State v. Johnson ( 1988 )

I concur in the judgment and opinion but write separately to address the broad language used in the lead opinion which contends that "[n]either the United States Supreme Court nor the Ohio Supreme Court has said that a warrantless search incident to an invalid arrest is proper if the arresting officer acts in good faith."

As appellant concedes that the arrest warrant was issued without probable cause, the only issue is whether the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, as set forth in UnitedStates v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S. 897, and adopted in Ohio inState v. Wilmoth (1986), 22 Ohio St. 3d 251, 22 OBR 427,490 N.E.2d 1236, is applicable to the instant case.¹ For the reasons which follow, I conclude that the circumstances of the instant case do not fall within the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

The Fourth Amendment applies equally to arrest warrants as well as to search warrants. "The language of the Fourth Amendment, that `. . . no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing . . . the persons or things to be seized,' of course applies to arrest as well as search warrants."Giordenello v. United States (1958), 357 U.S. 480, 485-486.

When evidence is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the judicially developed exclusionary rule usually precludes its use in a criminal proceeding against the victim of the illegal search and seizure. Illinois v. Krull (1987), 480 U.S. 340, 347;Weeks v. United States (1914), 232 U.S. 383; Mapp v. Ohio (1961),367 U.S. 643. However, a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule exists where evidence is obtained by a police officer whose reliance on a search warrant issued by a neutral magistrate was objectively reasonable, even though the warrant was ultimately found to be defective. Leon, supra; United States v. Cassity (C.A. 6, 1986), 807 F.2d 509, 510.

The Leon court determined that there was no sound reason to apply the exclusionary rule as a means of deterring misconduct on the part of judicial officers who are responsible for issuing warrants because: (1) the exclusionary rule was historically designed to deter police misconduct rather than punish the errors of judges and magistrates; (2) there was no evidence suggesting that judges and magistrates are inclined to ignore or subvert the Fourth Amendment or that lawlessness among these actors requires application of the extreme sanction of exclusion; and (3) there was no basis for believing that exclusion of evidence seized pursuant to a warrant will have a significant deterrent effect on the issuing judge or magistrate. Krull, supra, at 348; Leon,supra, at 916-917. Moreover, the Supreme Court of the United States considered whether application of the exclusionary rule in that context could be expected to alter behavior of law enforcement officers. Krull, supra, at 348; Leon, supra, at 918.

Law enforcement officers must present the magistrate sufficient information to determine probable cause; a warrant cannot be supported by a "bare bones" affidavit. Leon, supra, at 915. In the instant case no supporting affidavit setting forth the facts to establish probable cause was filed with the complaint. The complaint provided in part as follows:

"Complainant Pt. Lyle Delph being first duly sworn states thatGregory `Chip' Johnson defendant did on or about August 30, 1986 in the County of Highland, State of Ohio and Township of Madison he did act in a way tending to cause a child to become an unruly child as defined in Section 2151.022 of the Revised Code by purchasing beer for Patricia A. Jackson.

"In violation of section 2919.24(A) (2) ORC

"* * *

"CLERK'S DETERMINATION

"There appearing to be probable cause that the above offense has been committed by the defendant a warrant will be issued herein. * * *"

Crim. R. 4(A)(1), concerning issuance of arrest warrants or summons upon complaint, provides in pertinent part:

"If it appears from the complaint, or from an affidavit oraffidavits filed with the complaint, that there is probable causeto believe that an offense has been committed, and that thedefendant has committed it, a warrant for the arrest of the defendant, or a summons in lieu of a warrant, shall be issued by a judge, clerk of court, or officer of the court designated by the judge, to any law enforcement officer authorized by law to execute or serve it." (Emphasis added.)

Manifestly, before one of the officials designated by Crim. R. 4(A)(1) can determine whether probable cause exists for the arrest, law enforcement officials must provide sufficient information in the complaint or affidavit filed with the complaint to allow that official to determine probable cause.Leon, supra, at 915. Law enforcement officials must "`provide the magistrate with a substantial basis for determining the existence of probable cause.'" Id., citing Illinois v. Gates (1983),462 U.S. 213, 239. In the case sub judice the police officer provided the deputy clerk of court with only a "bare bones" complaint. Under such circumstances, a law enforcement official is not reasonably entitled to rely in good faith upon the arrest warrant issued upon the complaint.

Other courts have also held that the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule is not available where the arrest warrant was issued on the strength of a bare bones affidavit. UnitedStates v. Jackson (C.A. 5, 1987), 818 F.2d 345; Stewart v.State (1986), 289 Ark. 272, 711 S.W.2d 787. The Supreme Court of the United States in Leon also determined that an officer does not manifest objective good faith in relying on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. Leon, supra, at 923;Brown v. Illinois (1975), 422 U.S. 590, at 610-611.

Additionally, as Judge Grey indicates, the court in Leon, at 923, fn. 24, concluded that:

"Nothing in our opinion suggests, for example, that an officer could obtain a warrant on the basis of a `bare bones' affidavit and then rely on colleagues who are ignorant of the circumstances under which the warrant was obtained to conduct the search. SeeWhiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560, 568 (1971)."

Therefore, the fact that the arrest warrant was executed in good faith by a colleague of the officer who swore out the complaint does not fall within the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

The issue of the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule where there is a search incident to an arrest warrant which is subsequently found to be invalid has been addressed in Ohio:

"An interesting approach to the `good faith' exception was taken by the Licking County Court of Appeals * * * [in State v.Gough (1986), 35 Ohio App. 3d 81, 519 N.E.2d 842]. There, the defendant was arrested on an improperly issued bench warrant. The bench warrant was issued when the court was notified that the defendant had failed to serve the remainder of a sentence for disorderly conduct, when in fact the defendant had served his time. The defendant's name did not appear on a list of people who had served their time. A search incident to the arrest on the bench warrant turned up LSD and the defendant was prosecuted.

"The state argued at the suppression hearing that the exclusionary rule should not be applied because the arresting officer acted in good faith reliance on the warrant. The court of appeals rejected this argument. Acknowledging that Leon andSheppard held that the exclusionary rule should not be applied to a judge's errors, the court, nonetheless, suppressed the evidence because of the need to deter the police conduct involved in the case. While the arresting officer acted in good faith and relied on the warrant, the court correctly read Leon and Sheppard to require that the exception be applied only when the collective effort of the law enforcement personnel in the case meets the standard of reasonableness. Here, the court found that the error was not the judge's but that of the law enforcement agency which had communicated inaccurate information to the municipal court. This occurred, according to the court, because at the time the bench warrant was issued, there was no standard procedure by which law enforcement personnel informed the municipal court whether a defendant had properly served his time. Not to suppress, the court said, `would be to encourage careless, perhaps deliberately neglectful, record keeping.'

"In a concurring opinion, Judge Milligan wrote that the remedy of exclusion is particularly appropriate to the constitutional offense in this case because it was different from a situation where the error was reasonably unavoidable. He pointed out that the same police department that created the clerical inaccuracy had also made the arrest and had the capacity to ameliorate the practice that led to the error." (Footnotes omitted.) Katz, Ohio Arrest, Search and Seizure (2 Ed. 1987) 29-30, Section 3.05.

The case sub judice is factually similar to Gough in that both involve suppression of evidence which evidence was discovered incident to an arrest warrant that was subsequently determined to be invalid. Like Gough, supra, the police in the instant case did not meet the standard of reasonableness in their reliance on the arrest warrant to fall within the good faith requirement of Leon,supra. The evidence in the instant case was, therefore, properly suppressed by the trial court.

¹ It is settled law in Ohio that the exclusionary rule will be applied only to constitutional violations and will not be applied when the violation is solely of state law. See Kettering

v. Hollen (1980), 64 Ohio St. 2d 232, 18 Ohio Op. 3d 435,416 N.E.2d 598; State v. Downs (1977), 51 Ohio St. 2d 47, 64, 5 Ohio Op. 3d 30, 40, 364 N.E.2d 1140, 1150-1151; State v. Myers (1971), 26 Ohio St. 2d 190, 55 Ohio Op. 2d 447, 271 N.E.2d 245. It is asserted in appellant's brief that a juvenile had informed Officer Delph, when the juvenile and others had been stopped by the officer, that appellee Johnson had furnished them with alcohol. While this information could arguably constitute probable cause constitutionally sufficient for arrest so as to preclude application of the exclusionary rule, even though contrary to R.C. 2935.03, such information is not in the record. Thus, we do not reach or decide whether the arrest was constitutionally valid irrespective of invalidity of the arrest under state law. In sum, on the record before us, probable cause was not demonstrated.