InterDigital Communications, Corp. v. Federal Insurance , 392 F. Supp. 2d 707 ( 2005 )

392 F.Supp.2d 707 (2005)

INTERDIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY Defendant.

No. Civ.A. 03-6082.

United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.

October 3, 2005.

Stephen J. Mathes, Tammi Markowitz, Hoyle, Flicker, Herschel & Mathes, LLP., Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiffs.

Barbara Corr Morrow, Francis J. Deasey, Deasey, Mahoney and Bender, LTD., Philadelphia, PA, H. Christopher Boehning, Martin London, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, LLP., New York City, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM

ROBRENO, District Judge.

Plaintiffs InterDigital Communications Corporation and InterDigital Technology Corporation (collectively, "InterDigital") brought this action against Federal Insurance Company ("Federal") seeking a declaration that the contract in which Inter-Digital agreed to reimburse Federal for litigation expenses paid by Federal, as InterDigital's insurer, to defend InterDigital in its litigation with Ericsson Radio Systems and Ericsson GE Mobile Communications, Inc. (collectively, "Ericsson") is unenforceable for lack of consideration.

InterDigital alleges that the "Litigation Expense and Reimbursement Agreement" ("Reimbursement Agreement") lacks consideration because, at the time it entered into the Reimbursement Agreement with Federal, Federal had a preexisting legal duty to provide such a defense under the insurance contract between the parties. InterDigital further contends that Federal's relinquishment of its claim to reimbursement of fees for attorneys and litigation expenses associated with uncovered claims is not valid consideration for the Reimbursement Agreement. See Complaint. at ¶¶ 52-53 (doc. no. 1). InterDigital seeks a declaration that it is not obligated to reimburse Federal for monies Federal paid for InterDigital's defense in the Ericsson litigation.

In the alternative, if the Court finds that the Reimbursement Agreement is valid and enforceable, InterDigital seeks a declaration that: (1) Federal is entitled to reimbursement under the formula in the Agreement based only on funds received from Ericsson relating to the patents at issue (and excluding any royalty payments made to InterDigital by entities that were not part of the litigation), and (2) that the amount to be reimbursed under the Reimbursement Agreement is considerably less than the amount demanded by Federal. See Complaint. at ¶¶ 55 & 58 (doe. no. 1).

InterDigital also seeks damages for Federal's alleged breach of the insurance contract and for bad faith pursuant to 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 8371.^[1] The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 because the parties are diverse and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, exclusive of interests and costs. The action for declaratory relief is authorized by 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202.

Before the Court is Federal's motion to dismiss InterDigital's complaint and to compel arbitration. Federal contends that InterDigital's complaint should be dismissed because, as a matter of law, the Reimbursement Agreement, requiring the parties to arbitrate fee disputes, is enforceable under Pennsylvania law,^[2] even if not supported by consideration. Specifically, Federal argues that under Pennsylvania's Uniform Written Obligations Act ("UWOA"), the Reimbursement Agreement is enforceable because (1) it contains an "additional express statement" of the intent of the parties to be bound by the Reimbursement Agreement, as required under the UWOA; and (2) the exchange of promises in the Reimbursement Agreement clearly expressed the intent of the parties to be bound. Therefore, Federal contends that, because the agreement is binding, regardless of whether the consideration recited in the Reimbursement Agreement is valid, any dispute between the parties as to the amount of the reimbursement to be paid by InterDigital to Federal should be arbitrated pursuant to the arbitration clause in the Reimbursement Agreement.

In response, InterDigital argues that the Reimbursement Agreement is not supported by consideration and it is not covered by the UWOA. In any event, Interdigital argues that Federal has not complied with the terms of the Reimbursement Agreement requiring a meeting between representatives of Interdigital and Federal before seeking arbitration.

For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that, even assuming the Reimbursement Agreement is not supported by consideration, it is enforceable under the UWOA. Because the parties agreed to arbitrate the remaining dispute involving the amount that Federal should be reimbursed (if any), the Court concludes that arbitration should be compelled on that basis.^[3] Additionally, the Court concludes that whether the parties satisfied all conditions precedent to arbitration, if any, is a procedural issue to be decided by the arbitrator.

I. FACTS

The instant dispute concerns a Commercial General Liability Policy (the "Policy") issued by Federal to InterDigital, in consideration for premium paid, pursuant to which, in relevant part, Federal was obligated: (1) to cover damages InterDigital became obligated to pay by reason of liability for, inter alia, personal or advertising injury, and (2) to defend InterDigital with respect to any claim or suit against InterDigital seeking, inter alia, damages for personal or advertising injury. See Complaint, Ex. A (doc. no. 1). Between September 1993 and May 2003, InterDigital was involved in litigation with Ericsson, with respect to public statements made by InterDigital that Ericsson was infringing on InterDigital's patents.^[4] While reserving its right to reimbursement for any uncovered expenses, Federal acknowledged its obligation under the policy to defend InterDigital in the Ericsson litigation.

As contemplated under the Policy, Federal reimbursed InterDigital for its attorneys' fees and litigation expenses throughout the Ericsson litigation. On February 9, 2000, while the Ericsson litigation was still ongoing, InterDigital entered into an agreement with Federal, entitled the "Litigation Expense and Reimbursement Agreement," in which InterDigital promised that, in the event of a court award or settlement in the Ericsson litigation, it would reimburse Federal for the litigation expenses.^[5]

The Reimbursement Agreement, in part, provides: (1) Federal would continue to reimburse InterDigital for attorneys' fees and other litigation expenses in the same manner as Federal had been doing;^[6] (2) InterDigital was required to reimburse Federal's defense costs (even those paid before the agreement) by paying Federal 9% of the first $50 million of the "agreed-upon settlement" for the patent claims and 10% of everything above $50 million of the "agreed-upon settlement" for the patent claims in the Ericsson litigation;^[7] and (3) if Federal does not believe it will be fully reimbursed within four years from the date of the settlement, Federal could seek additional reimbursement from InterDigital. See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(c) (doc. no. 1). The Reimbursement Agreement also states that the consideration for the agreement is "the reciprocal trade off, and/or compromise of the parties' respective rights which have been reserved or asserted with regard to funding, allocation, apportionment and reimbursement of litigation expenses with regard to the [Ericsson litigation]" and the certainty derived from the agreement. Complaint, Ex. E, Recital K (doc. no. 1).

The Ericsson litigation settled. Thereafter, Federal demanded full reimbursement in the amount $27,886,576.64, which represented the amount Federal had paid to InterDigital toward InterDigital's litigation expenses. InterDigital contended that it was not obligated to reimburse Federal for litigation expenses claiming the Reimbursement Agreement was unenforceable for lack of consideration.^[8] After the dispute arose, the parties met once to discuss settlement of the case. There is a dispute whether this one, meeting satisfied the required meeting provided for in the Reimbursement Agreement.^[9] Thereafter, pursuant to paragraph 6(c)(ii) of the Reimbursement Agreement, Federal formally demanded arbitration of its claim for reimbursement. In turn, InterDigital filed the instant suit.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard for a Motion to Compel Arbitration

Under Pennsylvania law, the parties must submit claims to arbitration if the parties entered into an agreement to arbitrate and the dispute falls within the scope of the agreement. Messa v. State Farm Ins. Co., 433 Pa.Super. 594, 641 A.2d 1167, 1168 (1994); Rocca v. Pennsylvania Gen. Ins. Co., 358 Pa.Super. 67, 516 A.2d 772, 773-74 (1986). Once a court determines that a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and that the dispute falls within the agreement, pursuant to the Pennsylvania Uniform Arbitration Act, 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. §§ 7301-7320, the court must compel the parties to arbitration. Messa, 641 A.2d at 1168.^[10]

Additionally, motions to compel arbitration are reviewed, in the first instance, under the well-settled summary judgment standard set forth in Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). Bellevue Drug Co. v. Advance PCS, 333 F.Supp.2d 318, 322 (E.D.Pa.2004). Movants must prove through "pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, ... that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that [they are] entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In considering a motion to compel arbitration, the Court must consider all of the non-moving party's evidence and construe all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Bellevue Drug, 333 F.Supp.2d at 322.

B. Is the Reimbursement Agreement Enforceable?

Both parties have submitted briefs that discuss whether the consideration purported to be exchanged by the Reimbursement Agreement is adequate and whether there was any other consideration exchanged by the parties that could support the Reimbursement Agreement. However, the Court need not determine those issues because it finds on the alternative basis argued by Federal that, under the UWOA, the Reimbursement Agreement is binding even absent consideration.^[11]

The UWOA provides that:

A written release or promise, hereafter made and signed by the person releasing or promising, shall not be invalid or unenforceable for lack of consideration, if the writing also contains an additional express statement, in any form of language, that the signer intends to be legally bound.

33 P.S. § 6.^[12] Under the UWOA, a written agreement may not be avoided for lack of consideration if it contains a provision expressing the intent of the parties to be legally bound by the agreement. See Laudig v. Laudig, 425 Pa.Super. 228, 624 A.2d 651, 654 (1993). Instead, the statement of the intent of the parties to be legally bound acts as "a valid substitute for consideration" for the agreement. Fedun v. Mike's Cafe, Inc., 204 Pa.Super. 356, 204 A.2d 776, 781 (1964), aff'd 419 Pa. 607, 213 A.2d 638 (1965).

The requirements of the UWOA are met by "an additional express statement, in any form of language, that the signer intends to be bound." 33 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 6 (emphasis added). For example, in Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., 806 A.2d 936, 945 (Pa.Cmwlth.2002), rev'd on other grounds, 578 Pa. 479, 854 A.2d 425 (2004), the court found that an agreement containing the statement, "This agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their permitted successors and assigns," when signed by the parties, expressed an acknowledgment of intent to be bound. Id. Similarly, in Kronz v. Cech (In re Romano), 175 B.R. 585 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Pa. 1994), the Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania found the language, "The covenants, conditions and agreements contained in this Mortgage shall bind, and the benefits thereof shall inure to the respective parties hereto and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns as the case may be," to be a clear expression of intention to abide by the provisions of the mortgage, thereby satisfying the requirements of the UWOA. Id. at 593.

The provisions at issue in both Yocca and Kronz are nearly identical to the language contained in the Reimbursement Agreement. Section 13 of the Reimbursement Agreement signed by InterDigital and Federal (collectively referred to as the "Contracting Parties") stated:

The Contracting Parties understand and agree that the agreements, undertakings, acts and other things done or to be done by each of the Contracting Parties in this Agreement shall run to and be binding upon the respective Contracting Parties, and their respective successors and assigns, which with respect to Insured [InterDigital] shall specifically include any Successor Entity.

Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 13 (doc. no. 1) (emphasis added). Upon review of the clear and unambiguous language of the Agreement, the Court concludes that the language, "this agreement shall run and be binding upon the respective Contracting Parties," is an additional express statement and is the form of language that clearly expresses an intent to be bound. See, e.g., Kay v. Kay, 460 Pa. 680, 334 A.2d 585, 586 n. 1, 587 (1974) (finding that the statement in a spousal support agreement that "HUBAND agrees to be legally bound .... HUSBAND further agrees and legally binds himself ...." sufficiently stated the husband's intention to be legally bound under the UWOA); Morgan's Home Equip. Corp. v. Martucci, 390 Pa. 618, 136 A.2d 838, 841, 845 n. 12 (Pa.1957) (finding that an employment agreement which contained the statement "I intend to be legally bound hereby," is a statement of intent to be bound within the meaning of the UWOA and has the same effect in importing consideration as a seal on an agreement); Fasco, A.G. v. Modernage, Inc., 311 F.Supp. 161, 164 (W.D.Pa.1970) (concluding that an agreement stating "[w]e the undersigned agreed to be severally liable for the obligation of [the defendant]," was a clear and formal expression of intention to be legally bound by the agreement, thereby satisfying the UWOA).

The cases cited by InterDigital to the contrary are distinguishable. The language in those cases, unlike the present case, do not contain additional language that either expressly state or objectively manifest an intention to be bound. See Barness 484 F.Supp. at 1147-48 (finding that the statement "the Undersigned ... promises to pay to the order of Centennial Bank" was not an additional express statement within the meaning of the statute); Gershman v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 405 Pa. 585, 176 A.2d 435, 436-37 (1962) (finding that the words "[a]pproved by" followed by obligor's signature did not satisfy the Act); Fedun, 204 A.2d at 780-81 (finding that the statement "[w]e ... release you from all obligations under the Lease ... and will not hold you responsible whatsoever under the Lease ..." did not constitute the additional express statement required by the UWOA).^[13]

InterDigital also contends that the UWOA is not applicable to a contract, such as the Reimbursement Agreement, in which the parties bargained for consideration but the consideration is illusory. For support, InterDigital points to the language in In re Commonwealth Trust Co. of Pittsburgh, 357 Pa. 349, 54 A.2d 649, 652 (1947), which states that, "[i]n the absence of any evidence to the contrary, an agreement under seal imports consideration. When, however, the agreement itself reveals the insufficiency or lack of consideration, the rule will not be applied to the detriment of the promisor." Analogizing requirements under the UWOA with agreements signed under seal, InterDigital argues that because the Reimbursement Agreement is not supported by any consideration, under the rule of Commonwealth Trust, the Court should not enforce the Reimbursement Agreement. The analogy is not on point.

Even assuming that no consideration passed under the Reimbursement Agreement, no Pennsylvania case has extended Commonwealth Trust to agreements enforceable under the UWOA, as suggested by Plaintiffs. To the contrary, as discussed above, Pennsylvania cases have emphasized that contracts containing "an additional express statement" of the intent of the parties to be bound are enforceable whether or not consideration exists for the agreement. See, e.g., Kay, 334 A.2d at 587 ("Under the Uniform Written Obligations Act ... the absence of consideration does not render the agreement unenforceable where [a statement of the intent of the parties to be bound is] made part of the contract."); Laudig, 624 A.2d at 655 (finding that, because an agreement contained a clause stating the intent of the parties to be legally bound, the agreement "is enforceable even without consideration under the Uniform Written Obligations Act"); Yocca, 806 A.2d at 945 (agreeing with the trial court's finding that it was unnecessary to determine if the additional terms of an agreement were supported by consideration because the agreement contained a statement binding the parties pursuant to the UWOA).^[14]

In any event, the holding in Commonwealth Trust is inapplicable here because it is limited to cases involving mutual mistake. In Commonwealth Trust, the agreement of sale at issue was premised on a mutual mistake of fact, i.e., that the seller (as a fiduciary) was legally obligated to accept a higher bid or offer received prior to the Orphan's Court's approval of the agreement of sale. Commonwealth Trust, 54 A.2d at 652. Because no such obligation existed and the seller was already legally obligated to sell to the defendant buyer through a previous court order, the court found there was no consideration which supported the terms of the agreement of sale allowing the seller to rescind if he received a higher offer. Id. Holding that a seal will not import consideration where it is revealed that no consideration is present, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed the lower court's enforcement of the agreement of sale. Id. In so holding, the court cited Jeffers v. Babis, 304 Pa. 281, 155 A. 878, 878-79 (1931), a case in which the defendant had essentially engaged in fraud in order to obtain an agreement by the plaintiffs to pay defendant a $3,000 commission for a sale of property after the sale was already completed. In both cases, the court concluded that, even though the contract was under seal, it would not enforce the agreement because there was no consideration involved.

The conclusion that the court's holding in Commonwealth Trust is limited to cases of mutual mistake is explained by Justice Maxey's concurring opinion in Commonwealth Trust. There, Justice Maxey wrote: "It is true that a seal `imports consideration' but it is equally true that it does not import unchallengeable validity to a contract founded on a mutual mistake." Commonwealth Trust, 54 A.2d at 656 (emphasis added). Because both parties had been mistaken as to their legal obligations at the time the agreement of sale was signed, Justice Maxey found that, despite the presence of the seal, the contract should not be enforced. Id. at 656-57; see also Thrasher v. Rothrock, 377 Pa. 562, 105 A.2d 600, 604 (1954) (affirming, per curiam, a lower court decision concluding that the Commonwealth Trust decision was not applicable because the contract at issue was not founded on mutual mistake).^[15]Commonwealth Trust, thus, is not helpful to Interdigital in this case.

C. Should the Parties be Compelled to Arbitrate?

InterDigital next argues that, even if the Reimbursement Agreement is enforceable, the Court should not compel the parties to arbitrate at this time because the parties have not yet satisfied the meeting requirement set forth in the Reimbursement Agreement. The Agreement provides:

If the combination of all of the foregoing is not reasonably projected to fully reimburse Federal within those four (4) years, Federal may, at its option, seek additional reimbursement from the Insureds during which time a representative of the Insureds and Federal, each of which having the authority to bind their respective entities, shall meet. If the Insureds and Federal cannot agree on a resolution, the matter will be submitted to arbitration, pursuant to Pennsylvania's Uniform Arbitration Act ....

Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(c)(ii). In other words, InterDigital argues that, a formal meeting was contemplated by the arbitration provision and such a meeting did not occur in this case.

Pursuant to Pennsylvania's Uniform Arbitration Act,^[16] the determination of whether a matter is subject to arbitration is within the jurisdiction of the court. See 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 7304(a); Ross, 803 A.2d at 196. In a proceeding to compel arbitration, as a threshold matter, the court must address whether the parties agreed to arbitrate and the scope of the agreement between the parties. Ross, 803 A.2d at 196-97. Once the court determines that there is an agreement to arbitrate and that the dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration clause, resolution of procedural questions, such as whether the invocation of arbitration was proper or timely, is left to the arbitrator. Id. at 196.

In the instant case, the parties agree that under section 6(c)(ii) of the Reimbursement Agreement, they agreed to arbitrate disputes concerning the amount to be reimbursed to Federal by Interdigital.^[17] InterDigital has not argued that its claims with respect to the amount of Federal's reimbursement do not fall within the scope of the agreement to arbitrate. Rather, InterDigital argues that arbitration is not timely because the parties have not satisfied a condition precedent that the parties meet to resolve the dispute prior to submitting the matter to arbitration. See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(c)(ii).^[18]

Specifically, InterDigital contends that the meeting between the parties on September 15, 2003, to discuss settlement does not satisfy the condition precedent because InterDigital attended the meeting under the express reservation that the meeting was excluded from procedures required under the Reimbursement Agreement. See Plaintiffs's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 2 (doc. no. 12).

Under Pennsylvania law, the procedural issue of whether a condition precedent to arbitration has been met is for an arbitrator to decide. See Ross, 803 A.2d at 197 (finding that the issue of whether a defendant's failure to satisfy the conditions precedent in the contract, i.e., whether the claims in a construction contract were previously presented to the architect are determined in arbitration); see also Shaler Area Educ. Ass'n. v. Shaler Area Sch. Dist., 61 Pa.Cmwlth. 211, 433 A.2d 168, 170 (1981) (determining that the issue of whether the teachers had complied with the steps required by the collective bargaining agreement was for the arbitrator to decide).

Accordingly, given that the parties have formally agreed to arbitrate their dispute and the dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement, the Court concludes that the issue of whether or not the September 15, 2003 meeting satisfied a condition precedent to arbitration is procedural and is to be determined by the arbitrator.^[19]

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Federal's motion to compel arbitration will be granted. Federal's motion to dismiss the complaint will be denied, this civil action shall be stayed, pursuant to 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 7304(d),^[20] and the case shall be placed in suspense. An appropriate order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 3rd day of October, 2005, it is hereby ORDERED that the defendant's motion to dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration (doc. no. 16) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the dispute shall be SUBMITTED TO ARBITRATION in accordance with the terms of the Reimbursement Agreement.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the case is STAYED and is PLACED IN SUSPENSE.

AND IT IS SO ORDERED.

NOTES

[1] InterDigital alleges that Federal breached the parties' insurance contract by refusing to reimburse InterDigital for its attorneys' fees above $240, and then $200 per hour (both rates being lower than the actual rate charged by InterDigital's attorneys), and that Federal had no good faith basis for doing so.

[2] According to its terms, the Reimbursement Agreement is to be construed according to Pennsylvania law. See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 18 (doc. no. 1).

[3] Because InterDigital's breach of contract and bad faith claims are undermined by the terms of the Reimbursement Agreement, in which the parties agreed on the hourly rate that Federal would pay for InterDigital's counsel, and the Court finds that the Reimbursement Agreement is valid and enforceable, Count II (Breach of Contract) and Count III (Bad Faith in Violation of 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 8371) will also be dismissed.

[4] Ericsson sought declaratory and monetary relief based upon several causes of action, at least one of which alleged defamation and commercial disparagement that constituted an advertising injury under the Policy. Inter-Digital filed a counterclaim alleging, inter alia, patent infringement. InterDigital alleges that all claims between the parties involved the same threshold legal issue, the validity of InterDigital's patents.

[5] InterDigital claims that the Reimbursement Agreement was precipitated by Federal's insistence that (1) it was entitled to seek reimbursement of fees for attorneys and litigation expenses associated with the defense of claims that did not fall within InterDigital's insurance coverage for advertising injuries under the Policy, and (2) it planned to seek reimbursement prior to InterDigital receiving settlement proceeds or an award from Ericsson.

[6] Except that Federal would only reimburse InterDigital for attorneys's fees calculated at the maximum rate of $200 per hour for services performed after April 1, 1999. See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶¶ 2, 3 (doc. no. 1).

[7] See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(a) (doc. no. 1).

[8] InterDigital reimbursed Federal, in part, for litigation expenses in the amount of $157,000.

[9] InterDigital alleges that this meeting took place subject to its express reservation that the meeting would not be part of the procedures set forth in the Reimbursement Agreement. See Plaintiffs's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 3 (doc. no. 12).

[10] Although not argued by the parties, whether a statement that comports with the UWOA acts as a valid substitute for consideration, making an agreement to arbitrate enforceable regardless of consideration, presents a question of substantive arbitrability which is an issue for the court to determine in the first instance. See Ross Dev. Co. v. Advanced Bldg. Dev., Inc., 803 A.2d 194, 196 (2002) (finding that whether the parties validly agreed to arbitrate, commonly referred to as "substantive arbitrability," is generally a question for the courts and not arbitrators, while resolution of procedural questions is left to the arbitrator). "A gateway dispute about whether the parties are bound by a given arbitration clause raises a question of arbitrability for a court to decide." Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84, 123 S.Ct. 588, 154 L.Ed.2d 491 (2002) (citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943-946, 115 S.Ct. 1920, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995) (holding that a court should decide whether an arbitration agreement bound parties who did not sign the agreement)).

[11] The Court also requested supplemental briefs from both parties addressing the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395, 87 S.Ct. 1801, 18 L.Ed.2d 1270 (1967), on the forum and calculus of this case. Both parties agree, as does the Court, that in these circumstances, a Court, and not an arbitrator, must decide whether an enforceable arbitration agreement exists. See Sandvik AB v. Advent Int'l Corp., 220 F.3d 99, 112 (3d Cir.2000) ("[W]hen the very existence of ... an agreement is disputed, a district court is correct to refuse to compel arbitration until it resolves the threshold question of whether the arbitration agreement exists."); Giannone v. Ayne Inst., 290 F.Supp.2d 553, 560-61 (E.D.Pa.2003) (holding that an arbitrator may decide a claim that a contract is voidable, while a court must decide whether a contract is void ab initio). Here, InterDigital claims that the Reimbursement Agreement is void, not merely voidable, and thus, should be decided by the Court. Additionally, the arbitration clause in the Reimbursement Agreement does not encompass challenges to the validity of the agreement, as challenged here. Rather, the arbitration clause is limited only to determinations as to the amount of reimbursement to Federal, if any.

[12] Professor Williston, the drafter of the UWOA, declared that the purpose of the UWOA was to make the law "substantially the same as it was when seals were in force, so far as the doctrine of consideration is concerned, except that in lieu of the formality of the seal, the formality of this statement is substituted." Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Barness, 484 F.Supp. 1134, 1148 (E.D.Pa.1980) (citations omitted).

[13] Federal further contends that, even assuming that no consideration was exchanged under the Reimbursement Agreement, the agreement is valid and enforceable pursuant to the UWOA because it contains an exchange of promises (i.e., InterDigital's promise to reimburse Federal for litigation expenses if it received a settlement from Ericsson and Federal's promise to fund InterDigital's litigation even if all potentially-covered claims were stricken from the lawsuit). See Linder v. Inhalation Therapy Servs., Inc., 834 F.2d 306 (3d Cir.1987)(holding that, under the UWOA, the exchange of promises between the parties in the written amendatory agreement expressed a clear intention to bind both parties). Because the Court finds that the Reimbursement is enforceable based on the parties express statement of their intent to be bound, the Court need not determine the applicability of Linder to the instant case.

[14] In InterDigital's supplemental brief, it asserts that the contractual language in the Reimbursement Agreement does not have the same binding effect of the contractual language in Yocca, even though the language is nearly identical, because the provision in the Reimbursement Agreement is contained under the heading "Successors and Assigns, while the provision in Yocca fell under a heading entitled `Binding Effect.'" This distinction is without consequence. Despite the heading, the language of the Reimbursement Agreement is clear — the provision binds not only successors and assigns, but also is "binding upon the respective Contracting Parties." Moreover, Paragraph 13(a) of the Reimbursement Agreement specifically states that headings are insignificant: "All headings contained herein are only for convenience and case of reference and are not to be considered in the construction or interpretation of any provision of this Agreement."

[15] Interdigital also claims that the UWOA has no application to any agreement in which the parties recite in the agreement the consideration purported to be exchanged. Plaintiffs cite an Iowa case for this proposition. See North v. Manning Trust & Say. Bank, 169 N.W.2d 780 (Iowa 1969). However, Manning Trust was overruled. Hubbard Milling Co. v. Citizens State Bank, 385 N.W.2d 255, 259 (Iowa 1986) (holding that the defense of failure of lack of consideration is not precluded from being raised merely because the parties recited consideration in the agreement). Additionally, the rule Plaintiff proposes has never been applied in Pennsylvania. Therefore, the Court concludes that the Reimbursement Agreement is enforceable under the UWOA even though the agreement may cite consideration intended to be exchanged.

[16] The Reimbursement Agreement states that the agreement of the parties to arbitrate is governed by Pennsylvania's Uniform Arbitration Act, 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. §§ 7301-7320. See Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(c)(ii) (doc. no. 1).

[17] See Defendant's Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Dismiss, at p. 22 (doc. no. 5); Plaintiffs's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, at p. 30 (doc. no. 12).

[18] The agreement provides,

[i]f the combination of all the foregoing is not reasonably projected to fully reimburse Federal within those four (4) years, Federal may, at its option, seek additional reimbursement from the Insureds during which time a representative of the Insureds and Federal, each of which having the authority to bind the respective entities, shall meet. If the Insureds and Federal cannot agree on a resolution, the matter will be submitted to arbitration, pursuant to Pennsylvania's Uniform Arbitration Act, before a single arbitrator approved by Federal and the Insureds....

Complaint, Ex. E, ¶ 6(c)(ii) (doc. no. 1).

[19] Lastly, InterDigital argues that arbitration should not be compelled because the Reimbursement Agreement does not state that arbitration of the dispute is "final and binding," and hence any decision rendered by arbitrators would only be advisory. See Orlando v. Interstate Container Corp., 100 F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir.1996) (finding that, because an arbitration award in a grievance proceeding was not final because the arbitration clause did not use the words "final" or "binding," review of the merits of the grievance by the court is proper). Even assuming that the decision of the arbitrator in this case would not be binding because the Reimbursement Agreement does not so state, InterDigital cites no support for the proposition that the court could refuse to compel arbitration on that basis. To the contrary, under Pennsylvania's Uniform Arbitration Act, once the court determines that there is an agreement to arbitrate and that the controversy falls within the scope of that agreement, the controversy must be submitted to arbitration. 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 7304(a); Santiago v. State Farm Ins. Co., 453 Pa.Super. 343, 683 A.2d 1216, 1217 (1996). There is no mention in the Act that the provision is applicable only when the arbitrator's decision is final. Whether or not the arbitrator's resolution of the instant dispute is binding arbitration or subject to judicial review at a later date, and if so, to what degree, need not be considered by the Court at this time.

[20] Pursuant to Pennsylvania law, "[a]n action or proceeding, allegedly involving an issue subject to arbitration, shall be stayed if a court order to proceed with arbitration has been made or an application for such an order has been made under this section." 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. 7304(d).