Colclasure v. Colclasure , 295 P.3d 1123 ( 2012 )

KAUGER, J.:

T1 The only issue presented on appeal is whether the trial court erred in its valuation of the marital business. We reverse and remand to the trial court for a valuation of the parties' marital business which includes any loss in its value due to husband's competing business. Such a determination must include its value as of the date that the husband purchased a share of the business, as well as any offset to the valuation of husband's share of the business because he received money from the business during the pendency of the divorce.

FACTS

€2 The appellant, Lori Colclasure Dean (wife), was, from January 1, 1999, until January 1, 2004, the sole owner and operator of Arrow Hardwood Floors, LLC, (Arrow)¹ Arrow was an Oklahoma Limited Liability Company under the Articles of Organization filed with the Oklahoma Secretary of State on April 2, 1998. On January 1, 2004, Dean and appellee Kent Colelasure (husband), executed a document entitled Unit Purchase Agreement for Dean's sale of forty-nine percent (49%) of Arrow Hardwood Floors to her then fiancée, Colelasure. The purchase price under the agreement was five-thousand dollars ($5,000)² No valuation of the company was made at the time of the Unit Purchase Agreement. - However, Colelasure's expert indicated that the Gross Receipts for the calendar year 2008, were $635,549 and that the Gross Profits totaled $126,431.³

T3 The parties were married on October 1, 2004. On December 19, 2006, they executed a document entitled Operating Agreement for Arrow Hardwood Floors, LLC. The agreement was presented to them by an accountant and business consultant who worked for Arrow and was a friend of the husband.⁴ The template for the document was prepared by a lawyer and finalized by the accountant.⁵ The wife was described in the Agreement as the manager of Arrow and she signed the document as such. The husband and wife both signed as members. The Certificate of Agreed Value contained in the agreement was blank, as was the addendum setting forth their initial capital contributions and the percentages of ownership. The agreement contained two pertinent clauses which should be noted in their entirety, clause 6.08,⁶ concerning outside activities of members and clause 12.01,⁷ disqualification of a member.

T4 The wife and husband each worked at Arrow. The husband worked as the sales representative and the wife worked as the manager/bookkeeper. The petition for divorce was filed by the wife on December 28, 2009, and included an application for a temporary order. An agreed temporary order was filed on February 9, 2010. The agreement provided that the wife was to continue as the accountant, although the Agreement does not describe her as such, and that the husband was to work for the company as the sales representative. The parties were prohibited from incurring any corporate indebtedness without written permission from the other party or order of the court. The order provided for monthly distributions to be made to both parties.

15 By April of 2010, the relationship between the parties had deteriorated further. On or about April 1, 2010, at the Arrow premises, during a dispute over husband's charges of entertainment and other purchases to the company accounts, the husband shoved the wife, causing her to fall. As a result of the fall, the wife was treated for contusions and bruising to her tailbone and she filed for a victim's protective order. She terminated the husband from his role as the company's sales representative on April 5, 2010.

{6 The husband started his own flooring company in direct competition with Arrow and, pursuant to the agreed temporary order, used the Arrow showroom as his office. The wife alleged that the husband used Arrow order books, samples, mobile telephones, and transport in this competing business. She also alleged that he stole Arrow's customers and undercut Arrow on bids. On June 30, 2010, the trial court issued a minute order setting forth the parties' agreed use of the Arrow showroom. The order provided that the husband was not to use the warehouse; the telephone; say he was with Arrow or access Arrow's current bids; neither husband nor wife was to interfere with each other's business or customers. The husband was still receiving disbursements from Arrow.

T7 The case was tried during the last week of September of 2010; the Decree of Dissolution of Marriage was filed on January 28, 2011. The husband was awarded $235,200.00 in property division alimony for his forty-nine (49) percent interest in Arrow. This amount is forty-seven times the amount of his initial investment in Arrow, just five years before the divorcee was filed.

T8 The valuation of the business was not conducted pursuant to the terms of the Agreement. Both sides presented expert valuation testimony during the divorce trial. The valuations were significantly different. The procedures in the Agreement providing for a third tie-breaking evaluation were not used.⁸

T 9 The wife's expert, Kenneth W. Klingen-berg (Klingenberg), was a certified public accountant and a member of the Oklahoma Bar. His valuation was made using an income method and an excess earnings approach, with a December 31, 2009, valuation date. He testified that he used the end of the business year valuation date because the ree-ords were better and because the divorce was filed on December 28, 2009. His valuation reduced the total value of Arrow because of diversion of $298,085.58 in business by the husband. - Klingenberg calculated, using Dean's figures, that the loss in the value of Arrow because of diverted business was $104,830.⁹ His buy/sell valuation of Arrow was $216,315. He included the diverted business in the valuation because, although it occurred after the valuation date, a subsequent event, it was both known and knowable and thus should have been used in the valuation.

T 10 The husband's expert, Ralph E. Blod-gett (Blodgett), was a certified public accountant, a member of the Oklahoma Bar and a Certified Valuation Analyst. He used the capitalized cash flow method of valuation with a valuation date of November 80, 2009, which he stated was required by the agreement. He considered the filing of the divoree to be the Event of Dissolution. He calculated Arrow's value at $480,000, and the husband's interest at $235,200.¹⁰ He testified that the diversion of business by husband in 2010, was not known or knowable as of the date of valuation and thus could not be used to value the business.¹¹ This method precludes any reduction in the value of the business because of the husband's competing business. There was no evaluation of the enhanced benefits the husband received. The trial court valued the business at $480,000. The husband was awarded property division alimony of $235,200.

{11 The Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the value which the trial court placed on Arrow and the resulting amount of property division awarded husband for his portion of Arrow. We granted certiorari on May 14, 2012, to consider the disputed valuation of Arrow in the property division.

112 THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO CONSIDER A REDUCTION IN VALUATION OF THE MARITAL BUSINESS BECAUSE OF HUSBANDS BUSINESS COMPETTTION.

113 The wife argues that the husband's direct competition with Arrow caused a decrease in the value of the business which should have been reflected in the trial court's determination of Arrow's valuation and thus the amount of the husband's property division alimony. She argues that there was "double-dipping" by the husband because he had income from business diverted from Arrow and income from Arrow, with no adjustment whatsoever for the decline in Arrow's value because of this.

{14 The husband argues that, under the Agreement, the date of valuation was unalterably November 30, 2009. He also argues that, because his competition against Arrow took place after November 80, 2009, it cannot be used to alter the value of Arrow on the valuation date. He contends that, because the Agreement permitted his competition, he cannot be penalized for his actions by a reduction of his property award.

' 15 At the outset we note that the agreement was a buyout agreement and failing a buyout, an agreement for the dissolution of a business, which neither party followed. They did not obtain appraisers by the time they were required to do so under the contract. They did not follow the contract requirement that, if the appraisers did not agree, they would hire a third appraiser and follow an averaging valuation. Had the parties followed their own agreement, this matter could have been settled by the parties without the need to involve the trial court in the valuation process.

116 A divorce suit is one of equitable cognizance in which the trial court has discretionary power to divide the marital estate.¹² The trial court must follow the provisions of 48 O.S. 2006 § 121 which require a fair and equitable division of property acquired during the marriage by the joint industry of the husband and wife.¹³ The trial court has wide latitude in determining what part of jointly-acquired property shall be awarded to each party.¹⁴ However, a marital estate need not necessarily be equally divided to be an equitable division because the words just and reasonable in § 121 are not synonymous with equal.¹⁵ An appellate court will not disturb the trial court's property division absent a finding of abuse of discretion or a finding that the decision is clearly contrary to the weight of the evidence.¹⁶

117 Jointly-acquired property is that which is accumulated by the joint industry of the spouses during the marriage.¹⁷ A marital estate need not be equally divided in order for there to be equitable division, as the wife converted what was, prior to the marriage, her separate property, into a marital business by permitting the husband to "buy" an interest in the business for $5,000.00. Consequently, Arrow is now considered marital property subject to division in the divoree. However, a mere valuation of Arrow as of a date certain, November 30, 2009, or December 28, 2009, does not determine what portion of the value of the business was the result of the husband's efforts, the wife's efforts, or their joint efforts.

118 The trial court was not bound by the valuation date set forth in the Agreement when placing a value on the business for purposes of property division. Pursuant to Thielenhaus v. Thielenhaus, 1995 OK 5, 890 P.2d 925, the trial court is vested with discretion in determining the cut-off time for the valuation of marital assets, and the date of valuation is to be determined by the trial court after due consideration of all the circumstances of the case.¹⁸ The trial court is obligated by statute to ensure a fair and just division of the marital assets, and the only mechanism permitted by statute to override that obligation is an antenuptial agreement between the parties The Agreement at issue in this case was not entered into until after the parties married.¹⁹ The trial court wrongly held that the parties' Agreement, which they did not follow, required it to reach an unfair result in distributing the company's value between them.

119 The Agreement and the Unit Purchase Agreement provide no valuation of Arrow. The wife permitted the husband to buy into her existing business for what appears to be a nominal purchase price. Klin-genberg's valuation stated that the total income for Arrow in 2008 was $126,431; the gross receipts were $635,549. The husband paid $5,000 for his forty-nine percent of Arrow and received forty-seven times that amount in property division alimony. To be equitable, any determination of a value for the marital business must take into account the value of the business when Colelasure bought his forty-nine percent share, and the proportionate increase in value due to the joint industry of the husband and wife.

120 We note that in Lemons v. Lemons, 2006 OK CIV APP 5, 128 P.3d 1113, the court held that as a general rule the trial court should not consider how much either party contributed to the purchase of jointly acquired property, because a gift from one party to the other is presumed. The Lemons court relied on this Court's decision in Shackelton v. Sherrard, 1963 OK 198, 385 P.2d 898. In Shackelton, we held that the interests of married joint tenants are presumed to be equal, because one of the characteristics of joint tenancy is the equality of the interest.²⁰ Here, the marital property, like that in Lemons, is not held by joint tenancy and is not subject to the presumption of equality of interest. To the extent that Lemons contradicts this Court's holding in Shackelton, it is overruled.

121 This Court has also recognized the concept of double-dipping as it relates to accounting for disbursements from marital property during the pendency of a divorce.²¹ In Mocnik v. Mocnik, 1992 OK 99, 838 P.2d 500, the wife removed $7,000 from joint funds at the time of the marital separation. To avoid double-dipping, the $7,000 was included as a portion of the wife's property settlement. This action was not altered on the appeal. In this cause, the trial court failed to address payments to the husband from Arrow while the divorcee was pending or income to the husband and wife. These are examples of double-dipping and should have been addressed in the alimony in lieu of property settlement award to the husband.

122 The trial court's property division in this case is clearly contrary to the weight of the evidence. The husband was a named co-owner of Arrow while intentionally competing against Arrow. He was operating a competing business in the Arrow showroom. He used Arrow equipment in the competing business. It was not ordinary competition, but competition from an individual familiar with the inner workings of the business and its client base. The trial court should have considered the exact loss to the value of Arrow because of the husband's competition and adjusted the husband's share of the property division accordingly.

T23 The husband's argument that the agreement permitted him to operate a competing business is not relevant to the valuation issue. The question is not whether he may be sued for breach of fiduciary duty, but rather whether his actions lowered Arrow's value so that he received more money in the property settlement than he should have received. The husband's competition was permitted under the contract. It is not an issue of permission, but of benefit to one party at the expense of another party.

124 The husband also argues that the valuation date of November 80, 2009, cannot be altered and that any offset in Arrows value because of his competition is not a factor because it took place in 2010, after the valuation date. The Agreement set out procedures for what may be called a minority owner buy-out if that member becomes disqualified as a member because of divorce. The Agreement provided:

For purposes of this Section, 12.01, "Appraised Value" shall mean the appraised value determined as of the last day of the month immediately prior to the month in which the Event of Dissolution occurred (the "Appraisal Date") in accordance with this section 12.01(c). The purchase price shall be determined as of the Appraisal Date by an independent appraiser mutually agreed to by the Disqualified Member and the remaining Members. In the event the Disqualified Member and the remaining Members are unable to agree upon the independent appraiser within twenty (20) days after the Appraisal Date, the Disqualified Member shall select an independent appraiser and the remaining Members shall select an independent appraiser within thirty 80) days after the Appraisal Date. The Purchase Price shall be determined by averaging the amount determined by the two (2) independent appraisers. In the event either of the appraised values is greater or lesser than ten percent (10%) of the average appraised value, then the two (2) independent appraisers shall select a third appraiser, and the Purchase Price shall be the average of the two (2) appraisals which are closest in amount. In the event the Disqualified Member or the remaining Members fail to select an appraiser within the thirty (80) day period, the appraiser selected within such time period shall alone determine the purchase price. Each appraiser shall submit its appraisal in writing ... within thirty (80) days from the date the appraiser is engaged....

125 The valuation and buy-out provisions of the Agreement were not followed. This is not the rewriting of an unambiguous contract. The parties wanted to cherry pick the contract for the terms most favorable to each of them. The entire contract was followed by neither party. There is no provision in the Agreement which provides that the members will try and continue the business together if a divorcee is filed. The Agreement provides for a reasonable and timely buy-out of the disqualified member. In this case, the court's equity power in determining the property division is suffi-client to permit it to consider a property valuation which does not require a November 30, 2009, valuation date.

CONCLUSION

$26 The property settlement in a divorce case is an equitable matter and will not be overturned unless it is clearly against the weight of the evidence.²² The evidence shows that the trial court made no determination of the actual increase in the value of the business from the date husband became a part of the business. There was no determination of how much double-dipping took place when the husband received money from the business which was not deducted from the property settlement. There was no determination concerning how much husband's direct, insider competition against Arrow devalued it.

127 There is a basic evidentiary question as to the exact amount of business the husband diverted. The record does not give a balanced picture of how this was calculated, but rather relies on the wife's expert, who in turn relies on the wife's calculations. There was no determination of the value of the business at the time husband bought his share. These questions must all be covered by the trial court the second time around. The evidence, taken as a whole, shows that the valuation of Arrow, and thus the husband's portion of the property settlement, was against the clear weight of the evidence.

CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED; COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OPINION VACATED; TRIAL COURT REVERSED AND REMANDED.

TAYLOR, C.J., COLBERT, V.C.J., KAUGER, EDMONDSON, REIF, and GURICH, JJ., concur. WATT, WINCHESTER, and COMBS, JJ., dissent.

1 . Testimony of Lori Colclasure, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 28, 2010.

2 . Petitioner's exhibit 32, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 28, 2010. Petitioner's counsel stated in a letter to Respondent's counsel, dated April 5, 2010, and filed in the FD 2009-6534, District Court of Oklahoma County, that Colclasure did not pay the requisite payment for his share of Arrow.

3 . Respondent's exhibit 79, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 27, 2010.

4 . Testimony of Lori Colclasure, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 28, 2010.

5 . Testimony of Rob Shaff, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 28, 2010.

6 . Operating Agreement of Arrow Hardwood Floors, clause 6.08 provides, in pertinent part: Outside Activities. Each Member ... may have business interest and engage in business activities in addition to those relating to the Company, including, without limitation, business interest and activities that are in direct competition with the Company ... and no provision of this Agreement shall be deemed to prohibit such Member ... from having such competing business interests or conducting such competitive businesses or activities. Neither the Company nor the other Members shall have the right by virtue of this Agreement or the relationship contemplated herein in any business ventures of such Member or such Member's Affiliates.

7 . Operating Agreement of Arrow Hardwood Floors, clause 12.01 provides, in pertinent part:

Disqualification of Member. Upon the death, filing of a petition for divorce, incapacity, resignation, bankruptcy or disassociation of a Member (such Member being hereafter sometimes referred to as a 'Disqualified Member), ... the Company shall dissolve and its affairs shall be wound up. The Company shall thereafter conduct only activities necessary to wind up its affairs, unless within sixty (60) days after the occurrence of an Event of Dissolution, the remaining Members owning a majority of the Percentage Interests ... agree to continue the company. If an election to continue the Company is madel,] ... [t] he remaining members may elect, within sixty (60) days of electing to continue the Company, to purchase the Disqualified Members Percentage Interests. The purchase price to be paid by the remaining Members for the Disqualified Member's Percentage Interest (the "Purchase Price") shall be the Agreed Value ... multiplied by the Disqualified Member's Percentage Interest. If no agreed value had been determined in accordance with this Section 12.01, then the Purchase Price shall be the Appraised Value ... multiplied by the Disqualified Member's Percentage Interest....

(C) For purposes of this Section, 12.01, "Appraised Value" shall mean the appraised value determined as of the last day of the month immediately prior to the month in which the Event of Dissolution occurred (the "Appraisal Date") in accordance with this section 12.01(c). The purchase price shall be determined as of the Appraisal Date by an independent appraiser mutually agreed to by the Disqualified Member and the remaining Members. In the event the Disqualified Member and the remaining Members are unable to agree upon the independent appraiser within twenty (20) days after the Appraisal Date, the Disqualified Member shall select an independent appraiser and the remaining Members shall select an independent appraiser within thirty (30) days after the Appraisal Date. The Purchase Price shall be determined by averaging the amount determined by the two (2) independent appraisers. In the event either of the appraised values is greater or lesser than ten percent (10%) of the average appraised value, then the two (2) independent appraisers shall select a third appraiser, and the Purchase Price shall be the average of the two (2) appraisals which are closest in amount. In the event the Disqualified Member or the remaining Members fail to select an appraiser within the thirty (30) day period, the appraiser selected within such time period shall alone determine the purchase price. Each appraiser shall submit its appraisal in writing ... within thirty (30) days from the date the appraiser is engaged....

8 . See footnote 6 for the terms of the Operating Agreement for valuation of the company if a member is bought out.

9 . Testimony of Kenneth Klingenberg, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 27, 2010.

10 . - Testimony of Ralph E. Blodgett, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 27, 2010.

11 . Testimony of Ralph E. Blodgett, District Court of Oklahoma County, September 27, 2010.

12 . Jackson v. Jackson, 1999 OK 99, 17, 995 P.2d 1109; Larman v. Larman, 1999 OK 83, ¶ 17, 991 P.2d 536; Teel v. Teel, 1988 OK 151, ¶ 7, 766 P.2d 994, 998; Johnson v. Johnson, 1983 OK 117, 674 P.2d 539, 544; Carpenter v. Carpenter, 1983 OK 2, ¶ 24, 657 P.2d 646, 651; Peters v. Peters, 1975 OK 114, ¶ 9, 539 P.2d 26, 27; McCoy v. McCoy, 1967 OK 86, ¶ 8, 429 P.2d 999; West v. West, 1954 OK 84, ¶ 6, 268 P.2d 250, 253.

13 . Title 43 O.S. Supp.2006 § 121, in effect as of the date of the divorce, provides in pertinent part:

... The court shall enter its decree confirming in each spouse the property owned by him or her before marriage and the undisposed-of property acquired after marriage by him or her in his or her own right. Either spouse may be allowed such alimony out of real and personal property of the other as the court shall think reasonable, having due regard to the value of such property at the time of the divorce. Alimony may be allowed from real or personal property, or both, or in the form of money judgment, payable either in gross or in installments, as the court may deem just and equitable. As to such property, whether real or personal, which has been acquired by the parties jointly during their marriage, whether the title thereto be in either or both of said parties, the court shall, subject to a valid antenuptial contract in writing, make such division between the parties as may appear just and reasonable, by a division of the property in kind, or by setting the same apart to one of the parties, and requiring the other thereof to be paid such sum as may be just and proper to effect a fair and just division thereof. ...

14 . Teel v. Teel, see note 12, supra. See also Phillips v. Phillips, 1976 OK 165, ¶ 9, 556 P.2d 607, 610.

15 . Gray v. Gray, 1996 OK 84, ¶ 15, 922 P.2d 615.

16 . Teel v. Teel, see note 12, supra; Kiddie v. Kiddie, 1977 OK 69, ¶ 3, 563 P.2d 139, 140-41.

17 . Thielenhaus v. Thielenhaus, 1995 OK 5, 19, 890 P.2d 925, 930.

18 . Thielenhaus v. Thielenhaus, note 17, supra at ¶ 11.

19 . Title 43 0.S. Supp.2006, in effect at the date of the divorce, provides in pertinent part:

... As to such property, whether real or personal, which has been acquired by the parties jointly during their marriage, whether the title thereto be in either or both of said parties, the court shall, subject to a valid antenuptial contract in writing, make such division between the parties as may appear just and reasonable, by a division of the property in kind, or by setting the same apart to one of the parties, and requiring the other thereof to be paid such sum as may be just and proper to effect a fair and just division thereof .... [emphasis added].

20 . Shackelton v. Sherrard, 1963 OK 193, ¶ 9-10, 385 P.2d 898. We held that:

Under such rule it is ordinarily immaterial how much money the wife or husband has actually contributed to the purchase of the property involved because a gift from one to the other is presumed. Absent any fraud or special agreement, where the wife or husband knowingly agrees and consents to the conveyance being made to themselves as joint tenants, either is estopped to deny the tenancy of the other. [emphasis added].

21 . Mocnik v. Mocnik, 1992 OK 99, 838 P.2d 500. See also Gray v. Gray, 1996 OK 84, 922 P.2d 615, which provides:

The trial court has wide latitude in determining what part of jointly-acquired property shall be awarded to each party. Teel v. Teel, 766 P.2d 994, 998 (Okla.1988); Phillips v. Phillips, 556 P.2d 607, 610 (Okla.1976). However, all property acquired during marriage by the joint industry of the husband and wife must be fairly and equitably divided by the trial court. 43 O.S. Supp.1992 § 121; Thielenhaus, 890 P.2d at 930. This is true regardless of how title to the property is held. 43 O.S. Supp.1992 § 121; Manhart v. Manhart, 725 P.2d 1234, 1240 (Okla.1986). The marital estate need not necessarily be equally divided to be an equitable division because the words "just" and "reasonable" in § 121 are not synonymous with "equal." Teel, 766 P.2d at 997 n. 6. An appellate court will not disturb the trial court's property division absent a finding of abuse of discretion or a finding that the decision is clearly contrary to the weight of the evidence. Id. at 998; Kiddie v. Kiddie, 563 P.2d 139, 140-41 (Okla.1977).

22 . Teel v. Teel, see note 12, supra; Phillips v. Phillips, see note 14, supra; Thielenhaus v. Thielenhaus, see note 17, supra; Kiddie v. Kiddie, see note 16, supra.