State v. Smith , 2014 Ohio 4030 ( 2014 )

[Cite as State v. Smith, 2014-Ohio-4030.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-130571
TRIAL NO. B-0704581
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
CURTIS SMITH, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 17, 2014
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula E. Adams,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Stephen P. Hardwick, Assistant State Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
HENDON, Judge.
Facts and Procedure
{¶1} On July 31, 2007, defendant-appellant Curtis Smith pleaded no
contest to the third-degree felony of failing to provide notice of an address change, in
violation of former R.C. 2950.05, the Megan’s Law version of Ohio’s sex-offender
registration and notification law. Smith’s duty to notify of an address change was
based upon his 1986 conviction for attempted rape. He was found guilty and
sentenced to two years of community control, which he subsequently violated. For
violating his community control, he was sentenced to three years’ incarceration.
Smith filed pro se a postsentence motion to withdraw his no-contest plea on
November 10, 2011. There is no indication in the record that the trial court ruled on
the pro se motion. On March 29, 2013, defense counsel filed a postsentence motion
to withdraw Smith’s no-contest plea, which the trial court overruled without a
hearing on April 12, 2013. Smith has appealed the overruling of that motion.
Analysis
{¶2} Smith’s sole assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred in
overruling his motion to withdraw his no-contest plea.
{¶3} A trial court may permit a defendant to withdraw a plea of guilty or no
contest after sentence “to correct manifest injustice.” Crim.R. 32.1; State v. Smith,
49 Ohio St. 2d 261, 361 N.E.2d 1324 (1977), paragraph one of the syllabus; State v.
Akemon, 173 Ohio App. 3d 709, 2007-Ohio-6217, 880 N.E.2d 143, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.). The
defendant has the burden to demonstrate a manifest injustice. Smith at paragraph
one of the syllabus; State v. Dye, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120483, 2013-Ohio-1626,
¶ 5. The decision as to whether the defendant has sustained his burden is committed
to the sound discretion of the trial court, and it will not be reversed absent an abuse
of discretion. Smith at paragraph two of the syllabus; Dye at ¶ 5.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶4} Citing State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 107, 2010-Ohio-6301, 942
N.E.2d 347, and R.C. 2901.21(B), Smith argues that a manifest injustice exists
because R.C. 2950.05 does not specify a mens rea and it does not plainly indicate the
purpose of the General Assembly to impose strict liability. Therefore, Smith
contends, the state was required to prove that he had recklessly failed to notify the
sheriff of an address change. Because the state did not allege recklessness, Smith
argues, he did not admit to acting recklessly, an element of the crime, when he
pleaded no contest to failing to notify of an address change. Therefore, he should be
allowed to withdraw his plea.
{¶5} We first point out that Smith’s duty to register arose under the civil
and remedial provisions of the Megan’s Law version of R.C. Chapter 2950’s sex-
offender classification and registration requirements, and not, as he argues, under
the punitive provisions of current R.C. Chapter 2950, the Adam Walsh Act. See State
v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St. 3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264; State v. Williams,
88 Ohio St. 3d 513, 728 N.E.2d 342 (2000); State v. Cook, 83 Ohio St. 3d 404, 700
N.E.2d 570 (1998).
{¶6} In State v. Cook, the Ohio Supreme Court held, without analysis, that
former R.C. 2950.04, which set forth a sex offender’s duty to register under Megan’s
Law, had no scienter requirement. Cook at 419. The court stated, “The General
Assembly requires that offenders ‘shall register’ pursuant to R.C. 2950.04(A). The
act of failing to register alone, without more, is sufficient to trigger criminal
punishment provided in R.C. 2950.99.” Id. at 419-420. The Supreme Court
recognized the General Assembly’s intent behind R.C. Chapter 2950’s registration
requirements in State v. Williams, noting that the General Assembly’s stated intent
was to “protect the safety and general welfare of the people of this state.” Williams at
518. “In the opinion of the General Assembly, the classification, registration, and
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notification requirements * * * are a means of assuring public protection.” Id. The
court noted that the General Assembly had made findings to support its intent to
protect the safety and general welfare of the people of Ohio in enacting the Megan’s
Law version of R.C. Chapter 2950. Id. Those findings included the following: (1)
providing the public with notice and information about sex offenders enables them
to inform and prepare themselves and their children for the release of sex offenders;
(2) disseminating information about sex offenders is justified because they pose a
high risk of recidivism; and (3) protecting the public from sex offenders is “of
paramount governmental interest.” Id.
{¶7} The Eighth Appellate District held, in State v. Beasley, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 77761, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4353 (Sept. 27, 2001), that the Megan’s
Law version of R.C. 2950.05 imposed strict liability for failing to notify of an address
change. Citing Williams, the Beasley court stated that the requirement that sex
offenders provide notice of an address change “is intended for the public safety and
well-being. It is thus a mala prohibita act, and constitutes a strict liability offense.”
The Beasley court also noted that former R.C. 2950.05 stated that no person who is
required to notify a sheriff of an address change “shall fail” to do so, indicating a
“legislative intent to impose strict liability.” Id. at *9. The Ninth Appellate District
cited Beasley and Williams in State v. Hardy, 9th Dist. Summit No. C.A. No. 21015,
2002-Ohio-6457, holding that the crime of failing to verify a current address in
violation of the Megan’s Law version of R.C. 2950.06 was a strict-liability offense.
The Hardy court stated, “In light of the legislative intent behind R.C. 2950, along
with the above-mentioned caselaw, the Court finds that R.C. 2950.06 plainly
indicates a legislative intent to impose strict liability for its violation.” Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶8} In State v. Moody, 104 Ohio St. 3d 244, 2004-Ohio-6395, 819 N.E.2d
268, ¶ 4, the Ohio Supreme Court stated that “R.C. 2901.21(B) sets forth the requisite
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
test for determining whether a criminal statute is a strict-liability offense.” R.C.
2901.21(B) provides that when there is “no degree of culpability” specified in the
Revised Code section defining an offense, and the section “plainly indicates a
purpose to impose strict criminal liability, * * * then culpability is not required for a
person to be guilty of the offense.” If the section does not specify “culpability [or]
plainly indicate a purpose to impose strict liability, recklessness is sufficient
culpability to commit the offense.” R.C. 2901.21(B). In order to impose strict
liability, “the statute must clearly show such legislative intent.” Moody at ¶ 6. “The
fact that the statute contains the phrase ‘no person shall’ does not mean that it is a
strict criminal liability offense.” Id. at ¶ 16, citing State v. Collins, 89 Ohio St. 3d 524,
733 N.E.2d 1118 (2000).
{¶9} While noting that Moody stated that “the usage of the phrase ‘no
person shall’ does not by itself evince a plain legislative intent to impose strict
liability,” the Tenth Appellate District held in State v. Blanton, 184 Ohio App. 3d 611,
2009-Ohio-5334, 921 N.E.2d 1103 (10th Dist.), that failing to provide notice of an
address change under the Megan’s Law version of R.C. 2950.05 was a strict liability
offense. The Blanton court looked at indicia other than the phrase “no person shall”
to “determine whether the General Assembly intended to impose strict liability,”
including (1) whether the statute specified a mental state for one element of the
crime and omitted it from another, (2) whether the offense was malum prohibitum,
and (3) whether the legislature had taken a “strong stance” against that type of
crime. Id. at ¶ 19. The Blanton court determined that R.C. 2950.05 constituted a
malum prohibitum offense, an act that is criminal because it is prohibited by statute
and not necessarily because the act itself is immoral. And the court found that the
malum prohibitum nature of the offense supported the conclusion that the General
Assembly intended R.C. 2950.05 to define a strict-liability offense. Id. at ¶ 21. The
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
court further stated that “based on the history, progression, and stated purpose of
R.C. Chapter 2950, we believe the General Assembly has taken a ‘strong stance’ to
protect the public from sex offenders.” Id. at ¶ 25. Accord State v. Robinson, 6th
Dist. Erie No. E-07-020, 2009-Ohio-2921, ¶ 17 (the wording of the Megan’s Law
version of R.C. 2950.05 “ ‘plainly indicates a purpose to impose strict liability’ within
the meaning of R.C. 2901.21(B)”). See State v. Stansell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
23630, 2010-Ohio-5756 (indictment for failure to notify under R.C. 2950.05 not
defective for failing to allege a mens rea of recklessness because the statute imposes
strict liability, and a mens rea element is not required); State v. Ramsey, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-090076, 2010-Ohio-2456 (failure to verify a current address under
the Adam Walsh Act version of R.C. 2950.06 is a strict liability offense).
{¶10} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 107, 2010-Ohio-6301, 942 N.E.2d
347, paragraph two of the syllabus, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “R.C.
2901.21(B) does not supply the mens rea of recklessness unless there is a complete
absence of mens rea in the section defining the offense and there is no plain
indication of a purpose to impose strict liability.” Specifically, Johnson held that a
conviction under R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) for having weapons while under a disability
does not require proof of a culpable mental state for the element that the offender
has been convicted of a drug offense. Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶11} Smith argues that Johnson requires the application of R.C. 2901.21(B)
to supply the mental state of recklessness to alleged violations of the sex-offender
notification and registration statutes because they do not contain a mental state. We
disagree. Ohio has a long line of precedent recognizing that the General Assembly’s
plain purpose was to impose strict liability for violations of R.C. Chapter 2950. We
do not see how the holding in Johnson changes that analysis. See State v. Stewart,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94863, 2011-Ohio-612 (noting Johnson in holding that the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Adam Walsh Act version of R.C. 2950.05 is a strict-liability offense, and declaring
that “until the Supreme Court holds that a violation of R.C. 2950.05 is not a strict
liability offense, we continue to follow the law in our district”).
Conclusion
{¶12} Failure to notify of an address change under the Megan’s Law version
of R.C. 2950.05 is a strict-liability offense. Because Smith has failed to demonstrate
a manifest injustice, the trial court did not err in overruling his motion to withdraw
his no-contest plea. The assignment of error is overruled and the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, P.J., and HILDEBRANDT, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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