Dean v. District of Columbia , 653 A.2d 307 ( 1995 )

PER CURIAM:

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed pursuant to Parts I., II., III., and Y. of Judge FeRREn’s opinion and the concurring opinions of Judges Terry and Steadman.

Table of Contents for Opinion of Judge Ferren

Page

INTRODUCTION 309

I. Proceedings to Date 309

II. The Marriage Statute Claim 310

A. Legislative History of the Marriage Statute 310

B. Statutory Definition of “Marriage” 312

C. The Marriage Statute as Part of a Larger Legislative Scheme, Including the Divorce Statute 314

D. The Traditional Understanding of “Marriage” 315

E. Gase Law from Other Jurisdictions 315

F. The Anti-Sex Discriminatory Language Act of 1976 316

G. The 1982 Gender Rule of Construction 317

III. The Human Rights Act Claim 318

IV. The Constitutional Issues: Procedural and Analytical Prerequisites 320

A. Whether Constitutional Issues Have Been Properly Raised 320

B. Standard of Review 321

C. Relevance of the Distinction Between “Adjudicative Facts” and “Legislative Facts” 322

1. In General 322

2. “Adjudicative” and “Legislative” Facts Distinguished 323

3. Judicial Process of Legislative Fact-Finding 326

Y. CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS: IS SAME-SEX MARRIAGE A “FÚNDAMEN1 RIGHT”? 331

A. Definition of “Fundamental Right” 331

B. Appellants’ Due Process Claim 332

VI. EQUAL PROTECTION: ARE HOMOSEXUALS A “SUSPECT” OR “QUASI-SUSPEC CLASS? 333

A. The Trial Court’s Ruling 333

B. Introduction: Discrimination and Equal Protection of the Laws 334

C. The Attributes of Marriage Justifying an Equal Protection Inquiry 335

D. Summary Judgment for Appellants Inappropriate Assuming, for the Sake of Argument, That the Rational Basis Test Applies 336

E. Summary Judgment for the District Inappropriate Assuming, for the Sake of Argument, that Strict Scrutiny Applies 337

F. Constitutionally Protected Classes: United States v. Carotene Products Co. 337

G. Equal Protection After Carotene Products Co.: “Suspect” and “Quasi-Suspect” Classes 338

H. The Implications, If Any, of Bowers v. Hardwick for Equal Protection Analysis 340

I. The Factors Applicable to Determining “Suspect” and “Quasi-Suspect” Class Status 344

1. History of Purposeful Discrimination 344

2. Deep-Seated Prejudice Causing Inaccurate Stereotypes That Do Not Reflect Class Members’ Abilities 345

3. Immutability 346

4. Political Powerlessness 349

J. Whether Homosexuals Comprise a “Suspect” or “Quasi-Suspect” Class 351

1. Three Easily Applied Factors 351

2. Immutability 351

3. The Prevention/Immutability Distinction 352

K. Whether the District Has a “Substantial” or “Compelling” State Interest in Barring Same-Sex Marriage 355

L. Proposed Disposition: Reversal and Remand for Trial 356

VII. Postscript: Response to Majority on Equal Protection 359