Pompa v. Hojnacki , 445 Pa. 42 ( 1971 )

Opinion by

Mr. Justice Roberts,

This appeal raises the question of the admissibility of the “factual statements” contained in an expert’s report prepared for purposes of litigation. We hold that the report was inadmissible hearsay, vacate the judgment and remand for a new trial.

Appellant-plaintiff was injured by fragments of glass from a broken beer bottle. He brought suit against the brewer, the distributor, the retail seller and the bottle manufacturer claiming that the bottle exploded because of a defect in its manufacture or distribution. Appellant retained bottle fragments as evidence which appellee’s expert, L. G. Ghering, examined prior to trial. Ghering submitted to appellee a written report summarizing his observations and findings. Prior to trial, Ghering died, and appellee again moved to have an expert examine the fragments and prepare a new report. Appellant produced only two small pieces of glass, asserting that the rest had disappeared.

Appellee, Owens-Illinois, moved for sanctions under Rule 4019 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure seeking to have the case dismissed. In an order dated February 20, 1969, the court denied appellee’s motion “without prejudice to defendant’s right to offer into evidence at time of trial any factual statements from the report of L. G. Ghering.” The “factual statements” were admitted at trial over the objection of appellant. Another expert witness testified for appellee on the basis of the report introduced into evidence. Appellee also introduced into evidence the deposition of one Doctor Robert E. King who had taken Pompa’s medical history before treatment was administered. Appellant objected on the ground that appellee had not adequately proved that Dr. King was unavailable to testify. The objection was overruled.

A verdict was returned in favor of all defendants. The court en banc dismissed appellant’s motion for a new trial and entered judgment on the verdict. This appeal followed.

Appellees argue that the “factual statements” in Ghering’s report were properly introduced into evidence as a sanction imposed on appellant for losing most of the bottle fragments. We cannot agree. Rule 4019 authorizes the court to enter “an appropriate order if . . . (3) a party . . . refuses ... to obey ... an order of court made under Rule 4009 to produce any tangible thing for inspection. . . .” Pa. R. C. P. 4019 (a) (3). There was no refusal to obey an order in this case. Appellant responded to the court’s order to produce with the evidence he then possessed, the two small fragments of glass. Appellant could do no more. The rest of the glass fragments had disappeared prior to the court’s order and were not available for production. It is not argued nor does the record indicate any intentional destruction or negligent mishandling of the bottle fragments in order to avoid obedience to the court’s order.

While the imposition of sanctions under Rule 4019 lies largely within the discretion of the court, it is well accepted that sanctions will not be imposed in the absence of some wilful disregard or disobedience of an order of court or an obligation expressly stated in the Rules and invoked by a request of the opposing party. See Rapoport v. Sirott, 418 Pa. 50, 56, 209 A. 2d 421, 424 (1965); Calderaio v. Ross, 395 Pa. 196, 198-99, 150 A. 2d 110, 111 (1959); 4 Goodrich-Amram, Standard Pennsylvania Practice §4019 at 618-28 ( Supp. 1971). See also 4 Moore, Federal Practice §§37.03(2), 37.05 (1970). Appellant responded to the court’s order and produced what evidence he then possessed. He could do no more. It is clear, therefore, that no sanctions could be imposed.¹

There remains only the question whether the report was otherwise admissible. There can be no doubt that the report, prepared by Ghering before trial, was hearsay. McCormick, Evidence §225 at 460 (1954). Furthermore, in light of the missing glass fragments, the “factual statements” in this report were offered in lieu of the only direct evidence which could explain the shattering of the bottle. The other evidence consisted of appellant’s testimony, hospital records, and medical testimony as to the extent of injury.

Appellee practically concedes that the report is in admissible hearsay. The report cannot qualify as an exception to the hearsay rule under the Business Records Act.² Business records must be made “in the regular course of business.” This expert’s report was specifically prepared for the purposes of the pending litigation which can never be “in the regular course of business.” Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 113, 63 S. Ct. 477, 480 (1943); accord Neuman v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 392 Pa. 640, 642, 141 A. 2d 581, 582 (1958); cf. Githens, Rexsamer & Co., Inc. v. Wildstein, 428 Pa. 201, 204-05, 236 A. 2d 792, 794-95 (1968); McCormick, Evidence §287 at 604 (1954).

Appellee contends that in the absence of the factual statements of the report, appellee’s defenses were substantially undermined. Even assuming appellee’s contention to be correct, it provides no legal basis for admitting the report, prepared solely for the purposes of litigation. No cross-examination of the author of the report was possible. Furthermore, cross-examination of the second expert who testified on the basis of the prior report is no substitute. The possible distortions and inaccuracies which may have occurred during Ghering’s examination of the original glass fragments would not be disclosed. Nor can the report be admissible on the theory of the best evidence rule. The rule is not intended to justify admission of evidence otherwise inadmissible under other rules of evidence. See McCormick, Evidence §§195-209 (1954). It follows that the testimony of appellee’s expert at trial, based on the admission of Ghering’s report, was error. We find it unnecessary to reach appellant’s other allegations of error.

Accordingly, the judgment is vacated and the record remanded for a new trial.

1 The court’s order, dated February 20, 1969, read as foUows: “ [defendant's, Owens-Illinois, Inc., motion for sanctions for dismissal for failure to produce bottle fragments for a re-examination is dismissed, without prejudice to defendant’s right to offer into evidence at time of trial any factual statements from the report of L. G. Ghering.”. The court. rejected appellee’s requested sanction of dismissal, and substituted one of its own, namely the introduction of the factual statements of the expert’s report.

2 Act of May 4, 1939, P. L. 42, 28 P.S. §91b.