State v. Keeton , 2023 Ohio 1230 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Keeton, 2023-Ohio-1230.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Appellee : C.A. No. 29535
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2022 CRB 309
:
LARRY KEETON : (Criminal Appeal from Municipal Court)
:
Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on April 14, 2023
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AMY B. MUSTO, Attorney for Appellee
ANDREW S. POLLIS, Attorney for Appellant
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EPLEY, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Larry Keeton appeals from his conviction, challenging
a condition of his community control imposed upon him by the Dayton Municipal Court.
For the reasons that follow, the judgment of the trial court will be vacated as to the
challenged condition. In all other respects, the judgment will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
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{¶ 2} Keeton and Courtney Knight had been in a romantic relationship for
approximately six years and, for most of that time, they had lived together at various
residences in Dayton. In the morning hours of January 30, 2022, Knight was in bed when
she was awakened by Keeton’s pulling the blankets off her; he wanted to have sex. Knight
repeatedly told him “no” and that she “wanted to sleep,” but Keeton was undeterred.
Getting fed up, Knight “told him to use a sexual toy that he had,” but instead of taking his
girlfriend’s advice, Keeton got mad and threw the object at Knight, striking her on the left
side of the face.
{¶ 3} The couple continued to argue, and eventually things escalated. Knight
testified that Keeton punched her in the face on the left side of her jaw, leaving a bruise
that lasted a week. Knight admitted that she fought back, striking Keeton in the back, but
that only led to intensified hostility from her boyfriend. Keeton then got a phone cord and
wrapped it tightly around Knight’s neck. According to trial testimony, Keeton told her that
“if [she] didn’t stop crying he was going to do something about it.” Trial Tr. at 14.
{¶ 4} After several hours, Knight was able to get out of the house and then met
with police at a nearby McDonald’s, where she told officers what had transpired. Officers
took photographs of Knight’s injuries. A few weeks later, Keeton was charged by criminal
complaint with domestic violence (R.C. 2919.25(A)) and assault (R.C. 2903.13), both
misdemeanors of the first degree. The case progressed to a bench trial on April 11, 2022.
During that proceeding, the court heard testimony from Knight and a Dayton police officer
involved with the case; Keeton also testified on his own behalf.
{¶ 5} After taking the matter under advisement at the conclusion of trial, the court
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found Keeton guilty of both charges and set the matter for sentencing. At the sentencing
hearing, the guilty verdicts were merged, and the State elected to proceed on the
domestic violence charge. The court then sentenced Keeton to 180 days in jail (all
suspended), imposed a fine and court costs, and ordered one year of supervised
probation with several conditions. Of importance to this appeal, one of the conditions the
court imposed was that Keeton undergo a drug and alcohol assessment and any
recommended treatment.
{¶ 6} Keeton’s appeal raises one assignment of error.
II. Conditions of Probation
{¶ 7} In his assignment of error, Keeton argues that the trial court abused its
discretion when it ordered him to undergo a drug and alcohol assessment and comply
with any recommended treatment. He reasons that this condition of community control
was unlawful because there was nothing in the record to link drug or alcohol use or abuse
with his crime of domestic violence. Keeton is correct.
{¶ 8} A trial court has wide discretion to impose conditions of community control,
but its discretion is not unlimited. State v. Keggan, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2006-CA-9, 2006-
Ohio-6663, ¶ 66. The Ohio Supreme Court has concluded that community control
conditions must be related to the interest of justice, the rehabilitation of the offender, and
ensuring the offender continues with good behavior. State v. Jones, 49 Ohio St.3d 51, 52,
550 N.E.2d 469 (1990). To help determine whether a condition of community control
satisfies the requirements, the Court set out three elements which must be satisfied: (1)
the condition is reasonably related to rehabilitating the offender; (2) it must have some
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relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted; and (3) the condition relates
to conduct which is criminal or reasonably related to criminality and serves the statutory
ends of probation. Id. at 53.
{¶ 9} The imposition of conditions of community control is reviewed under the
abuse of discretion standard. State v. Talty, 103 Ohio St.3d 177, 2004-Ohio-4888, 814
N.E.2d 1201, ¶ 10. To constitute an abuse of discretion, a trial court’s action must be
arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable. Ojalvo v. Bd. of Trustees of Ohio State Univ.,
12 Ohio St.3d 230, 232, 466 N.E.2d 875 (1984). “It is to be expected that most instances
of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply unreasonable, rather than
decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary.” State v. Malloy, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2011-
CA-21, 2012-Ohio-2664, ¶ 24.
{¶ 10} Courts across the state, including this one, have considered this issue and
have consistently concluded that to impose drug or alcohol screenings or treatment as
conditions of probation, there must be a link between substance abuse and the crime
committed. See Keggan; State v. Voelker, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-060022, 2006-Ohio-
6978; State v. Chavers, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 04-CA-0022, 2005-Ohio-714.
{¶ 11} In Keggan, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2006-CA-9, 2006-Ohio-6663, the defendant
pled no contest to aggravated menacing after he allegedly threatened his neighbor with
a shotgun. One of the conditions of probation imposed upon him was that he would not
“consume or possess any alcohol or drug of abuse or be in a bar or place that serves
alcoholic beverages.” On appeal, Keggan argued that the prohibition of alcohol was an
abuse of discretion because there was no evidence that his crime was caused by alcohol
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use. This Court agreed and reversed the trial court’s judgment, finding “there is no
evidence in the record that he had a problem with alcohol that required treatment or that
alcohol played any role in the aggravated menacing offense. In addition, the record
contains no evidence that a restriction on alcohol is related to possible future criminal acts
by Keggan.” Id. at ¶ 67.
{¶ 12} Similarly, in Voelker, the defendant was charged with domestic violence for
head-butting his wife in the face. He later pled to a lesser charge, but as a condition of
probation, he was required to complete alcohol treatment and submit to random urine
screenings. Voelker challenged the treatment and screening requirements as not being
related to the crime of which he was convicted. The First District Court of Appeals agreed
with Voelker and noted:
Though many domestic-violence events are unquestionably linked to
substance abuse, there is not an automatic relationship between alcohol-
treatment and urine-screen probation conditions and the offense of
domestic violence. Nor has it been alleged that alcohol or substance abuse
accompanied the offense to which [Voelker] pleaded guilty. Because the
record does not show a reasonable relationship between the probation
conditions and the domestic-violence incident, the trial court abused its
discretion when it imposed the alcohol-treatment and random-urine-
screening conditions.
Voelker at ¶ 7.
{¶ 13} In this case, the court’s order for drug and alcohol assessments could
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plausibly be tied to the first and third Jones factors. For instance, getting drug and alcohol
assessments and treatment could reasonably be related to rehabilitating Keeton.
Becoming drug and alcohol free is often a first step to consistent engagement in lawful
behavior. This condition of community control could also logically relate to the statutory
ends of community control and generally relate to many instances of criminality. However,
in this scenario, there was nothing in the record that tied the crimes Keeton committed to
substance abuse. There was no testimony that he was drunk or high when he attacked
Knight. Instead, the motivation of the crime seemed to be purely sexual; Keeton wanted
to have intercourse, and when Knight declined, he became enraged, punching and then
strangling her. The conditions failed on the second factor. The trial court therefore abused
its discretion.
{¶ 14} Nevertheless, the State argues that even if it were an error for the trial court
to order the substance abuse assessment and treatment, it was an error invited by Keeton
himself. We disagree. The doctrine of invited error is a corollary of the principle of
equitable estoppel. Under the invited error doctrine, an appellant cannot attack a
judgment for errors committed by himself or herself, for errors that the appellant induced
the court to commit, or for errors into which the appellant either intentionally or
unintentionally misled the court, and for which the appellant is responsible. State v.
Minkner, 194 Ohio App.3d 694, 2011-Ohio-3106, 957 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 15} The State’s argument here revolves around its belief that Keeton’s attorney
asked for drug and alcohol treatment at the sentencing hearing, citing the following
remarks:
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Mr. Keeton has been involved with our social work department. We have
been trying to get him into some treatment facilities. Unfortunately, there is
just some kind of big backlog, so he is still waiting to get into some of those,
but our social worker has been working with him to draft up a memo.
Sentencing Tr. at 4. To buttress its position that Keeton invited the trial court’s error, the
State cites two cases: State v. Smith, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-01-009, 2002 WL
553705 (April 15, 2002) and State v. Coulter, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-170669, 2019-
Ohio-1375.
{¶ 16} In Smith, the defendant was ordered, as a condition of his probation, to stay
out of the city of Hamilton. Upon review, the appellate court found that condition failed the
Jones test as to all three elements, but it noted that Smith himself invited that error when
he informed the court at the disposition, “I can go to Kentucky, your Honor, and stay with
my brother, if you want to bar me from town. I just want to do what’s right.” Smith at *5.
{¶ 17} In Coulter, the defendant (a juvenile at the time) shot and killed a man as
he walked home one night. Coulter was charged with aggravated murder, aggravated
robbery, and tampering with evidence. Eventually, he pled guilty to involuntary
manslaughter, among other things, and negotiated a 20-year prison sentence. At
sentencing, defense counsel concluded his remarks by stating: “I would ask the Court to
impose the suggested sentence of 20 years.” On appeal, Coulter challenged the validity
of his sentence, but the First District rejected the argument, noting that this “seems to us
to be a quintessential case of invited error – a party cannot request a certain result (here,
a 20-year sentence) and then complain on appeal that the judge did his bidding.” Coulter
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at ¶ 5.
{¶ 18} While Smith and Coulter are clear examples of invited error, we find both
cases to be distinguishable from Keeton’s. In both of those cases, the defendant (or his
attorney) affirmatively acted to induce the trial court to do something. Smith offered to
move to Kentucky and Coulter’s attorney negotiated and then (on the record) asked for a
20-year prison term before turning around and arguing that it was error. In this case
though, Keeton’s attorney merely mentioned that he had been trying to get into “some
treatment facilities.” Sentencing Tr. at 4. The State takes this statement a step further and
posits that it was a drug and alcohol treatment facility for which Keeton was advocating,
but just a sentence later, Keeton’s counsel told the court that he wanted “help with his
anger issues.” Id. The State’s argument that Keeton asked for substance abuse
treatment is belied by the record, and the claim of invited error fails.
{¶ 19} The condition of community control that Keeton submit to drug and alcohol
assessments and then comply with recommendations thereafter was not related to the
crime of which he was convicted. Further, he did not invite the trial court’s error. Keeton’s
assignment of error is sustained.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 20} The condition of community control which required Keeton to complete a
drug and alcohol assessment and follow through with any treatment as recommended will
be vacated. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
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TUCKER, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.