State v. Martin , 2019 Ohio 4463 ( 2019 )

[Cite as State v. Martin, 2019-Ohio-4463.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 108189
v. :
TRAMAINE E. MARTIN, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 31, 2019
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-16-612220-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Anthony T. Miranda, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Tramaine E. Martin, pro se.
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:
Defendant-appellant Tramaine E. Martin (“Martin”) appeals the trial
court’s decision to deny his postconviction relief petition. We affirm the trial court’s
decision.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Martin previously filed an appeal in State v. Martin, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 106038, 2018-Ohio-1843 (“Martin I”), where this court affirmed his
convictions. Martin filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio, who declined
to exercise jurisdiction of his appeal. On July 25, 2017, Martin filed a petition for
postconviction relief. The trial court denied that motion. On January 14, 2019,
Martin filed a second petition for postconviction relief on different grounds. The
trial court denied Martin’s second petition for postconviction relief.
The facts from this case were summarized in Martin I, and are as
follows:
In December 2016, Martin was charged in a five-count indictment
arising from allegations by his former girlfriend’s ten-year-old niece,
K.B., that Martin sexually assaulted her during a sleepover at Martin’s
home. The indictment charged Martin with one count of rape, one
count of attempted rape, two counts of gross sexual imposition
(“GSI”), and one count of kidnapping with a sexual motivation
specification.
In February 2017, the trial court granted counsel’s request to
withdraw and appointed the Cuyahoga County Public Defender to
represent Martin. In April 2017, Martin’s assistant public defender
moved to withdraw, advising the court that Martin wished to proceed
pro se. The trial court denied counsel’s request and referred Martin
to the court psychiatric clinic for an evaluation. In May 2017, the state
and Martin’s assistant public defender stipulated to a report
indicating Martin was competent to represent himself, and the trial
court granted Martin’s request to proceed pro se.
In June 2017, the trial court addressed Martin’s various pro se
motions on the record. Martin explained he moved to suppress
evidence stemming from his arrest. He claimed his arrest constituted
an “illegal seizure” because “Cleveland Heights [police] came to
Cleveland and arrested me.” The trial court denied the motion
without hearing. The trial court also denied Martin’s January 2017
motion to dismiss and continued the matter to allow the state to
provide a calculation of Martin’s speedy trial time. A few weeks later,
the trial court denied Martin’s motion to dismiss, finding that 19
speedy trial days remained.
In July 2017, Martin executed a written waiver of his right to a jury
trial, and the matter proceeded to trial before the bench. The
following was adduced at trial.
In December 2016, K.B., along with her two siblings, had a sleep over
with their cousins at the Cleveland Heights home of their aunt, K.S.
Martin is the father of K.S.’s two youngest children. At the time of the
sleep over, Martin was living in K.S.’s home, but slept in his own
separate bedroom.
K.B. testified that during the sleep over, she was sleeping in the same
bed with her 12-year-old cousin, T.M., in a third-floor bedroom. T.M.
is Martin’s daughter. K.B. explained she awoke in the middle of the
night when she heard someone coming up the stairs. Martin came
into the room, got into the bed under the covers between K.B. and
T.M., and pulled down K.B.’s pants. He then attempted to “stick his
private part” into K.B. from behind while holding down her arms. K.B.
explained Martin was not successful because she kept her legs closed.
Martin then put his tongue to K.B.’s “private part,” pulled up her
pants, got out of the bed, and went back downstairs.
K.B. started crying during the incident. After Martin left the room,
K.B. went downstairs to use her aunt’s phone to call her mother. K.B.
saw Martin coming out of the second-floor bathroom on her way to
her aunt’s room. Martin asked K.B. “what was wrong?” because she
was still crying, but she did not reply. K.B. went outside on the porch
to call her mother and waited there until her mother arrived.
K.B.’s mother drove her directly to the Cleveland Heights police
station, and K.B. gave an interview and a written statement. After K.B.
made a police report, she returned home with her mother to wait until
a sexual assault nurse examiner (“SANE examiner”) became available
later that morning. K.B. was examined by a SANE examiner a few
hours later.
At trial, K.B.’s mother, aunt, and cousin testified, corroborating K.B.’s
version of events. Notably, Martin’s 12-year-old daughter, T.M.,
testified that she remembered sharing a bed with K.B. during the sleep
over, and she further recalled that she had seen “my dad” Martin get
in the bed and under the covers between her and K.B.
A forensic biologist and a forensic scientist both testified as to the
results of the rape kit. The forensic biologist explained she conducted
testing that revealed the presence of amylase on both the front and
back panels of K.B.’s underwear. Amylase is found in high
concentrations in saliva but can also be detected in other bodily fluids.
The forensic scientist conducted a DNA analysis of the amylase found
in K.B.’s underwear. The forensic scientist testified that the amylase
contained a mixed DNA profile from two people, K.B. and a male. The
forensic scientist explained that DNA found in the front panel “was
consistent with male DNA, but the profile was too low to be able to,
with any degree of confidence, say who it may * * * have been from.”
However, the forensic scientist further testified that the male DNA
profile of the amylase swabbed from the back panel of K.B.’s
underwear was “consistent with [Martin] to the degree of being rarer
than one in one trillion.”
Cleveland Heights Detective William Stross, Jr. (“Detective Stross”) of
the Cleveland Heights police department testified to his role in the
investigation. Detective Stross explained that he “requested a warrant
[for Martin’s arrest] from [the Cleveland Heights Municipal Court]
and * * * signed a complaint against [Martin.]”
After the state rested, Martin testified on his own behalf, denying any
sexual conduct with K.B. However, he admitted to going upstairs to
the room in which K.B. and T.M. were sleeping. He explained his
purpose was to “check on [the girls]” and that he merely put his knee
and hand on the bed to retrieve T.M.’s glasses, because she had fallen
asleep with them on.
At the conclusion of trial, the trial court found Martin guilty of one
count each of attempted rape, GSI, and kidnapping. With regard to
the kidnapping count, the trial court found Martin guilty of a sexual
motivation specification and that Martin had released K.B. unharmed.
A few days later, the trial court sentenced Martin to an indefinite
prison term of ten years to life with the possibility of parole after ten
years. The trial court determined Martin to be a Tier III sex offender.
Id. at ¶ 2-14.
Detective Michael Reese (“Detective Reese”) testified that he was
assigned to investigate Martin, but when he went to interview Martin at his
residence, Martin was not home. Detective Reese called Martin to arrange a
meeting. Martin did not show up to the scheduled meeting. At that time, Detective
Reese filled out an exigent request to track Martin’s cell phone. Martin’s cell phone
carrier sent Detective Reese real time location information from Martin’s cell phone.
Detective Reese used the tracking information to locate Martin in a parking lot,
where Martin was arrested.
In Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. ____, 138 S.Ct. 2206, 2221,
201 L.Ed.2d 507 (2018), the United States Supreme Court ruled regarding the
search of Carpenter’s cell phone that
the Government must generally obtain a warrant supported by
probable cause before acquiring such records. Although the “ultimate
measure of the constitutionality of a governmental search is
‘reasonableness,’” our cases establish that warrantless searches are
typically unreasonable where “a search is undertaken by law
enforcement officials to discover evidence of criminal wrongdoing.”
Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 652-653, 115 S.Ct.
2386, 132 L.Ed.2d 564 (1995). Thus, “[i]n the absence of a warrant, a
search is reasonable only if it falls within a specific exception to the
warrant requirement.” Riley v. California, 573 U. S. 373, 134 S.Ct.
2473, 189 L.Ed.2d 430, 439 (2014).
In light of this ruling and the trial court’s denial of Martin’s
postconviction relief petition, Martin filed this appeal, and has assigned one error
for our review:
I. The trial court denied due process of law when it denied
postconviction relief, without comment.
II. Postconviction Relief
A. Standard of Review
“A trial court’s decision regarding a postconviction petition filed
pursuant to R.C. 2953.21 will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion when the trial
court’s finding is supported by competent and credible evidence. State v. Gondor,
112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 60.” State v. Osborn, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107423, 2019-Ohio-2325, ¶ 10.
B. Whether the Trial Court’s Denial of Appellant’s
Postconviction Relief Denied the Appellant of Due
Process
“R.C. 2953.21 provides that a petition for postconviction relief must
be filed within 180 days from the filing of the trial transcripts in the petitioner’s
direct appeal or, if a direct appeal was not pursued, 180 after the expiration of the
time in which a direct appeal could have been filed.” State v. Jackson, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 99929, 2014-Ohio-927, ¶ 18. Martin was convicted in 2017. He filed
his postconviction relief petition with the trial court in January 2019; therefore,
Martin’s petition was untimely.
However,
R.C. 2953.23(A)(1) authorizes a trial court to address the merits of an
untimely filed petition for postconviction relief only if both of the
following apply:
(a) Either the petitioner shows that the petitioner was unavoidably
prevented from discovery of the facts upon which the petitioner must
rely to present the claim for relief, or, subsequent to the period
prescribed in division (A)(2) of section 2953.21 of the Revised Code or
to the filing of an earlier petition, the United States Supreme Court
recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively to
persons in the petitioner’s situation, and the petition asserts a claim
based on that right.
(b) The petitioner shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but
for constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have
found the petitioner guilty of the offense of which the petitioner was
convicted or, if the claim challenges a sentence of death that, but for
constitutional error at the sentencing hearing, no reasonable
factfinder would have found the petitioner eligible for the death
sentence.
“‘[A] trial court’s decision granting or denying a postconviction
petition filed pursuant to R.C. 2953.21 should be upheld absent an
abuse of discretion; a reviewing court should not overrule the trial
court’s finding on a petition for postconviction relief that is supported
by competent and credible evidence.’” State v. Sidibeh, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 12AP-498, 2013-Ohio-2309, ¶ 7, quoting Gondor, 112
Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 58.
State v. Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 107595, 107607, and 107664, 2019-Ohio-
2824, ¶ 31-32.
Martin contends that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Carpenter v. United States, 138 S.Ct. 2206, 201 L.Ed.2d 507 (2018), should be
retroactively applied to his case. Martin also contends that if the court’s decision in
Carpenter applies to his case, then no reasonable factfinder would have found him
guilty. We find that Martin’s reliance on Carpenter is misplaced. In Carpenter, the
police used the appellant’s cell phone to demonstrate that the appellant was in the
area or location where the crimes were being committed. The court ruled that
“warrantless searches are typically unreasonable where ‘a search is undertaken by
law enforcement officials to discover evidence of criminal wrongdoing.’” Id.In the instant case, the police did not track Martin’s cell phone to
discover evidence of Martin’s criminal wrongdoing. Instead, the police used the
real-time cell phone information to determine Martin’s current location. In State v.
Snowden, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28096, 2019-Ohio-3006, Snowden relied on
Carpenter, arguing that the police violated his constitutional rights to privacy when
they used his real-time cell phone information to locate him. However, in
Carpenter, the police used Carpenter’s cell phone location to discover evidence of
his criminal acts. The court in Snowden stated, “[a]ccordingly, the Supreme Court
has not addressed the narrow issue presented in the instant case: whether police
action that causes an individual’s cell phone to transmit its real-time location
intrudes on any reasonable expectation of privacy.” State v. Snowden, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 28096, 2019-Ohio-3006, ¶ 27. Likewise, as the court in Snowden
concluded and as we conclude, Martin’s reliance on Carpenter is misplaced.
However, even if Carpenter could be retroactively applied to Martin’s
case, and the police’s use of the cell phone tracking constituted a warrantless search,
“[t]he suppression of evidence “‘is not an automatic consequence of a
Fourth Amendment violation.’” State v. Hoffman, 141 Ohio St.3d 428,
2014-Ohio-4795, 25 N.E.3d 993, * * * 25 N.E.3d 993, ¶ 24, quoting
Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 137, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d
496 (2009). “The exclusionary rule is a judicially created remedy for
Fourth Amendment violations. The question whether the evidence
seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment should be excluded is a
separate question from whether the Fourth Amendment was
violated.” State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, 46
N.E.3d 638, * * * 46 N.E.3d 638, ¶ 92, citing United States v.
Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974) and
United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 906, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d
677 (1984).”
Snowden at ¶ 35, quoting State v. Burke, 11th Dist. Trumbull Nos. 2018-T-0032
and 2018-T-0035, 2019-Ohio-1951, ¶ 29.
There are certain exceptions that support warrantless searches.
The Carpenter court indicates that certain case-specific exceptions
may support a warrantless search of cell-site records under certain
circumstances, including “when the exigencies of the situation make
the needs of law enforcement so compelling that a warrantless search
is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 2222,
quoting Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 460, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179
L.Ed.2d 865 (2011), quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394, 98
S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978).
Snowden at ¶ 36.
In this case, a ten-year-old child accused Martin of molesting her. The
police had an arrest warrant for Martin, and when Martin failed to meet with
Detective Reese, the detective used Martin’s real-time cell phone information to
locate him, citing exigent circumstances. “An important factor in determining
whether exigent circumstances exist is the gravity of the underlying offense. Welsh
v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 753, 104 S.Ct. 2091, 80 L.Ed.2d 732 (1984). Upon
review, we find that an exigency existed. State v. Johnson, 187 Ohio App.3d 322,
2010-Ohio-1790, 931 N.E.2d 1162 (2d Dist.).” Snowden at ¶ 37.
Because of the gravity of the offense, Detective Reese had a
reasonable concern regarding Martin’s failure to appear for their meeting. We
determine that the good-faith exception to the warrant requirement is applicable.
Detective Reese acted with a good-faith belief that his conduct was lawful.
The good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule provides that
evidence will not be suppressed “when the police act with an
objectively ‘reasonable good-faith belief’ that their conduct is lawful
or when their conduct involves only simple, ‘isolated’ negligence.”
[Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 238, 241, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 180 L.Ed.2d
285.] “To trigger the exclusionary rule,” the U.S. Supreme Court has
said, “police conduct must be sufficiently deliberate that exclusion can
meaningfully deter it, and sufficiently culpable that such deterrence is
worth the price paid by the justice system.” Herring v. United States,
555 U.S. 135, 144, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496 (2009).
Snowden at ¶ 39.
We find that Carpenter does not apply to Martin’s case because the
real-time cell phone information was not used as evidence against Martin, but rather
as a means to locate him, after a warrant was issued for Martin’s arrest.
Additionally, Martin argues that the trial court erred when it did not
make and file findings of fact and conclusions of law under R.C. 2953.21(H).
However, “‘a trial court need not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law,
however, when it dismisses an untimely postconviction relief petition.’” State v.
Dilley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99680, 2013-Ohio-4480, ¶ 9, quoting State ex rel.
James v. Coyne, 114 Ohio St.3d 45, 2007-Ohio-2716, 867 N.E.2d 837, ¶ 5. Martin’s
petition was untimely and did not fall under the exceptions for filing an untimely
petition.
Martin’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment is affirmed.
It is ordered that the appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
________________________________
ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR