State v. Williams , 2018 Ohio 3990 ( 2018 )

[Cite as State v. Williams, 2018-Ohio-3990.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
CASE NO. CA2018-03-055
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
OPINION
: 10/1/2018
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:
RICHARD T. WILLIAMS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. CR2005-06-1135
Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, Willa Concannon,
Government Services Center, 315 High Street, 11th Floor, Hamilton, OH 45011, for
plaintiff-appellee
Richard T. Williams, #A547019, London Correctional Institution, 1580 State Route 56,
SW London, OH 43140, defendant-appellant, pro se
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Richard Williams, appeals a decision of the Butler
County Court of Common Pleas denying his motion for resentencing.1
{¶ 2} Appellant was indicted in 2005 on three counts of rape and four counts
of gross sexual imposition for sexually abusing two pre-teenage children over a period
1. Pursuant to Loc.R. 6(A), we sua sponte remove this appeal from the accelerated calendar.
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of four years. Appellant entered an Alford plea to one count of rape and one count of
gross sexual imposition on March 6, 2006, but successfully moved to withdraw his plea
four days later. Following a jury trial in January 2007, appellant was found guilty of
one count of rape, and guilty of the lesser included offense of gross sexual imposition
as to the remaining two counts of rape. The jury further found appellant guilty of four
counts of gross sexual imposition. On March 19, 2007, the trial court sentenced
appellant to life in prison on his rape conviction, and to consecutive five-year prison
terms on each of the gross sexual imposition convictions. Appellant was also classified
a sexual predator pursuant to Megan's Law, the sex offender registration and
notification law in effect at the time appellant committed the offenses. On July 28,
2008, this court upheld appellant's conviction for rape and gross sexual imposition.
State v. Williams, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-04-087, 2008-Ohio-3729.
{¶ 3} Subsequently, appellant unsuccessfully challenged his conviction and
sentence collaterally in two postconviction motions. See State v. Williams, 12th Dist.
Butler No. CA2014-06-144, 2015-Ohio-1090 (upholding the denial of appellant's 2014
motion to dismiss the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction); and State v. Williams,
12th Dist. Butler No. CA2015-08-052 (Jan. 11, 2016) (Accelerated Calendar Judgment
Entry) (upholding the denial of appellant's 2015 motion for resentencing and to declare
the verdict forms void).
{¶ 4} On August 14, 2017, appellant filed a pro se motion for resentencing,
arguing that the March 19, 2007 sentencing entry was "defective" because the trial
court failed to properly impose postrelease control, include in the sentencing entry that
appellant was classified a sexual predator pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(B), and determine
whether appellant qualified as a habitual sex offender pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(E)(2).
In a separate motion, appellant further moved to reinstate his Alford plea and vacate
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his void sentence. Appellant argued that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
when he moved to withdraw his Alford plea upon the advice of trial counsel. Appellant
further argued that his sentence was void because the trial court failed to properly
impose postrelease control.
{¶ 5} On March 1, 2018, the trial court denied appellant's motions on the
ground that they were untimely postconviction relief petitions and that appellant could
not avail himself of the exceptions to the timeliness requirement in R.C. 2953.23(A)(1).
The trial court further found that appellant's claims were barred by res judicata. The
trial court did not specifically address appellant's claims regarding the alleged
deficiencies in the sentencing entry.
{¶ 6} Appellant now appeals, raising one assignment of error:
{¶ 7} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION
FOR RESENTENCING THEREBY DENYING HIS RIGHT TO A FINAL APPEALABLE
ORDER AND DENYING APPELLANT OF A SENTENCING ENTRY THAT COMPLIES
WITH THE LAW AS DETERMINED BY STATUTE AND CASE LAW SET BY THE
OHIO SUPREME COURT AND IN VIOLATION OF DUE PROCESS AS
GUARANTEED TO APPELLANT BY THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND THE UNITED
STATES CONSTITUTION.
{¶ 8} Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion for
resentencing. Specifically, appellant argues that the trial court failed to both fulfill its
obligations under former R.C. 2950.09 and properly impose postrelease control in the
March 19, 2007 sentencing entry, and therefore, his sentence is void and the matter
must be remanded to the trial court for a de novo sentencing hearing.2 The state
2. Former R.C. 2950.09 was repealed effective January 1, 2008. State v. Bregen, 12th Dist. Clermont
No. CA2010-06-039, 2011-Ohio-1872, ¶ 31. For readability purposes, former R.C. 2950.09 will be
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concedes the errors but argues the case should be remanded solely for the trial court
to correct the deficiencies by a nunc pro tunc entry.
{¶ 9} Appellant is correct that the trial court failed to fulfill its obligations under
R.C. 2950.09 in the March 19, 2007 sentencing entry.
{¶ 10} R.C. 2950.09(B)(4) provides that when a trial court classifies an offender
as a sexual predator, the court "shall specify in the offender's sentence and the
judgment of conviction contain[ing] the sentence" that the sexual predator
determination was pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(B). The sentencing entry reflects that
appellant was found to be a sexual predator but does not specify that the determination
was pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(B). In discussing the evidence supporting its
classification of appellant as a sexual predator during the sentencing and sex offender
classification hearing, the trial court referred to "the legal criteria under R.C.
2950.09(B)(2)." We further note that the record includes a Judgment Entry Following
Sexual Predator Hearing in which the trial court checked a box indicating it had found
clear and convincing evidence that appellant was a sexual predator pursuant to R.C.
2950.09(B). However, "checking a box on a pre-formatted judgment entry does not
comply with the statutory mandate in R.C. 2950.09(B)(4)." State v. Cathcart, 3d Dist.
Shelby No. 17-02-20, 2002-Ohio-6593, ¶ 30. The sentencing entry, therefore, does
not comply with R.C. 2950.09(B)(4). State v. Mack, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-050968,
2006-Ohio-6284, ¶ 17, 22. Despite noncompliance with R.C. 2950.09(B)(4), the record
reflects that the sexual predator classification was pursuant to R.C. 2950.09. Thus,
this omission may be corrected by means of a nunc pro tunc sentencing entry.
{¶ 11} R.C. 2950.09(E)(1) provides that when an offender has been convicted
referred as "R.C. 2950.09" throughout this opinion.
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of or pled guilty to a sexually oriented offense, such as rape here, the trial court must
expressly determine whether the offender was a habitual sex offender. If the trial court
determines that the offender is a habitual sex offender, it must so "specify in the
offender's sentence and the judgment of conviction that contains the sentence[.]" R.C.
2950.09(E)(2). Similarly, if the trial court determines that the offender is not a habitual
sex offender, it must so "specify in the offender's sentence[.]" Id. "'This finding must
be made regardless of whether the offender was already adjudicated as a sexual
predator for the commission of the sexually oriented offense,' as the offender may be
adjudicated a sexual predator and habitual sex offender for the same offense." State
v. Gopp, 154 Ohio App.3d 385, 2003-Ohio-4908, ¶ 11 (9th Dist.), quoting State v.
Rhodes, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 99 BA 62, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 6813, *18 (Mar. 27,
2002). The determination of whether an offender is a habitual sex offender is therefore
a mandatory component of the sentence for an offender convicted of a sexually
oriented offense under R.C. 2950.09(E). Failure to include the determination of an
offender's habitual sex offender status in the offender's sentence renders that portion
of the sentence void.
{¶ 12} A habitual sex offender is "a person who is convicted of or pleads guilty
to a sexually oriented offense and who previously has been convicted of or pleaded
guilty to one or more sexually oriented offenses." See former R.C. 2950.01(B); State
v. McGlosson, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-05-082, 2014-Ohio-1321, ¶ 14. The
adjudication of a defendant as a habitual sex offender pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(E) "is
therefore dependent on only two [conditions]. * * * If both conditions are met, the
offender is a habitual sex offender; if not, then the offender is not." State v. Shaddoan,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-970502, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 3383, *3 (July 24, 1998).
{¶ 13} The transcript of the sentencing and sex offender classification hearing
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makes no mention of appellant's habitual sex offender status. More importantly, the
sentencing entry does not make any finding regarding appellant's habitual sex offender
status as mandated by R.C. 2950.09(E)(2). Although the trial court did not mark the
box designated "habitual sex offender" in the Judgment Entry Following Sexual
Predator Hearing, or the box notifying appellant of a duty to register as a habitual sex
offender in the Notice and Order of Duties to Register as an Offender of a Sexually
Oriented Offense, this is as consistent with an oversight as it is with a finding that
appellant is not a habitual sex offender. Moreover, the trial court's failure to check
either box fails to satisfy R.C. 2950.09(E)(2) which requires the trial court to specifically
state whether an offender is or is not a habitual sex offender. Gopp, 2003-Ohio-4908at ¶ 12. The trial court, therefore, failed to comply with R.C. 2950.09(E)(2). Id. at ¶
11-12; State v. Hurst, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20435, 2005-Ohio-128, ¶ 7-9; State v.
Kennedy, 161 Ohio App.3d 127, 2005-Ohio-2461, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.).
{¶ 14} Because the trial court's failure to comply with R.C. 2950.09(E)(2)
renders that portion of the sentence void, and because appellant remains in prison
serving his sentence, the trial court had the authority to correct appellant's sentence to
reflect whether he is classified as a habitual sex offender. State v. Holdcroft, 137 Ohio
St.3d 526, 2013-Ohio-5014, ¶ 18 (when the prison-sanction portion of a sentence that
also includes a void sanction has not been completely served, the void sanction may
be modified).
{¶ 15} We note that appellant is not entitled to a de novo sentencing hearing in
order for the trial court to correct its error under R.C. 2950.09(E). There is no
requirement under R.C. 2950.09(E) that the trial court conduct a hearing before
classifying an offender as a habitual sex offender. See State v. Sellers, 7th Dist.
Mahoning No. 06-MA-192, 2008-Ohio-538; State v. Cooper, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
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84645, 2005-Ohio-3424. Nor is appellant entitled to a new sexual predator hearing
due to the trial court's error. "The [trial] court's requirement under former R.C.
2950.09(E), while mandatory in nature, did not affect the validity of the sexual predator
classification itself." State v. Simmons, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87125, 2006-Ohio-
5006, ¶ 11. Once an offender is classified as a sexual predator, he is under no
additional registration requirements when subsequently classified as a habitual sex
offender. State v. Seigers, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87722, 2007-Ohio-285, ¶ 15.
Therefore, we remand the matter for the trial court to determine appellant's habitual
sex offender status and to include its determination in a new sentencing entry.
However, the trial court may do so based upon the record and without conducting a
new sentencing hearing.
{¶ 16} Appellant is further correct that the trial court failed to properly impose
postrelease control in the March 19, 2007 sentencing entry.
{¶ 17} A trial court must properly impose postrelease control at the sentencing
hearing and in the sentencing entry. State v. Qualls, 131 Ohio St.3d 499, 2012-Ohio-
1111, ¶ 18-19. Pursuant to R.C. 2967.28(B), postrelease control is mandatory for
certain felony offenses if a prison sentence is imposed, and must be included in the
sentencing entry. Given his convictions for felony sex offenses, appellant was subject
to a mandatory five-year term of postrelease control under R.C. 2967.28(B)(1). While
the trial court properly advised appellant at sentencing that he would be subject to a
mandatory five-year term of postrelease control upon release from prison, the
sentencing entry erroneously stated that appellant's postrelease control was
"mandatory in this case up to a maximum of five (5) years." (Emphasis added.) The
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trial court, therefore, failed to properly impose postrelease control.3, 4
{¶ 18} When a trial court fails to properly impose statutorily mandated
postrelease control, "that part of the sentence * * * is void and must be set aside."
(Emphasis added.) State v. Fisher, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, ¶ 26.
Appellant is incorrect that the proper remedy for the trial court's error is a de novo
sentencing hearing. When a trial court properly notified a defendant of postrelease
control at the sentencing hearing, but the initial sentencing entry did not accurately
reflect the details of the notification, the essential purpose of notice has been fulfilled
and there is no need for a new sentencing hearing to remedy the law. Qualls at ¶ 24.
Rather, the imperfect sentencing entry can be corrected through a nunc pro tunc entry.
Id. at ¶ 13, 24, citing State ex rel. Womack v. Marsh, 128 Ohio St.3d 303, 2011-Ohio-
229; see also State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-03-049, 2015-Ohio-651.
Because the trial court failed to properly impose postrelease control, we set aside that
3. Although this was not raised by appellant, we note that the trial court failed to advise appellant of
postrelease control as to his gross sexual imposition offenses. However, "such an error has no practical
effect where the additional terms of postrelease control would be no greater than that which was
imposed." State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-03-049, 2015-Ohio-651, ¶ 21. Each of
appellant's gross sexual imposition convictions are felony sex offenses, and each are subject to the
same mandatory five-year term of postrelease control. See R.C. 2967.28(B)(1); State v. Cologie, 7th
Dist. Belmont No. 17 BE 0009, 2017-Ohio-9217. Accordingly, the trial court's failure to advise appellant
of the five-year term of postrelease control on his gross sexual imposition convictions had no practical
effect. Barnes at ¶ 21.
4. The March 19, 2007 sentencing entry contains another error, which appellant does not raise.
Appellant was correctly advised during the sentencing hearing that if he violated a condition of
postrelease control, the parole board could impose a maximum prison term of up to one-half of the
prison term originally imposed. However, the sentencing entry incorrectly stated: "The defendant is
ordered to serve as part of his sentence any term of post release control imposed by the Parole Board,
and any prison term for violation of that post release control." (Emphasis added.) See State v. Ketterer,
126 Ohio St.3d 448, 2010-Ohio-3831 (instructing the trial court to amend an identical sentencing entry
to incorporate the correct language on remand). In 2017, however, the Ohio Supreme Court addressed
"what information a trial court must include in a sentencing entry to validly impose a postrelease-control
sanction on an offender when the court orally provides all the required advisements to the offender at
the sentencing hearing." State v. Grimes, 151 Ohio St.3d 19, 2017-Ohio-2927, ¶ 1. As pertinent here,
the supreme court held that by referring to R.C. 2967.28, the trial court's sentencing entry validly
imposed postrelease control. Id. at ¶ 18-19, 25. The March 19, 2007 sentencing entry likewise refers
to R.C. 2967.28 and is otherwise nearly identical to the entry at issue in Grimes. Thus, it validly imposed
postrelease control in that respect.
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part of the sentencing entry purporting to impose postrelease control and remand the
cause to the trial court for the limited purpose of correcting the March 19, 2007
sentencing entry on a nunc pro tunc basis to correctly reflect that appellant is subject
to a mandatory five-year term of postrelease control. Qualls; Barnes.
{¶ 19} We note that the trial court denied appellant's August 14, 2017 motions
for resentencing and to reinstate his Alford plea on the ground that they were untimely
postconviction relief petitions and that his claims were barred by res judicata. We find
that the trial court properly construed appellant's motion to reinstate his Alford plea on
grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel as a petition for postconviction relief
subject to the timeliness requirements of R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23. Appellant's
motion was filed well after the expiration date prescribed by R.C. 2953.21(A)(2).
Furthermore, the record shows that appellant could not avail himself of the exceptions
to the timeliness requirements in R.C. 2953.23(A)(1). The trial court, therefore, did not
err in dismissing appellant's motion to reinstate his Alford plea as an untimely petition
for postconviction relief.
{¶ 20} The trial court, however, erred in denying appellant's motion for
resentencing relating to the trial court's improper imposition of postrelease control and
failure to comply with R.C. 2950.09(E). A void sanction is not precluded from appellate
review by principles of res judicata, and may be reviewed at any time, on direct appeal
or by collateral attack. Fisher, 2010-Ohio-6238 at paragraph one of the syllabus; State
v. Smith, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120163, 2012-Ohio-5965, ¶ 9. Furthermore, the trial
court should have construed the portion of appellant's motion for resentencing relating
to the imposition of postrelease control as a motion for resentencing pursuant to R.C.
2929.191(C), and not as an untimely petition for postconviction relief. See also Barnes,
2015-Ohio-651 (holding that because a trial court's failure to properly impose
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postrelease control renders that portion of a defendant's sentence void, the
defendant's postconviction relief petition is not untimely as it relates to postrelease
control).
{¶ 21} Because appellant's motion for resentencing brought to the trial court's
attention its failure to comply with R.C. 2950.09(B)(4), it also had jurisdiction to review
and correct that offending portion of appellant's sentence. See Smith; State v. Bevins,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120345, 2013-Ohio-156. Likewise, because appellant has, in
his appeal, brought the matter to our attention, the offending portions of his sentence
are subject to correction. See Barnes. Appellant's assignment of error is therefore
sustained to the extent indicated herein.
{¶ 22} We therefore affirm the trial court's dismissal of appellant's motion to
reinstate his Alford plea and reverse the trial court's denial of appellant's August 14,
2017 motion for resentencing. We remand the matter to the trial court for the limited
purpose of determining whether appellant was a habitual sex offender as required by
R.C. 2950.09(E). Such determination is to be made by the trial court solely upon the
record before the court during the March 15, 2007 sentencing and sex offender
classification hearing, which included the presentence investigative report. Once the
trial court makes the habitual sex offender classification, it is instructed to adopt and
journalize a new sentencing entry specifying appellant's habitual sex offender status
as required by R.C. 2950.09(E)(2). On remand, the trial court is further instructed to
correct the March 19, 2007 sentencing entry to reflect that appellant is subject to a
mandatory five-year term of postrelease control and to specifically state that its sexual
predator determination was made pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(B). That appellant is
subject to a mandatory five-year term of postrelease control, and that the trial court's
sexual predator determination was made pursuant to R.C. 2950.09(B) may be included
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in the new sentencing entry on a nunc pro tunc basis. This remand is accordingly
limited to solely correcting the improper imposition of postrelease control and the sex
offender classification issues noted herein. Appellant is not entitled to a de novo
sentencing hearing on any of the issues at bar and the remaining portions of his
sentence are not implicated by the remand.
{¶ 23} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further
proceedings.
S. POWELL, P. J., concurs.
PIPER, J., concurs separately.
PIPER, J., concurring separately.
{¶ 24} Williams' assignment of error claims the trial court violated his
constitutional due process in not granting him an opportunity for resentencing and a
new final appealable order. While Williams' claims have no merit, three issues can be
identified and remedied with an entry nunc pro tunc. Thus, I concur with the judgment
of the majority, but respectfully do not concur in the analysis which deems portions of
Williams' sentencing void.
Postrelease Control
{¶ 25} What controls Williams' postrelease control is the notice Williams was
given at his sentencing hearing. State v. Grimes, 151 Ohio St.3d 19, 2017-Ohio-2927,
¶ 14. The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that the main focus "in interpreting the
sentencing statutes regarding postrelease control has always been a notification itself
and not on the entry itself." State v. Qualls, 131 Ohio St.3d 499, 2012-Ohio-1111, ¶
19.
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{¶ 26} Williams was correctly informed at the sentencing hearing that his period
of postrelease control was a mandatory five years. The essential purpose of the notice
was given to Williams and thus he experienced no substantial prejudice when the trial
court's entry incorrectly stated "up to five years." See id. at ¶ 23-24. While "up to five
years" can include "five years," Williams should have a correctly worded entry. Id. at
¶ 23. However, the wording incorrectly reported in the initial entry does not render his
sentence void.
{¶ 27} Trial courts generally lack authority to reconsider their own valid final
judgments in criminal cases, while they retain continuing jurisdiction to correct clerical
errors with the use of nunc pro tunc entries to reflect what the court actually decided.
Id. at ¶ 13. Such an error is particularly ripe for correction with the use of a nunc pro
tunc entry when a claimed error does not involve altering the decision-making or
judgment rendered at the sentencing hearing.
{¶ 28} Respectfully, I must disagree with the majority that Williams' postrelease
control sentencing hearing is void. He was given the correct postrelease control notice
at his hearing. Because the entry incorrectly records what was said at the hearing, I
agree with the majority in their determination that the remedy is a nunc pro tunc entry
by the trial court.
Habitual Sexual Offender
{¶ 29} Similar to my conclusion regarding the postrelease control issue, I concur
with the use of a nunc pro tunc entry to correct the error pertaining to Williams' habitual
sexual offender status. However, I cannot concur that this portion of Williams'
sentence is void.
{¶ 30} As the majority correctly points out, the trial court was required to make
a determination as to whether or not Williams was a habitual sexual offender. At the
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hearing, the trial court did not determine Williams was a habitual sex offender. The
trial court simply omitted in the entry Williams was not determined to be a habitual
sexual offender.
a). Habitual Sexual Offender v. Postrelease Control
{¶ 31} The Ohio Supreme Court has applied the concept of a "void" sentence
involving postrelease control. The concept has been applied specifically due to the
importance of the "notice" involved in postrelease control situations. However, on each
occasion, the court has stressed its application is "narrow" and "limited" to postrelease
control situations. Id. at ¶ 29; Grimes, 2017-Ohio-2927 at ¶ 20. Neither the Ohio
Supreme Court nor any appellate court has determined a sentence to be "void" in
situations involving whether or not a habitual sexual offender determination was made.
The majority has not cited any authority for the proposition that Williams' sentence in
regard to his habitual sexual offender status is void. I decline to expand the application
of a "void" sentence as used in postrelease control situations to those situations where
the court omitted in its entry to record it did not find the offender to be a habitual sexual
offender.
{¶ 32} The majority references State v. Gopp, 154 Ohio App.3d 385, 2003-Ohio-
4908 (9th Dist.), yet Gopp makes no reference to the sentence being void. The fact
that the trial court did not find Williams to be a habitual sex offender means Williams
was not considered by the trial court to be a habitual sex offender. The absence of an
expressed determination is of no prejudice to Williams since the trial court also did not
find Williams was a habitual sexual offender. The omission of such a determination in
the entry can be corrected with the use of a nunc pro tunc entry. An omission in an
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entry may create a flawed entry, yet such deficiency can be corrected.5
Sexual Predator Determination
{¶ 33} The trial court correctly determined at the sentencing hearing that
Williams was a sexual predator pursuant to the criteria of R.C. 2950.09(B)(2).
However, the judgment entry omitted reference to the statute and any factors used to
establish Williams' sexual predator status.
{¶ 34} The legislature, at the time, specifically required the judgment entry of
conviction contain a reference to the statute and the factors relied upon to determine
an offender's status. I concur with the use of an entry nunc pro tunc to correct the
deficiency in the judgment entry because the court properly determined at the hearing
Williams' sexual predator status. I do not find the deficiency is because the trial court's
judgment entry involved a preprinted, check box format. Rather, the deficiency is
because the entry failed to contain the references required by the statute in place at
the time of the hearing. However, Crim.R. 36 anticipates the need for corrections such
as those identified herein with the use of a nunc pro tunc entry.6
Conclusion
{¶ 35} I therefore concur in judgment, but for reasons separate from those of
the majority.
5. Crim.R. 36 expressly provides "errors in the record arising from oversight or omission, may be
corrected by the court at any time." See also State ex rel. DeWine v. Burge, 128 Ohio St.3d 236, 2011-
Ohio-235.
6. Although I completely concur with the majority's judgment today finding a nunc pro tunc entry to be
the correct remedy at hand, without the necessity of a hearing, such seems incongruous with the majority
decision in State v. Waltz, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2013-10-077, 2014-Ohio-2474, wherein I
dissented. The majority determined an omission in the sentencing entry could not be remedied by
simply using an entry nunc pro tunc; a conclusion I believed to be incorrect.
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