's attention after that Opinion was issued.

[81] Carrion, 549 F.3d at 591 n. 4.

[82] See Knowles v. Mirzayance, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1411, 173 L.Ed.2d 251 (2009).

[83] See id. at 1414-15. Under California law, when a defendant enters both a plea of not guilty and a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, the court must hold a bifurcated trial where guilt is determined during the first phase and the viability of the defendant's NGI plea is determined during the second phase. See id. at 1415.

[84] Id. at 1416.

[85] Id. at 1415 ("Because the [same] jury rejected similar evidence at the guilt phase (where the State bore the burden of proof), counsel believed a defense verdict at the NGI phase (where the burden was on the defendant) was unlikely.").

[86] See id.

[87] See id. Thus, the relevant state court decision was the California Court of Appeal's decision denying Mirzayance state habeas relief. See id. at 1419.

[88] See id. at 1415.

[89] Id.

[90] See id. at 1417.

[91] See id.

[92] See id. at 1417-18. The Ninth Circuit found that the California Court of Appeals unreasonably applied clearly established federal law "because defense counsel's failure to pursue the insanity defense constituted deficient performance as it secured no actual tactical advantage." Id. at 1418 (quotation marks, ellipses and alteration omitted).

[93] See id. at 1419.

[94] Id.

[95] Id. at 1420 (citing Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664, 124 S.Ct. 2140, 158 L.Ed.2d 938 (2004) ("[E]valuating whether a rule application was unreasonable requires considering the rule's specificity. The more general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations[.]")).

[96] Id. (citing Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 5-6, 124 S.Ct. 1, 157 L.Ed.2d 1 (2003) (per curiam)).

[97] Wilson v. Mazzuca, 570 F.3d 490, 501 (2d Cir.2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

[98] Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052).

[99] Purdy v. United States, 208 F.3d 41, 44 (2d Cir.2000) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052).

[100] Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052). Accord Knowles, 129 S.Ct. at 1420 ("The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms." (quotation marks omitted)).

[101] Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

[102] Wilson, 570 F.3d at 502 (quotation marks omitted).

[103] Knowles, 129 S.Ct. at 1420 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052).

[104] Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052).

[105] Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052).

[106] Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

[107] Purdy, 208 F.3d at 44. Purdy is a post-AEDPA decision.

[108] Id. at 45 (quoting Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.4(b) (1995)).

[109] Id. (quoting United States v. Gordon, 156 F.3d 376, 380 (2d Cir.1998) (alteration omitted)).

[110] Id.

[111] Id. (quoting Boria v. Keane, 99 F.3d 492, 497 (1996)).

[112] Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 721, 68 S.Ct. 316, 92 L.Ed. 309 (1948).

[113] Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 69, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158 (1932).

[114] McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970) (emphasis added).

[115] See 99 F.3d at 497.

[116] Id. at 498 (emphasis added).

[117] Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 530 (emphasis added).

[118] Carrion, 549 F.3d at 591 n. 4.

[119] Id. (citation omitted).

[120] See id. ("We do not imply that a pre-AEDPA case could not serve as a precedent in determining whether a petitioner received effective assistance of counsel. The point is simply that a pre-AEDPA ruling to the effect that a representation was inadequate does not by itself furnish the answer to the further question raised by AEDPA—whether the state court's ruling to the contrary was unreasonable.").

[121] Excluded from this inquiry is whether Kulcsar failed to dissuade Carrion of his mistaken belief that his injury at the hands of the police constituted a legal defense to the attempted murder charges. The Second Circuit held that this Court "erred in concluding that at the time of Carrion's rejection of the plea offer Mr. Kulcsar learned, but failed to correct, Carrion's mistaken belief that his injury inflicted by the police constituted a legal defense. There was simply no basis in the record to support this conclusion." Carrion, 549 F.3d at 590. See also id. at 589 n. 2 ("The mere fact that Kulcsar stated that Carrion would have pleaded guilty if not for his belief that evidence existed that would corroborate his account of his injury does not establish that Kulcsar allowed Carrion mistakenly to believe that he had a legal defense to charges against him."). Because there was no additional evidence presented at the second hearing in support of this claim, there is no basis for this Court to conclude that Kulcsar permitted Carrion to proceed to trial under the mistaken belief that his injuries constituted a legal defense to the charges he was facing.

[122] See 5/4/09 Tr. at 44-45.

[123] Carrion admits that he asked other prisoners what they thought his likely sentence would be. See id. at 48-49. The fact that Carrion would ask this of other prisoners, strongly suggests that his own attorney never advised him in this regard.

[124] See 4/28/09 Tr. at 85.

[125] Carrion, 549 F.3d at 590 (emphasis in original).

[126] Kulcsar testified as follows: "My present recollection doesn't go back past—all the federal cases that I've had over the last 19 years." Id. at 85 (emphasis added). Kulcsar's reference to federal cases, which have comprised 98% of his caseload since 1993, casts suspicion on whether the "established practice" he described pertained to his federal, rather than state, practice. See id. at 60-61 (when asked about his practice with respect to advising clients, Kulcsar stated: "Well, as you know, and also the Court knows, sentencing is a pivotal aspect of federal criminal practice.... But my practice is to advise clients of the statutory penalties and how the guidelines affect the sentencing, how criminal history is calculated and how 18 U.S.C. [§] 3553(a), how that affords federal judges more latitude in fashioning a sentence where there is not a mandatory minimum.") (emphasis added).

[127] When Kulcsar was asked to focus on his practice in state courts, he responded with the following irrelevant hypothetical: "I would say that my practice was—my best recollection is that all the state cases where I represented defendants, with the exception of maybe of one or two, involved facts where there was likely [a] mandatory minimum. For example, if it was murder, then it was 15 to life, I'm giving a hypothetical that based on plea bargaining might be reduced to manslaughter in the second degree, which in those days could be argued down to 5 to 15. So I would discuss sentencing and plea options with respect to those kinds of cases." Id. at 62 (emphasis added).

[128] See id. at 72.

[129] Assuming, arguendo, that Kulcsar informed Carrion of his minimum and total sentencing exposure, I significantly doubt that Carrion had the requisite mental and/or physical capacity to appreciate the sentencing information at the time it was allegedly given.

[130] Pham v. United States, 317 F.3d 178, 182 (2d Cir.2003).

[131] While representation may be an art, see Purdy, 208 F.3d at 45, a blank canvass does not constitute a picture, much less art.

[132] See 4/28/09 Tr. at 66 ("Barring some actual miracle from God, yes, I could not have obtained an acquittal.").

[133] See id. at 67-68 (Kulcsar stating that "[w]ithout a doubt," Judge Snyder would have given Carrion twenty-five years to life on the drug charge alone).

[134] Cf. United States v. Pitcher, 559 F.3d 120, 125 (2d Cir.2009) (stating, in dicta: "[W]e are wary of endorsing any precedent that ... might suggest a duty on the part of defense counsel to arm-twist a client who maintains his innocence into pleading guilty.") (emphasis added) (citing Purdy, 208 F.3d at 45 ("[T]he ultimate decision whether to plead guilty must be made by the defendant. And a lawyer must take care not to coerce a client into either accepting or rejecting a plea offer.")).

[135] Post-Hearing Reply Memorandum in Support of Petition at 11.

[136] Magistrate Judge Maas recognized as much in his recommendation to this Court. See R & R at 30 ("The gross disparity between the People's relatively lenient plea offer and the sentence that Justice Snyder was likely to impose in the event of a conviction indicates that greater direction from Mr. Kulcsar concerning the advisability of a plea would have been desirable.").

[137] In finding that the first prong of the two-part Strickland test has been met, this Court believes that a further extension of Boria is warranted. This Court does not support a per se rule but believes that an extension of Boria should be limited to the particular circumstances of this case.

[138] No. 06 Civ. 6957, 2009 WL 1321906 (S.D.N.Y. May 12, 2009).

[139] See id. at *2.

[140] See id.

[141] See id. at *3.

[142] See Berry v. Ercole, No. 06 Civ. 6957, 2008 WL 6083919, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2008) (Report and Recommendation).

[143] See Berry, 2009 WL 1321906, at *3. Judge Cote noted that "[t]he judge's direct interaction with Berry about this decision is entitled to great weight in any assessment of whether Berry made a voluntary and informed decision to reject the plea offer." Id. at *12.

[144] Id. at *5.

[145] Id. at *6.

[146] Id. at *7 ("While Brenner could not remember in 2008 or 2009 the conversation in which he had informed Berry in 2000 of his sentencing exposure, there is no reason that Brenner would not have followed his customary practice in 2000 in this regard and advised Berry of the sentencing range for each top count.").

[147] See id. at *9.

[148] See id. at *8 ("Moreover, although Berry now asserts that he would have pleaded guilty if Brenner had recommended that course of action to him, he does not deny that he always told Brenner that he was innocent of the charges against him, and he still contends that he is innocent.").

[149] Id. at* 12.

[150] Id. ("The existence of this colloquy between the trial judge and Berry at the moment that Berry rejects the plea offer is particularly significant. It is entirely fair to assume that the experienced and able state court judge would have conducted an even more searching inquiry if he had any doubt, based on Berry's age, mental ability or sophistication, the quality of defense counsel, or any other relevant factor, that Berry understood the significance of his decision to reject the plea offer.").

[151] Pham, 317 F.3d at 182. Accord United States v. Gordon, 156 F.3d 376, 381 (2d Cir. 1998) ("This `objective evidence' rule is consistent with our holding in Boria.").

[152] Id. Accord Mask v. McGinnis, 233 F.3d 132, 140 (2d Cir.2000) ("[A] petitioner need only show that but for counsel's errors there was a `reasonable probability' that the result of the plea bargaining process would have been different.").

[153] Pham, 317 F.3d at 182. Accord Gordon, 156 F.3d at 381 ("We agree with the district court that such a [large] disparity provides sufficient objective evidence—when combined with a petitioner's statement concerning his intentions—to support a finding of prejudice under Strickland.").

[154] 4/15/09 Tr. at 99 (emphasis added).

[155] In referring to newly discovered facts, I refer primarily to Kulcsar's admission that he never discussed Carrion's civil claims with him and Carrion's claim that Kulcsar failed to advise him of the applicable sentencing ranges for each of the counts.

[156] 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

[157] Carrion's Pro Se Memorandum of Law in Support of his Motion Under C.P.L. section 440.10, Ex. G. to Appendix Vol. II, at 12.

[158] 12/14/01 Order at 3.

[159] Wilson, 570 F.3d at 499 (quoting Eze v. Senkowski, 321 F.3d 110, 125 (2d Cir.2003) (further quotation marks omitted)). Accord Davis v. Greiner, 428 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2005); Aeid v. Bennett, 296 F.3d 58, 62 (2d Cir.2002); Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 311-12 (2d Cir.2001) ("[W]hen a state court fails to articulate the rationale underlying its rejection of a petitioner's claim, and when that rejection is on the merits, the federal court will focus its review on whether the state court's ultimate decision was an `unreasonable application' of clearly established Supreme Court precedent.").

[160] See supra note 155.

[161] See Boria, 99 F.3d at 496. See also id. at 497 ("[T]here would have been more than a `reasonable probability' that the father would have organized the family to persuade the petitioner not to pursue the suicidal course he seemed bent upon following.") (emphasis added). While I recognize that Boria is a pre-AEDPA case, I cite it here for a proposition unrelated to the standard of review.

[162] The complete failure to apply the first prong of a relevant, two-part standard enunciated by the Supreme Court (i.e., the prejudice prong required by Strickland) represents an unreasonable application of Federal law.

[163] Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 518.

[164] Id. at 532.

[165] 969 F.2d 39, 47 (3d Cir. 1992).

[166] Carrion, 537 F.Supp.2d at 533.

[167] 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a).

[168] 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).

[169] Boria, 99 F.3d at 499.

[170] See Carrion, 549 F.3d at 585.

[171] These counts are: criminal possession of a controlled substance in the first degree, five counts of attempted murder in the first degree, criminal use of a firearm in the first degree, two counts of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, and reckless endangerment in the first degree one count in the indictment.

[172] 481 U.S. 770, 774, 107 S.Ct. 2113, 95 L.Ed.2d 724 (1987).

[173] See Carrion v. Smith, No. 04 Civ. 1034, 2008 WL 2622821, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 2, 2008).