State v. Willis , 2015 Ohio 3739 ( 2015 )

[Cite as State v. Willis, 2015-Ohio-3739.]
COURT OF APPEALS
LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES:
Hon. William B. Hoffman, P. J.
Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
Case No. 14 CA 103
MATTHEW WILLIS
Defendant-Appellant OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Municipal Court,
Case No. 14TRC04033
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: September 14, 2015
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant For Defendant-Appellee
ROBERT E. CALESARIC AMY DAVISON
35 South Park Place, Suite 150 40 West Main Street
Newark, Ohio 43055 Newark, Ohio 43055
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 2
Wise, J.
{¶1}. Appellant Matthew Willis appeals the decision of the Licking County
Municipal Court, which denied his motion to suppress evidence in an OMVI case.
Appellee is the State of Ohio. The relevant facts leading to this appeal are as follows.
{¶2}. On April 27, 2014, at about 2:30 AM, Officer Alex Colles of the Pataskala
Police Department was patrolling in a marked police cruiser in the area of Havens
Corners. His cruiser was equipped with a MPH Python III model radar device utilizing
the "Ka" band. Tr. at 6. Colles testified that this model can be used in stationary or
moving mode. Tr. at 8 - 9.
{¶3}. According to Officer Colles, an eastbound vehicle passed by him while he
was traveling in the westbound lane on Havens Corners Road. Said vehicle, a truck,
appeared to increase speed as soon as it passed by. Tr. at 9. The officer stated he
didn't immediately have a place to turn around; however, once he did reverse direction
and began proceeding eastbound, he lost visual on the truck. Tr. at 9. However, as he
continued traveling in the eastbound lane on Havens Corners, he came into contact with
appellant's car, a Honda Accord, traveling westbound in the opposite lane. Tr. at 10.
This time the officer was able to turn around quickly. Colles later told the court the
speed limit in the area is 35 MPH, and his speed reading on the radar unit recorded
appellant’s Honda going 50 MPH in moving mode. Tr. at 11. Colles is trained in
estimating speeds and the use of speed-measuring devices. Tr. at 12. The officer
thereupon effectuated a traffic stop for a speeding violation.
{¶4}. It is undisputed that after appellant was stopped on April 27, 2014, Officer
Colles proceeded to charge him with speeding and one count of OMVI. Appellant
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 3
entered a plea of not guilty, and on June 20, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress
the results of his traffic stop. The matter of suppression was heard by the trial court on
October 9, 2014.
{¶5}. Officer Colles did not testify at the suppression hearing about what
happened after the initial traffic stop; rather, the focus was on the use of the radar, as
further discussed infra.
{¶6}. After hearing the testimony and arguments of counsel, the trial court
ultimately found that the officer acted in good faith reliance upon the admissibility or
legitimacy of the use of the particular device to detect appellant's speed, which gave the
officer probable cause to conduct a stop. See Tr. at 25.
{¶7}. On November 10, 2014, appellant entered a plea of no contest to the
OMVI charge, following which appellant was sentenced inter alia to 180 days in jail.
{¶8}. On November 20, 2014, appellant filed a notice of appeal. He herein
raises the following sole Assignment of Error:
{¶9}. “I. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED HARMFUL ERROR BY
OVERRULING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE TRAFFIC STOP.”
I.
{¶10}. In his sole Assignment of Error, appellant argues that the trial court erred
in denying his motion to suppress. We disagree.
{¶11}. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,
Article I, Ohio Constitution, prohibit the government from conducting unreasonable
searches and seizures of persons or their property. See Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S.
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 4
1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; State v. Andrews (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87, 565
N.E.2d 1271.
{¶12}. There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's finding of fact.
Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or
correct law to the findings of fact. Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has
incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to suppress. When
reviewing this third type of claim, an appellate court must independently determine,
without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the appropriate
legal standard in the given case. See State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 1 OBR
57, 437 N.E.2d 583; State v. Williams (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141;
State v. Curry (1994), 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 641 N.E.2d 1172; State v. Claytor (1993),
85 Ohio App.3d 623, 627, 620 N.E.2d 906; State v. Guysinger (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d
592, 621 N.E.2d 726. The United States Supreme Court has held that “... as a general
matter determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed
de novo on appeal.” Ornelas v. U.S. (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134
L.Ed.2d 911.
{¶13}. As an initial matter, we must briefly address appellant's assertion that the
validity of the traffic stop was not fully adjudicated at the suppression hearing, as
virtually all of the testimony focused on the use of a radar device to detect appellant's
rate of speed during the incident in question. We note the following exchange at the
beginning of the suppression hearing:
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 5
{¶14}. "THE COURT: I know that [the motion to suppress] encompasses a great
number of issues but my understanding from our pretrial conference was that the only
issue to be litigated here is the validity of the initial traffic stop. Is that correct Mr.
Calesaric?
{¶15}. "[DEFENSE COUNSEL] MR. CALESARIC: Yes sir. For the record I'll
stipulate that I am narrowing my motion down drastically to just that issue. * * *.
{¶16}. "THE COURT: Ok. Alright, so the only thing I'm going to decide is whether
or not the initial traffic stop itself was valid and is the State ready to go?
{¶17}. "[ASSISTANT LAW DIRECTOR] MR. KING: We are."
{¶18}. Our review of the record does not indicate that the officer initially stopped
appellant for anything other than speeding, such as non-functioning vehicle equipment
or a marked lane violation. Given the above oral stipulations, we find no merit in
appellant's proposal that more issues required resolution by the court at the suppression
hearing.
{¶19}. Turning to the issue at hand, appellant first directs us to our decision in
State v. Miller, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2012-CA-25, 2012-Ohio-6147, which likewise
entailed the question of suppression in an OMVI case. In Miller, we analyzed R.C.
4511.091(C), which provides in pertinent part: "No person shall be arrested, charged, or
convicted of a violation of any provisions of divisions (B) to (O) of Section 4511.21 or
Section 4511.211 of the Revised Code or a substantially similar municipal ordinance
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 6
based on a peace officer's unaided visual estimation of the speed of a motor vehicle,
trackless trolley, or streetcar. ***."1
{¶20}. The State herein concedes that a police officer's visual estimation is
insufficient to support a speeding conviction. See, e.g., Beachwood v. Joyner, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 98089, 2012–Ohio–5884, ¶ 17. However, we went even further in Miller,
stating as follows: "Allowing an officer to stop a vehicle on their subjective impressions
that a vehicle is traveling in slight excess of the legal speed limit may permit officers to
do just what the legislature had abolished. In other words, permitting an investigative
stop when the officer cannot arrest or charge based upon his unaided visual estimate of
speed in slight excess of the speed limit effectively eliminates any protection against
profiling and arbitrary detentions." Id. at ¶ 12 (emphasis in original).
{¶21}. Appellant also points us to, inter alia, State v. McKay, 1st Dist. Hamilton
No. C–130657, 2014-Ohio-2027, in which the First District Court of Appeals concluded
that a trial court cannot use judicial notice from another case regarding a similar speed
measuring device for a different device. See id. at ¶11- ¶ 12.
{¶22}. We note Evid.R. 201(B) governs the trial court's ability to take judicial
notice of adjudicative facts: “A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to
reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction
of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” The scientific reliability of a speed-
1
The General Assembly enacted R.C. 4511.091(C) in 2011 in response to the Ohio
Supreme Court's holding in Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010–Ohio–2420,
929 N.E.2d 1047, which held that a defendant can be convicted of speeding based
solely on a police officer's visual estimation of speed where the evidence shows the
officer has the proper training and experience. See State v. Kincaid, 5th Dist. Ashland
No. 2012–COA–011, 2012–Ohio–4669, ¶ 19 - ¶ 22.
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 7
measuring device can be established by: (1) a reported municipal court decision, (2) a
reported or unreported case from the appellate court, or (3) the previous consideration
of expert testimony about a specific device where the trial court notes it on the record.
See State v. Yaun, 3rd Dist. Logan No. 8–07–22, 2008–Ohio–1902, ¶ 12.
{¶23}. In the case sub judice, during Officer Colles' testimony at the suppression
hearing, appellant objected to the testimony for the speed measuring device. Appellant
maintained that without the trial court having taken previous testimony on the device,
the court could not take judicial notice that the device is capable of an accurate and
ready determination of speed. See Tr. at 12. The trial court overruled counsel's
objection, relying on State v. Vernon v. Meyers, 5th Dist. Knox No. 87-CA-4, 1987 WL
15347, concluding that because this Court had therein ruled that K-55 radar is reliable,
such reliability would extend to the entire K-band regardless of the model type. The
court went on to find that the Meyers ruling authorized taking judicial notice of the
reliability of the radar. Tr. at 13.
{¶24}. During the ensuing cross-examination, Colles stated he believed the
device he was using was a Ka-band frequency, not K-band. Tr. at 13. He followed up by
stating: "I know it's a K-band or a Ka-band [that] are the most common for the radar
device ***." He further stated that a MPH Industries "Python III" was the product he used
and that it comes with an X, K, and a Ka-band frequency. Tr. at 14. He added that MPH
additionally sold other models like the "BEE3" and the "Enforcer" that also use a Ka-
band. Id. The officer could not articulate the difference between the Python III Ka-band
model and these other two. Id. He also could not describe the differences between the
electronics of these devices. Tr. at 15. In any case, Officer Colles agreed that he did not
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 8
record in his police report a visual estimation of appellant's speed, although he recalled
he had estimated it was greater than the posted limit at the area in question. Tr. at 15-
16.
{¶25}. The essence of appellant's argument herein is that based on the officer's
aforesaid testimony, the trial court erroneously reached a conclusion that judicial notice
was appropriate, and therefore the speeding violation could not form the basis of a
constitutional OMVI stop under Miller, supra. However, notwithstanding that Miller
involved only a visual estimation and no measuring device at all, it is well-established
that an officer's reasonable articulable suspicion does not require proof beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant's conduct has satisfied the elements of the offense.
See, e.g., Westlake v. Kaplysh, 118 Ohio App.3d 18, 20, 691 N.E.2d 1074 (8th Dist.
1997). Thus, "the fact that [the arresting officer] may have relied upon a radar device
known to him, but improperly identified at the suppression hearing, to determine
whether a motorist was driving in excess of the posted speed limit is immaterial to
whether he had a proper basis for effectuating an investigatory stop." State v.
Reddington, 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0064–M, 2015-Ohio-2890, ¶ 16.
{¶26}. Accordingly, we find no reversible error in the trial court's denial of
suppression under the facts and circumstances presented. Appellant's sole Assignment
of Error is overruled.
Licking County, Case No. 14 CA 103 9
{¶27}. For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the
Municipal Court of Licking County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.
By: Wise, J.
Hoffman, P. J., and
Farmer, J., concur.
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