State v. Lewis , 2017 Ohio 996 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Lewis, 2017-Ohio-996.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
AUGLAIZE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 2-16-13
v.
JOHNNY RAY LEWIS, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court
Trial Court No. 2016 TRC 02273
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: March 20, 2017
APPEARANCES:
Konrad Kuczak for Appellant
Case No. 2-16-13
PRESTON, P.J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Johnny Ray Lewis (“Lewis”), appeals the
October 7, 2016 judgment of the Auglaize County Municipal Court convicting him
of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol (“OVI”)
after his motion to suppress evidence was denied. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
{¶2} On April 8, 2016, at approximately 6:44 p.m., Ohio State Highway
Patrol Trooper Benjamin Kohli (“Trooper Kohli”) initiated a traffic stop of the
tractor-trailer operated by Lewis after Trooper Kohli observed Lewis commit a
marked-lanes violation while traveling on I-75 in Auglaize County, Ohio. (July 29,
2016 Tr. at 4-5). Following field-sobriety tests, Lewis was arrested and charged
with OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), a first-degree misdemeanor, and
the failure to drive within the marked lanes in violation of R.C. 4511.33, a minor
misdemeanor. (Id. at 7-13); (Doc. No. 1).
{¶3} On April 13, 2016, Lewis appeared and entered pleas of not guilty.
(Doc. No. 12). Lewis filed a motion to suppress evidence on June 22, 2016.1 (Doc.
No. 23). After a hearing on July 29, 2016, the trial court denied Lewis’s motion to
suppress evidence. (Doc. No. 33).
1
Later, on June 30, 2016, Lewis filed a motion for leave to file his motion to suppress evidence, which was
granted. (Doc. Nos. 25, 26).
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{¶4} On October 7, 2016, Lewis withdrew his pleas of not guilty and entered
a no-contest plea to the OVI charge. (Doc. No. 36). The marked-lanes charge was
dismissed. (Id.); (Oct. 7, 2016 Tr. at 7). That same day, the trial court accepted
Lewis’s plea, found him guilty, and sentenced him three days in jail, ordered that he
pay a $375 fine, and suspended his operator’s license for six months. (Oct. 7, 2016
Tr. at 7-8).2
{¶5} Lewis filed his notice of appeal on November 2, 2016. (Doc. No. 38).
He raises two assignments of error for our review, which we address together.
Assignment of Error No. I
The Trial Court Committed Prejudicial Error by Overruling
appellant’s Motion to Suppress Evidence when there was no
evidence that the appellant had consumed alcohol or drugs prior
to the arresting officer requiring appellant to submit to field
sobriety tests.
Assignment of Error No. II
The Trial Court Committed Prejudicial Error by Overruling
appellant’s Motion to Suppress Evidence when the only evidence
that a motorist had consumed an alcoholic beverage was that he
had consumed, “A couple of beers,” some 11 hours prior to the
traffic stop.
{¶6} In his first and second assignments of error, Lewis argues that the trial
court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence. In his first assignment of
error, Lewis argues that the trial court erred by concluding that there was reasonable
2
The trial court ordered that, in lieu of his jail sentence, Lewis could attend “the Driver Intervention
Program.” (Oct. 7, 2016 Tr. at 8).
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suspicion to order Lewis to submit to field-sobriety testing. In his second
assignment of error, Lewis argues that the trial court erred by concluding that there
was probable cause to arrest Lewis for OVI.
{¶7} As an initial, procedural matter, we note that the State failed to file an
appellee’s brief. Under these circumstances, App.R. 18(C) provides that this Court
“may accept the appellant's statement of the facts and issues as correct and reverse
the judgment if appellant's brief reasonably appears to sustain such action.” See
also State v. Montgomery, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-13-11, 2014-Ohio-1789, ¶ 9.
After reviewing the record, we conclude that appellant’s brief does not reasonably
appear to sustain a reversal.
{¶8} A review of the denial of a motion to suppress involves mixed questions
of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. At a
suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and, as such, is
in the best position to evaluate the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Id. See
also State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552 (1995). When reviewing a ruling on a
motion to suppress, “an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact
if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State
v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19 (1982). With respect to the trial court’s conclusions of
law, however, our standard of review is de novo, and we must independently
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determine whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. Id., citing State v.
McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706 (4th Dist.1997).
{¶9} Once an officer stops a vehicle for a minor traffic offense
and begins the process of obtaining the offender’s license and
registration, the officer may then proceed to investigate the offender
for OVI if the officer has a reasonable suspicion, based on specific
and articulable facts separate from the facts that served as the impetus
for the traffic stop, that the detainee is under the influence.
State v. Schriml, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-32, 2013-Ohio-2845, ¶ 26, citing State
v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 62-63 (3d Dist.1998), citing State v. Yemma, 11th
Dist. Portage No. 95-P-0156, 1996 WL 495076 (Aug. 9, 1996). “Whether a law
enforcement officer possessed reasonable suspicion or probable cause to continue
to detain an individual must also be examined in light of the ‘totality of the
circumstances.’” Id. at ¶ 26, citing State v. Cromes, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-06-07,
2006-Ohio-6924, ¶ 38, citing United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct.
744 (2002).
Circumstances from which an officer may derive a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the detained driver was operating the vehicle
while under the influence include, but are not limited to:
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“(1) the time and day of the stop (Friday or Saturday night as opposed
to, e.g., Tuesday morning); (2) the location of the stop (e.g., whether
near establishments selling alcohol); (3) any indicia of erratic driving
before the stop that may indicate a lack of coordination (speeding,
weaving, unusual braking, etc.); (4) whether there is a cognizable
report that the driver may be intoxicated; (5) the condition of the
suspect’s eyes (bloodshot, glassy, glazed, etc.); (6) impairments of the
suspect’s ability to speak (slurred speech, overly deliberate speech,
etc.); (7) the odor of alcohol coming from the interior of the car, or,
more significantly, on the suspect’s person or breath; (8) the intensity
of that odor, as described by the officer (“very strong,” “strong,”
“moderate,” “slight,” etc.); (9) the suspect’s demeanor (belligerent,
uncooperative, etc.); (10) any actions by the suspect after the stop that
might indicate a lack of coordination (dropping keys, falling over,
fumbling for a wallet, etc.); and (11) the suspect’s admission of
alcohol consumption, the number of drinks had, and the amount of
time in which they were consumed, if given.”
Id., quoting Evans at 63, fn. 2. “‘All of these factors, together with the officer’s
previous experience in dealing with [impaired] drivers, may be taken into account
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by a reviewing court in determining whether the officer acted reasonably. No single
factor is determinative.’” Id., quoting Evans at 63, fn. 2.
{¶10} Trooper Kohli testified that he has worked as an Ohio State Highway
Patrol Trooper for “[a] little over a year” and has been trained in the techniques and
procedures involving the detection and apprehension of persons suspected of OVI.
(July 29, 2016 Tr. at 3). Trooper Kohli testified that on April 8, 2016, a Friday, a
tractor-trailer matching the description of Lewis’s tractor-trailer was reported to law
enforcement as driving recklessly “all over the roadway.” (Id. at 4). Trooper Kohli
spotted the tractor-trailer and “got behind it, and it was a couple hundred yards up
the road that the semi went – did a marked lanes violation from the right lane into
the left lane and almost struck a white car that was travelling southbound there in
the left lane.” (Id. at 5). Indeed, the video recording of Lewis prior to the traffic
stop reveals Lewis repeatedly weaving outside his lane of travel. (State’s Ex. A).
See State v. Castle, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21698, 2007-Ohio-5165, ¶ 12 (noting
that “repeatedly weaving” outside the lane of travel constitutes reasonable suspicion
that an offender is driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol and “is indicative
of impaired driving by itself”). That video recording also reveals that Lewis was
slow to respond to Trooper Kohli’s universal sign that Lewis is the subject of a
traffic stop—the activation of the flashing lights and siren of Trooper Kohli’s patrol
car behind Lewis. (State’s Ex. A).
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{¶11} After Trooper Kohli asked for Lewis’s driver’s license, he noticed that
Lewis’s speech “was very slurred” and “some of the words were muffled and
mumbled.” (July 29, 2016 Tr. at 7). Trooper Kohli indicated in his impaired-driver
report that he noticed a “small” odor of alcohol coming from Lewis. (Id. at 29);
(State’s Ex. B). After making those observations, Trooper Kohli asked Lewis to
exit the truck and accompany him to his patrol car, to which Lewis agreed. (July
29, 2016 Tr. at 7). Following behind Lewis to his patrol car, Trooper Kohli noticed
Lewis “stagger a little bit and it seemed like his balance was off, especially when
he was getting out of the semi.” (Id. at 7-8). While at his patrol car, Trooper Kohli
“asked him several questions and because of the slurred speech, something just kind
of felt a little bit different, especially with the multiple marked lanes violations, so
[he] asked him [to] check his eyes to make sure that he was okay to drive,” to which
he did not object. (Id. at 8). After making those observations, Trooper Kohli began
administering a field-sobriety test. (Id.). After reviewing the record, we conclude
that Trooper Kohli had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to continue the traffic
stop for purposes of conducting field-sobriety testing based on the totality of the
circumstances. See Schriml at ¶ 27.
{¶12} Because we conclude that Trooper Kohli had a reasonable, articulable
suspicion to continue the traffic stop for purposes of conducting field-sobriety
testing, we turn to whether Trooper Kohli had probable cause to arrest Lewis for
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OVI. “‘In determining whether the police had probable cause to arrest an
individual for [OVI], we must consider whether, at the moment of arrest, the police
had information, derived from a reasonably trustworthy source of facts and
circumstances, sufficient to cause a prudent person to believe that the suspect was
driving under the influence.’” Id. at ¶ 39, quoting State v. Thompson, 3d Dist. Union
Nos. 14-04-34 and 14-04-35, 2005-Ohio-2053, ¶ 18, citing State v. Homan, 89 Ohio
St.3d 421 (2000), superseded by statute on other grounds, State v. Bozcar, 113 Ohio
St.3d 148, 2007-Ohio-1251. “The existence of probable cause is based on the
totality of the circumstances.” Id., citing State v. Cromes, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-
06-07, 2006-Ohio-6924, ¶ 38, citing Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273.
{¶13} After reviewing the record, we conclude that Trooper Kohli had
probable cause to arrest Lewis for OVI based on the totality of the circumstances.
In addition to the evidence we discussed above that formed the reasonable suspicion
to continue the traffic stop to conduct field-sobriety tests, Lewis exhibited several
clues that he was impaired during the field-sobriety tests—clues which are relevant
to determining whether Trooper Kohli had probable cause to arrest Lewis for OVI.
See id. at ¶ 40 (“the clues observed by Trooper Young during the field sobriety tests
are relevant for a determination of probable cause for arrest”). Trooper Kohli
testified that he “check[ed] his eyes to make sure that he was okay to drive” and
“saw the nystagmus in his eyes, so [he] saw the * * * six clues, and then [he] also
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saw the vertical nystagmus that was in his eyes.” (July 29, 2016 Tr. at 9). See State
v. Wright, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2013-L-088, 2015-Ohio-2600, ¶ 62 (noting that
vertical nystagmus indicates impairment due to drugs).
{¶14} Trooper Kohli conducted divided-attention skills, including “the walk
and turn test [and] the one leg stand test.” (July 29, 2016 Tr. at 9). Trooper Kohli
“noticed six of the eight clues” that Lewis was impaired when he conducted the
“walk and turn test.” (July 29, 2016 Tr. at 9). See Wright at ¶ 72 (“Appellant also
displayed four clues during the one-leg stand test, which is indicative of impairment,
and displayed three clues on the walk-and-turn test, which is also indicative of
impairment.”). Lewis had trouble maintaining his balance while Trooper Kohli was
explaining the walk-and-turn test, and, during the test, Lewis stepped off of the
“line,” turned incorrectly, and raised his “arms six inches to maintain balance.”
(July 29, 2016 Tr. at 11). Trooper Kohli concluded that Lewis was “unable to
complete” the “one leg stand test” because he put “his foot down too many times.”
(Id. at 10). Indeed, the video recording of Lewis performing the divided-attention
skills reveals that Lewis exhibited significant difficulty in retaining his balance
while performing the walk-and-turn test and the one-leg-stand test. (State’s Ex. A).
Also, regarding the one-leg-stand test, Trooper Kohli instructed Lewis to count from
one-one thousand up; however, Lewis “kept counting from three one thousand
down,” which is also reflected in the video recording. (July 29, 2016 Tr. at 10);
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(State’s Ex. A). Finally, regarding the “alphabet test,” Trooper Kohli instructed
Lewis to recite the alphabet “from the letter G to the letter X.” (July 29, 2016 Tr.
at 11). Lewis “was correct all the way up to T, U, and then he was incorrect when
he said T, U, X.” (Id.). Moreover, Lewis admitted to Trooper Kohli that he “had a
few” alcoholic beverages in combination with prescription medication. (Id. at 12).
Trooper Kohli later clarified that Lewis admitted to consuming the alcoholic
beverages at 8:00 a.m. (Id. at 31). In light of the totality of those circumstances,
we conclude that Trooper Kohli had probable cause to arrest Lewis for OVI. See
Schriml at ¶ 40; Castle, 2007-Ohio-5165, at ¶ 14; Wright at ¶ 71-73.
{¶15} For these reasons, Lewis’s first and second assignments of error are
overruled.
{¶16} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment Affirmed
ZIMMERMAN and SHAW, J.J., concur.
/jlr
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