State v. Hunter , 2023 Ohio 1317 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Hunter, 2023-Ohio-1317.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
Appellee, : CASE NO. CA2022-05-054
: OPINION
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:
TROY DEAN HUNTER, JR., :
Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. CR2022-03-0421
Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael Greer, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Michele Temmel, for appellant.
BYRNE, J.
{¶1} Troy Dean Hunter appeals from the sentence imposed by the Butler County
Court of Common Pleas. For the reasons described below, we affirm the trial court's
decision to impose consecutive sentences, but reverse and remand for the trial court to
enter a nunc pro tunc sentencing entry.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
{¶2} In April 2022, in case number CR2022-03-0410 ("Case 410"), a Butler County
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grand jury indicted Hunter for grand theft of a motor vehicle (a fourth-degree felony). Also
in April 2022, in case number CR2022-03-0421 ("Case 421"), a Butler County grand jury
indicted Hunter on three counts: count one, grand theft of a motor vehicle (a fourth-degree
felony); count two, grand theft of a motor vehicle (a fourth-degree felony); and count three,
identity fraud (a fifth-degree felony).1
{¶3} On May 19, 2022, Hunter, Hunter's attorney, and the prosecutor appeared
before the trial court to enter into a plea agreement. Hunter agreed to plead guilty to the
sole count in Case 410 and to count one in Case 421. In return, the state agreed to seek
dismissal of the remaining counts in Case 421.
{¶4} At the plea hearing, the court engaged Hunter in a Crim.R. 11 colloquy to
ensure that Hunter was entering his plea voluntarily, knowingly, and with an understanding
of the constitutional rights he was waiving upon entering the plea. During the colloquy, the
court asked Hunter if he was on probation. Hunter admitted that he was on probation with
the Fairfield Municipal Court for a falsification offense. Hunter's attorney indicated that he
had informed Hunter that his pleas may result in Hunter being found to be in violation of the
terms of his probation on that case, and that Hunter understood.
{¶5} The court reviewed with Hunter the maximum prison term he was facing and
further informed Hunter that the court could impose consecutive sentences. Hunter
acknowledged his understanding of the maximum prison term and the court's ability to
impose consecutive sentences. Hunter specifically acknowledged that he could be sent to
prison for 36 months if the court imposed the maximum sentences and ran them
consecutively.
1. This appeal concerns only Case 421. The record of Case 410 is not before us and Hunter apparently did
not appeal that case. As a result, we are relying upon counsel's representations with respect to certain
information in the opinion about Case 410.
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{¶6} After acknowledging his understanding of all the rights he was foregoing by
pleading guilty, Hunter pleaded guilty to one count each in Case 410 and Case 421, as he
had agreed to do. The court accepted Hunter's pleas and found him guilty.
{¶7} At Hunter's request, the matter proceeded immediately to sentencing. Hunter
waived a pre-sentence investigation. Hunter's attorney noted that—against his advice—
Hunter wished to waive any right to be placed on community control and wished to be
sentenced to prison. Hunter agreed that this was his choice.
{¶8} Defense counsel argued on Hunter's behalf in mitigation. He explained that
his client was 25 years old and had a six-year-old son. Hunter grew up poor and was only
educated through the seventh grade. He had a drug issue, which he knew he needed to
address.
{¶9} The victim in Case 410 then spoke about the impact of Hunter's theft of the
victim's vehicle. The victim stated that he was inconvenienced by Hunter's actions but
asked the court to "take it easy" on Hunter and relayed that he had also had a "drug
situation" when he was younger.
{¶10} The victim in Case 421 spoke next. The victim stated that Hunter stole his
vehicle from Planet Fitness, took his debit card, swiped it at Speedway, and then tried to
cash the victim's payroll check. Hunter also tried to charge $750 on Amazon. The victim
stated that Hunter had done "a lot of damage to my life" and that he now has "severe
anxiety." The victim stated he had installed a security system at his house and that he had
to sign up for "Lifelock." The victim stated he had found "blow stains" (presumably a
reference to illegal drugs) and a needle in his vehicle. Finally, the victim stated that he had
been to several court hearings on Hunter's case and that his boss was getting frustrated
with him and there was the potential he could lose his job.
{¶11} After listening to the victims' statements, the court indicated that it had
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considered the record, the charges, the pleas of guilt, the oral statements presented, and
the victim impact statements. The court further noted that it had considered the purposes
and principles of sentencing under R.C. 2929.11 and the seriousness and recidivism factors
pursuant to R.C. 2929.12. The court additionally noted that it had considered the
appropriateness of community control sanctions pursuant to R.C. 2929.13.
{¶12} The court sentenced Hunter to 12 months in prison for the grand theft of a
motor vehicle offense in Case 410 and to 18 months in prison for the grand theft of a motor
vehicle offense in Case 421. The court then stated it would order the sentences to be
served consecutively. In explaining its decision to order consecutive sentences, the court
noted that the presumption of concurrent sentences had been rebutted based upon the
circumstances and the severity of Hunter's conduct. The court found that consecutive
sentences were necessary to adequately protect the public from future crime and to
appropriately punish Hunter. The court found that consecutive sentences were not
disproportionate to the seriousness of Hunter's conduct and the danger that Hunter posed
to the public. The court further found that at least two of the multiple offenses were
committed as part of one or more courses of conduct, and that the harm caused by two or
more of the multiple offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of
the offenses committed as part of the courses of conduct adequately reflected the
seriousness of Hunter's conduct. Finally, the court noted that Hunter had a history of
criminal conduct that demonstrated that consecutive sentences were necessary to protect
the public from future crimes. Hunter appealed and assigned one error for our review.
II. Law and Analysis
{¶13} Hunter's sole assignment of error states:
{¶14} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. HUNTER WHEN
IT SENTENCED HIM TO CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES IN THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF
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REHABILITATION AND CORRECTIONS.
{¶15} Hunter argues that the record fails to support two of the trial court's
consecutive sentence findings.
A. Applicable Law
1. Required Findings for Consecutive Sentences
{¶16} When imposing consecutive sentences, a sentencing court is required "to
make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and
incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry * * *." State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,
2014-Ohio-3177, syllabus. That statute states:
If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for
convictions of multiple offenses, the court may require the
offender to serve the prison terms consecutively if the court finds
that the consecutive service is necessary to protect the public
from future crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive
sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the
offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the
public, and if the court also finds any of the following:
(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses
while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a
sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or
2929.18 of the Revised Code, or was under post-release control
for a prior offense.
(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part
of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two
or more of the multiple offenses so committed was so great or
unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses
committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately
reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct.
(c) The offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from
future crime by the offender.
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).
{¶17} Stated more simply, to impose consecutive sentences, a sentencing court
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must find (1) "that the consecutive service is necessary to protect the public from future
crime or to punish the offender[,]" (2) "that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate
to the seriousness of the offender's conduct[,]" and (3) that at least one of the three
conditions described in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a), (b), or (c) apply. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).
{¶18} "When imposing consecutive sentences, a trial court must state the required
findings as part of the sentencing hearing, and by doing so it affords notice to the offender
and to defense counsel." Bonnell at ¶ 29, citing Crim.R. 32(A)(4). "[A] word-for-word
recitation of the language of the statute is not required," though, "and as long as the
reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and can
determine that the record contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive sentences
should be upheld." Id.
2. Standard of Review
{¶19} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) defines the standard of review for felony-sentencing
appeals. State v. Day, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2020-07-042 and CA2020-7-043, 2021-
Ohio-164, ¶ 6. As applicable here, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) provides:
The appellate court may take any action authorized by this
division if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following:
(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court's
findings under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division
(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14, or division (I) of section
2929.20 of the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant;
(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶20} "The consecutive sentence statute, R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), is one of the relevant
statutes specifically mentioned in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)." State v. Richey, 12th Dist. Clermont
Nos. CA2022-08-038 thru CA2022-08-041, 2023-Ohio-336, ¶ 12. "Thus, there are two
ways that a defendant can challenge consecutive sentences on appeal." State v. Shiveley,
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12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2022-04-017, 2022-Ohio-4036, ¶ 7. "The defendant can argue
either that the imposition of consecutive sentences is contrary to law because the trial court
failed to make the necessary consecutive sentence findings required by R.C.
2929.14(C)(4), or that the record does not support the trial court's consecutive sentence
findings made under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)." Richey at ¶ 12, citing Shiveley at ¶ 7. "These
are the only two means that the legislature provided to defendants to challenge their
consecutive sentences on appeal." Id., citing State v. Gwynne, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-
4607, ¶ 11.
{¶21} In this appeal, Hunter does not dispute that the trial court made the
consecutive sentence findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Hunter therefore concedes
that the trial court's decision to impose consecutive sentences was not clearly and
convincingly contrary to law under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b). Richey at ¶ 13.
{¶22} Instead, Hunter argues—pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a)—that the record
does not support two of the trial court's consecutive sentence findings under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). As we explained in Richey, the Ohio Supreme Court recently held that
"[s]uch a challenge requires this court to review the record de novo and decide whether the
record clearly and convincingly does not support the trial court's consecutive sentence
findings." Richey at ¶ 13, citing Gwynne at ¶ 1. In conducting this de novo review, this
court "essentially functions in the same way as the trial court when imposing consecutive
sentences in the first instance." Gwynne at ¶ 21.
{¶23} However, we are constrained "to considering only those consecutive
sentence findings that the trial court actually made." Richey at ¶ 14, citing Gwynne at ¶ 21.
"Therefore, upon a de novo review of the record, this court may reverse or modify
consecutive sentences—including the number of consecutive sentences imposed by the
trial court[,]" but only if we clearly and convincingly find "that the record does not support
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the trial court's consecutive sentence findings made under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)." (Emphasis
added.) Richey at ¶ 14, citing Gwynne at ¶ 12. This means that we may only reverse or
modify consecutive sentences when we have "a firm belief or conviction that the proposition
of fact represented by each finding is not true on consideration of the evidence in the
record." Gwynne at ¶ 21.
B. Analysis
{¶24} Hunter does not challenge the trial court's finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)
that consecutive sentences are "necessary to protect the public from future crime or to
punish the offender * * *." Nor does Hunter challenge the trial court's finding under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4) that consecutive sentences "are not disproportionate to the seriousness of
the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public * * *."2
{¶25} Instead, Hunter challenges the trial court's findings under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4)(b) and (c). First, Hunter challenges the trial court's finding, nearly quoting
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b), that "at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of
one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by the two or more of the multiple
offenses so committed was great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the
offenses committed as part of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness
of the Defendant's conduct."
{¶26} Second, Hunter challenges the trial court's finding, nearly quoting R.C.
2929.14(C)(4)(c), that "the Defendant's criminal conduct—his history of criminal conduct
demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future
crime by this Defendant."
2. Even if Hunter's appellate brief could be interpreted as stating that such findings were being challenged,
the fact remains that Hunter makes no argument regarding these specific findings. In any event, upon our
de novo review we do not find that the record clearly and convincingly does not support any of the trial
court's consecutive sentence findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).
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{¶27} In support of these challenges, Hunter argues that his convictions in Cases
410 and 421 were his first felony convictions, that he had never been to prison before, and
that there was no evidence indicating that the public needed to be protected from Hunter.
He also argues that the two offenses were mere "property crimes" and were not so "great
or unusual" that consecutive sentences were warranted.
{¶28} Upon our de novo review of the record, we disagree with Hunter's argument
regarding the trial court's finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b). The record reflects that
Hunter was on either "probation" or community control sanctions through the Fairfield
Municipal Court when he was charged with four felonies including grand theft of a motor
vehicle and identity fraud. He subsequently pleaded guilty to two of those felony counts.
In both cases Hunter entered a Planet Fitness athletic facility, deceptively stated that he
needed to use the restroom, then searched the restroom/locker room area until he found
car keys. He stole the keys, determined which vehicles they belonged to in the parking lot,
and stole the vehicles. In one case the victim recounted that Hunter not only stole his
vehicle, but also his debit card, which he tried to use to make a purchase. The victim further
stated that Hunter also tried to cash the victim's payroll check, tried to charge $750 to
Amazon, and caused "a lot of damage to my life." The victim explained that Hunter's acts
left the victim with "severe anxiety," which led him to install a security system and to sign
up for "Lifelock." In other words, Hunter engaged in a planned, premeditated—and
repeated—effort to steal car keys from unsuspecting persons in a public place and to then
use those keys to steal vehicles (and, necessarily, their contents). At least one of the
victims was significantly affected by Hunter's acts. Hunter certainly committed the theft of
motor vehicle offenses in a course of conduct, and the harm caused by the offenses was
so great that no single prison term reflects the seriousness of his conduct.
{¶29} We also disagree with Hunter's argument that the offenses in Cases 410 and
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421 to which he pleaded guilty were mere "property crimes" and were "not unusual at all."
While the felony theft offenses with which Hunter was charged may not have been
"unusual," R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b) does not require a finding that the offenses were
"unusual." Rather, it requires a finding that the offenses were so "great or unusual" that no
single prison term would "reflect[] the seriousness of the offender's conduct." (Emphasis
added.) That is, "great" and "unusual" are stated as alternatives in the statute. Hunter was
charged with and convicted of two felony theft offenses. The victim in Case 421 testified to
the significant negative impact Hunter's criminal actions had caused him. Hunter committed
the same offense when he stole the vehicle of the victim in Case 410. Hunter's acts caused
great harm.
{¶30} For these reasons, we do not find that the record clearly and convincingly
does not support the trial court's consecutive sentence finding under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4)(b).3 Gwynne, 2022-Ohio-4607 at ¶ 12; Richey, 2023-Ohio-336 at ¶ 14.
{¶31} Because a trial court, in order to impose consecutive sentences, must make
the two findings in the first paragraph of R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) (which findings Hunter does
not challenge here) and only one of the three findings outlined in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a),
(b), or (c), our conclusion with regard to the trial court's finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b)
is sufficient for us to affirm the trial court's sentencing decision. We therefore do not need
to consider the trial court's finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c), which concerns Hunter's
history of criminal conduct.
{¶32} However, although not presented as assigned error by Hunter or raised by
the state, a review of the record does reveal a sentencing error. Our review of the judgment
entry of conviction revealed that the trial court erred by failing to incorporate all R.C.
3. We are aware that our conclusion is awkwardly stated in the negative, or in the double negative. But this
is what is required under Gwynne.
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2929.14(C)(4) findings made at the hearing in the judgment entry of conviction. Specifically,
while the court recorded its findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c), it neglected to incorporate
its findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b).
{¶33} The Ohio Supreme Court has held, "[a] trial court's inadvertent failure to
incorporate the statutory findings in the sentencing entry after properly making those
findings at the sentencing hearing does not render the sentence contrary to law * * *."
Bonnell, 2014-Ohio-3177 at ¶ 30. Instead, "such a clerical mistake may be corrected by
the court through a nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what actually occurred in open court." Id.{¶34} To that end, although we find no error in the trial court's decision to impose
consecutive sentences in this matter, we sustain Hunter's assignment of error as it relates
to the trial court's failure to incorporate the consecutive sentence findings it made at the
sentencing hearing into its sentencing entry. Therefore, we remand this matter to the trial
court for the limited purpose of issuing a nunc pro tunc sentencing entry to reflect the trial
court's statutory findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). "'Such an administrative correction
does not necessitate a new sentencing hearing.'" State v. Fridley, 12th Dist. Clermont No.
CA2016-05-030, 2017-Ohio-4368, ¶ 52, quoting State v. Lung, 12th Dist. Clermont No.
CA2014-12-081, 2015-Ohio-3833, ¶ 20. The trial court's decision to impose consecutive
sentences in all other respects is affirmed.
III. Conclusion
{¶35} Upon our de novo review of the record, we do not find that the record clearly
and convincingly does not support the trial court's consecutive sentence findings under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). However, we remand as described above for the issuance of a nunc pro
tunc sentencing entry.
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{¶36} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for the limited
purposes of issuing a nunc pro tunc entry.
S. POWELL, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.
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