Buckles, Exec. v. Continental Cas. Co. , 197 Or. 128 ( 1953 )

TOOZE, J.

This is an action to recover money upon an insurance policy, brought by Mary E. Buckles, as plaintiff, against Continental Casualty Company, a corporation, as defendant. The case was tried to a jury. The parties stipulated that the jury might return a special verdict, and that the court should enter judgment according to such verdict. Three interrogatories were submitted to the jury, and its answers thereto were favorable to plaintiff. Based upon the verdict, the court entered judgment in favor of plaintiff for the sum of $2,500, with interest thereon at the rate of 6 per cent per annum from July 15, 1949, until paid, for the further sum of $1,250 attorneys’ fees, and for costs and disbursements. Defendant appeals.

After judgment was entered and on January 13, 1951, the plaintiff, Mary E. Buckles, died in Multnomah county, and thereafter Homer Ralph Buckles, as executor of the estate of Mary E. Buckles, deceased, was substituted as party plaintiff.

On May 24, 1943, defendant issued to Thomas A. Buckles, now deceased, its policy of insurance numbered 16682, insuring said Thomas A. Buckles against death by accidental means in the sum of $2,500. Mary E. Buckles, the wife of the insured, was named as the beneficiary under said policy. On June 14, 1949, said policy was in full force and effect.

On June 14,1949, Thomas A. Buckles left Portland, driving his own automobile and intending to go fishing at Crane Prairie, Oregon, some little distance south of Bend. While traveling south along The Dalles-California highway about 15 miles south of Maupin, on a straightaway of said road, the Buckles automobile left the highway on the east, or left-hand, side thereof and proceeded for a distance of approximately 100 yards before coming to a stop.

Insofar as the record before us discloses, there were no eyewitnesses to what happened, but one Henry. E. Rooper, who also was traveling south on said highway and was about seven-eighths of a mile from the point where the Buckles car left the road, saw a great cloud of dust suddenly arise from that spot and when he arrived there observed the Buckles car at a stop about 100 yards east of the highway.

Rooper stopped his car on the highway at a point even with and directly west of the Buckles automobile. He went to the Buckles car where he found Buckles lying with his head and shoulders behind the back of the right front seat and the remainder of his body on the left front, or driver’s, seat. He was alive and groaning, though apparently not conscious. He was bleeding profusely from the face and mouth and lived for approximately 15 minutes after the arrival of Rooper. Rooper thought it took him four or five minutes to reach the scene after noticing the cloud of dust.

The front end of the automobile was severely damaged, and the windshield glass on the right side was completely demolished; that on the left side was considerably shattered.

At the point where the automobile left the highway on the left side, there were deep skid marks on the gravel shoulder in a forward direction “like a brake being on”. The car left the highway at an angle, traveling in a diagonal direction.

An autopsy was performed upon the body of the deceased. The vital organs, including the heart, were removed from the body and were examined by qualified experts. A microscopic examination was made. There is direct expert testimony by a qualified physician and surgeon that the death of Thomas A. Buckles resulted from shock and loss of blood, as a result of blows and injuries to the head and body, and not because of arteriosclerosis or other heart condition. The examination of the body disclosed a crushed nose, a gash on the neck on the right side, bruises on the head and arm. Under the scalp and covering the top of the head from the forehead to the back thereof, there was clotted blood from one-quarter to one-half inch thick.

The evidence revealed that decedent had for several years suffered from arteriosclerosis and angina pectoris. Because of this fact, defendant argues that it is just as reasonable to suppose that decedent died from natural causes as it is to suppose that his death was caused through accident.

In Spain v. Oregon-Washington R. & N. Co., 78 Or 355, 369, 153 P 470, Ann Cas 1917E, 1104, we said:

“# * * When the evidence leaves the case in such a situation that the jury will be required to speculate and guess which of several possible causes occasioned the injury, that part of the case should be withdrawn from their consideration [citing cases].”

Also see Wintersteen v. Semler, 197 Or 601, 250 P2d 420, 255 P2d 138; Becker v. Tillamook Bay Lbr. Co. et al., 194 Or 134, 143, 240 P2d 237; Allen et ux. v. McCormick, 193 Or 604, 238 P2d 220.

Upon the conclusion of plaintiff’s case in chief, defendant moved the court for an order of involuntary nonsuit. The motion was denied. Thereupon defendant produced evidence in its own behalf. However, in preparing and filing its bill of exceptions on this appeal, defendant caused to be attached thereto only a transcript of the evidence produced by plaintiff on his case in chief. Hence the only question defendant presents to us for decision is whether the trial court erred in denying the motion for nonsuit.

In Berkshire v. Harem, 181 Or 42, 178 P2d 133, Mr. Justice Rossman stated as follows:

“The appellant, as we have seen, did not rest upon his motion, but presented evidence after it was overruled. Although the introduction of evidence by a defendant after his motion for a nonsuit has been overruled is not deemed a waiver of the motion, nevertheless, if any of the evidence which he presented is favorable to the plaintiff, it may be considered by this court in determining whether error was committed when the nonsuit was denied: Johnson v. Underwood, 102 Or. 680, 203 P. 879.”

In this case we do not have before us the evidence introduced by defendant. We cannot tell from the record whether or not any of that evidence was favorable to plaintiff. Under the rule as stated, that evidence should be before us so that we might determine from the whole record whether or not there was substantial evidence to support the verdict, it being immaterial in that respect whether the evidence was introduced by the plaintiff or the defendant. But despite the defect in the record as noted, we have decided to pass upon the merits of the case as presented.

Upon motion for nonsuit the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff. He is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable inference that may be drawn from the evidence; every intendment is in his favor.

Under the policy of insurance involved in this case, defendant promised to pay indemnity for loss of life resulting from injury. The policy then provides as follows:

“Injury as used in this policy means bodily injury which is the sole cause of the loss and which is effected solely through accidental means while the policy is in force. ’ ’

From the testimony of the expert as noted above, it is manifest that the first requisite of the foregoing provision has been met; that is, that death was solely caused by bodily injury. The only question remaining is whether such bodily injury was solely caused through accidental means within the meaning of the policy.

Defendant concedes that the result in this case; that is, death, was unexpected and unforeseen, but it contends that there is no substantial evidence to show that this unforeseen and unexpected result was brought about through accidental means; in other words, that the evidence is not sufficient to establish the happening of an accident as the cause preceding the effect; that is, death.

5. This court is committed to the rule set forth in Caldwell v. Travelers Insurance Co., 305 Mo 619, 267 SW 907, 39 ALR 56, as follows:

“Where an unusual or unexpected result occurs by reason of the doing by insured of an intentional act, where no mischance, slip, or mishap occurs in doing the act itself, the ensuing injury or death is not caused through accidental means; that it must appear that the means used was accidental, and it is not enough that the result may be unusual, unexpected, or unforeseen.”

In Dondeneau v. State Industrial Acc. Com., 119 Or 357, 361, 249 P 820, this court, after setting forth the above rule, stated:

“Oregon is committed to the first line of cases— that is in order for the insured to recover under the ordinary policy of accident insurance it is necessary for the injury to have been caused by accidental means; it is not sufficient that the result only should have been accidental: Kendall v. Travelers’ Protective Association, 87 Or. 179 (169 Pac. 751). An illustration of the liability of an insurer against accidental injury as construed in the Kendall case may be aptly made thus: A person accidentally scratches his hand on his tie pin which unimowing to him protrudes beyond his tie. The scratch occurs by chance. It is a mishap. In itself it is trivial but owing to some unforeseen and unknown circumstances blood-poisoning results and death follows. The insurer would be liable under the policy. Another man intentionally uses his tie pin to remove a sliver in his hand or to open a blister and blood-poisoning unexpectedly results causing the insured’s death. His beneficiaries cannot recover under the policy because he intentionally used the pin in the way and manner he did.”

See also Demagalski v. State Ind. Acc. Com., 151 Or 251, 47 P2d 947.

We agree with defendant that the rules applied in determining whether an injury is caused by accident or accidental means within the meaning of insurance policies of the type involved in this litigation are the same as are applied to those terms under the Workmen’s Compensation Law of this state. Bertschinger v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 166 Or 307, 317, 111 P2d 1016; Dondeneau v. State Industrial Acc. Com., supra.

In Bertschinger v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., supra, at page 317, Mr. Justice Ltjsk, speaking for the court, said:

“This court is committed to the doctrine that in an action on a policy of insurance, containing such a provision, it will not suffice to show that death was an unexpected effect, but it is essential to a recovery that the cause of death was itself accidental. Kendall v. Travelers’ Protective Association, 87 Or. 179, 190, 169 P. 751. The same rule applies to claims under the Workmen’s Compensation Act.”

The rules of law applicable to the interpretation of the provision of the insurance policy under discussion are well settled in this state. It remains only to apply those rules to the facts and circumstances of this case.

Was the evidence sufficient to submit to the jury the question whether an accident occurred within the meaning of the policy?

Proof of the fact that an accident preceded and caused the death need not be established by direct evidence. It is sufficient if from all the facts and circumstances established by the evidence the jury might reasonably infer that an accident happened which proximately resulted in the death. In other words, the fact of accident may be established by circumstantial, as well as by direct, evidence. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, 152 Fla 486,12 So2d 374.

The established facts are: Decedent’s death was caused by shock and loss of blood, the result of blows received to his head and body; he was found in a badly wrecked automobile, in a dying .condition, approximately five minutes after that car had left the paved road; he was bleeding profusely from his wounds; he lived for approximately 15 minutes thereafter; the automobile was about 100 yards to the east of the highway, or on the left-hand side thereof to one traveling in the direction decedent was traveling; the automobile left the highway on an angle, and, where it crossed the gravel shoulder of the road while traveling in a diagonal direction, it left deep skid marks, the result of brakes being applied; as it was leaving the highway, it caused a great cloud of dust to rise, which was visible at least seven-eighths of a mile distant.

From those facts the jury might reasonably infer that through some inadvertence on his part decedent lost control of his car and when he discovered his peril set the brakes on the automobile in an endeavor to stop and thus prevent an accident. It is immaterial whether such momentary inadvértance was due to some negligent act, such as taking one’s eyes off the road, dozing at the wheel, or traveling at too high a rate of speed, or doing something else that a reasonably prudent person would not have been doing, or failing to do something that a reasonably prudent person would have been doing, at that time and place. Obviously, the application of the brakes on the car was an intentional and conscious act. A jury might well find that this negated the possibility that decedent deliberately and intentionally drove off the road. In applying the brakes decedent was unquestionably attempting to extricate himself from imminent danger.

It is manifest that if the car left the highway despite the efforts of decedent to stop it, or if it left because of some negligent act on his part, that would constitute a mischance or mishap within the meaning of the foregoing definition of “accident”. This would be the “accidental means” mentioned in the contract of insurance.

Defendant’s entire case is built upon the proposition that under the facts of this case a jury must speculate whether the car was caused to leave the highway because of some mishap, or whether it was brought about by decedent’s suffering a heart attack. A complete answer to this contention is to be found in Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, supra.

It is our opinion, however, that the evidence eliminates heart attack entirely as a factor in this case. Wholly apart from the direct testimony of the medical expert that arteriosclerosis did not, nor did angina pectoris, play any part in the death, which in and of itself is sufficient to take the question of heart attack out of the case, it is obvious that had decedent suffered such an attack severe enough to cause him to lose control over the car, the same attack would no doubt have prevented him from setting the brakes in an effort to stop. It must be kept in mind that only a second or two could possibly have elapsed while the car was crossing and leaving the highway.

It was at the request of defendant that a special verdict was submitted to the jury. The interrogatories so submitted and the answers of the jury thereto are as follows:

Earl A. Fewless, of Portland, on motion for attorney’s fee. Hollister & Hollister, of Portland, on objections to cost bill.

“Question No. 1. Did the deceased come to his death solely by accidental means?

“Answer: Yes.

“Question No. 2. Were the premiums on Policy No. 16682 paid quarterly or annually?

* ‘ Answer: Quarterly.

“Question No. 8. What sum of money do you find as reasonable attorneys’ fees for plaintiff in action No. 190, $1250.00; in action No. 190-471, $500.”

There is substantial evidence in the record to support the verdict.

Judgment affirmed.