State v. Mossman , 2014 Ohio 2620 ( 2014 )

[Cite as State v. Mossman, 2014-Ohio-2620.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 13AP-959
v. : (M.C. No. 2013 TRC-135890)
Natalie G. Mossman, : (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellee. :
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D E C I S I O N
Rendered on June 17, 2014
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Richard C. Pfeiffer, Jr., Columbus City Attorney, and Lara N.
Baker, City Prosecutor, for appellant.
Samuel H. Shamansky, for appellee.
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APPEAL from the Franklin County Municipal Court
DORRIAN, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, State of Ohio ("the state"), appeals from a judgment
entered by the Franklin County Municipal Court sustaining a motion to suppress evidence
filed by defendant-appellee, Natalie G. Mossman ("appellee"). The court ruled that the
state could not use evidence obtained subsequent to a traffic stop to prove that appellee
had operated a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol ("OVI") in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1). For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand the case to the trial
court for further proceedings.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
{¶ 2} Testimony elicited at the suppression hearing established that, at
approximately 2:15 a.m. on Sunday, May 5, 2013, Trooper Robert C. Bradley, Jr. of the
Ohio State Highway Patrol ("the trooper"), observed appellee driving a vehicle in excess of
the posted speed limit, i.e., as high as 59 miles per hour in a 35-miles-per-hour zone.
Appellee proceeded onto a freeway entrance ramp, whereupon the trooper activated his
lights, and appellee stopped her vehicle on the berm of the freeway. Upon approaching
No. 13AP-959 2
appellee's automobile, the trooper "smell[ed] a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage
coming from the vehicle." (Tr. 6.) He observed that there was a male in the passenger
seat. The trooper asked appellee how much she had had to drink and when. Appellee told
the trooper that she "had some * * * about 30 minutes prior to the stop." (Tr. 6.) At that
point, the trooper asked appellee to exit the vehicle to perform field sobriety tests,
including horizontal and vertical gaze nystagmus examinations, a one-leg stand test, and a
walk-and-turn test. He also asked appellee to recite the alphabet, starting with B and
ending at T. Appellee did not at that time take a portable breath test but, based on
appellee's performance on the field sobriety tests, the trooper determined that he had
probable cause to arrest her for OVI. In addition to the trooper's testimony, the state
introduced a video of the incident that had been recorded from the dashboard camera on
the trooper's patrol vehicle.
{¶ 3} On cross-examination, the trooper acknowledged that, at the time he pulled
appellee over, he had no objective indicia that she was under the influence of alcohol and
that he did not observe slurred speech, erratic behavior or impaired driving.
{¶ 4} In a written decision, the court granted appellant's motion to suppress,
stating:
The threshold question * * * is whether the Trooper had
probable cause to detain the Defendant for administration of
the field sobriety tests. Based upon the Trooper[']s
observations (or lack thereof) prior to the administration of
the tests, the answer to that questions [sic] would be no.
The Trooper observed no signs of impaired driving. A
speeding violation, standing alone, is not an indicator of
impaired driving. The only indicators of possible impairment
exhibited by the Defendant were an odor of alcohol, an
admission to "some" drinking fairly recently, and glassy eyes.
The latter can be attributed to the late hour as much as it can
to being impaired. The odor and admission is only an
indicator of drinking, not necessarily impairment. * * *
Based upon the above, the Court finds that there existed no
probable cause to detain and arrest the Defendant,
considering all of the above factors.
(Emphasis added.) (Nov. 12, 2013 Amended Judgment Entry, 2.)
{¶ 5} The state has timely appealed and raises the following assignment of error:
No. 13AP-959 3
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND THAT
TROOPER BRADLEY DID NOT HAVE A LAWFUL BASIS TO
DETAIN APPELLEE AND REQUEST THAT SHE PERFORM
FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS.
II. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
{¶ 6} It is axiomatic that the Ohio Constitution and the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable
searches by agents of the government: " 'The Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and Section 14,
Article I of the Ohio Constitution, protects "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." ' " State
v. Broughton, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-620, 2012-Ohio-2526, ¶ 15, quoting State v. Ford, 10th
Dist. No. 07AP-803, 2008-Ohio-4373, ¶ 19.
{¶ 7} "For purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a person has been seized when an
officer conducts an investigative stop and detains the person in order to administer field
sobriety tests." Upper Arlington v. Wissinger, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-922, 2014-Ohio-1601,
¶ 15, citing State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 240-41 (1997). "[B]efore an officer may
conduct field sobriety tests, he or she must have reasonable suspicion based upon
specific, articulable facts that a driver is intoxicated." (Emphasis added.) Id., citing State
v. Perkins, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-924, 2008-Ohio-5060, ¶ 8. " '[A]fter making a valid
investigative stop, an officer may investigate a suspect for impaired driving if reasonable
and articulable facts exist to support the officer's decision.' " Perkins at ¶ 8, quoting
Columbus v. Weber, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-845, 2007-Ohio-5446, ¶ 8. It is the state's
burden to prove that reasonable suspicion was present based upon specific articulable
facts. Id.{¶ 8} When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier
of fact and is in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness
credibility. State v. Hogan, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-644, 2012-Ohio-1421, ¶ 17, citing State v.
Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. In reviewing the trial court's denial
of appellant's motion to suppress, we are guided by the following principles:
Appellate review of a motion to suppress involves mixed ques-
tions of law and fact and, therefore, is subject to a twofold
standard of review. State v. Humberto, 10th Dist. No. 10AP–
527, 2011-Ohio-3080, ¶ 46. "Because the trial court is in the
No. 13AP-959 4
best position to weigh the credibility of the witnesses, we must
uphold the trial court's findings of fact if competent, credible
evidence supports them. We nonetheless must independently
determine, as a matter of law, whether the facts meet the
applicable legal standard." Id., citing State v. Reedy, 10th
Dist. No. 05AP-501, 2006-Ohio-1212, ¶ 5 (internal citations
omitted).
State v. Griffin, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-902, 2011-Ohio-4250, ¶ 49.
III. Analysis
A. Reasonable Suspicion for Initial Stop
{¶ 9} In this case, appellee does not dispute that the trooper had reasonable
suspicion to initiate the traffic stop based on his having clocked her traveling well in
excess of the speed limit. Accordingly, and in view of the unrebutted testimony of the
trooper that appellee had been speeding, we find that the trooper properly initiated a
traffic stop of appellee.
B. Reasonable Suspicion for Detention to Conduct Field Sobriety Test
{¶ 10} In State v. Montelauro, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-413, 2011-Ohio-6568, ¶ 8, we
recognized that, even where an officer has probable cause to stop a defendant for
committing a traffic violation, the officer's further detention of the defendant in order to
conduct field sobriety tests violates the Fourth Amendment unless the officer has
reasonable, articulable suspicion that the defendant is intoxicated. Moreover, "[t]he
propriety of such an investigative stop must be viewed in light of the totality of the
circumstances." Id., citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 (1981), and State v. Bobo,
37 Ohio St.3d 177 (1988), paragraph one of the syllabus. We must, therefore, pursuant to
the applicable standard of review, independently determine, as a matter of law, whether
the facts in this case, viewed in the totality of circumstances presented here, demonstrate
that the trooper's suspicion that appellee was operating a vehicle under the influence of
alcohol was reasonable, justifying further detention for the purpose of field sobriety
testing.
{¶ 11} Both parties acknowledge that, while probable cause is required to justify an
arrest, the trooper could legally detain appellee to administer field sobriety tests if the
facts demonstrated grounds for reasonable suspicion that appellee was operating a vehicle
under the influence of alcohol. The trial court erred to the extent that it examined the
facts and circumstances in light of a probable-cause standard in determining the legality
No. 13AP-959 5
of the detention for field sobriety testing. That error, however, does not require that we
remand the matter to the trial court for it to determine whether the facts and
circumstances satisfied a reasonable suspicion standard. See, e.g., State v. Cordell, 10th
Dist. No. 12AP-42, 2013-Ohio-3009, ¶ 10, 15, and State v. Battle, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-
1132, 2011-Ohio-6661, ¶ 25, 39. (In both cases, after ruling that the trial court had applied
an incorrect standard in ruling on a motion to suppress, we reviewed the facts and applied
the correct standard to determine whether suppression was warranted.) We conclude
that the undisputed facts support the conclusion that the trooper did have a reasonable
suspicion that appellee was operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, and,
therefore, the trooper's detention of appellee to further investigate by conducting field
sobriety testing was consistent with the Fourth Amendment.
{¶ 12} In 1991, we acknowledged that an officer had reasonable suspicion to
conduct field sobriety tests where the driver was stopped for driving 72 miles per hour in a
55-miles-per-hour zone in the early morning hours, combined with the fact that the
officer noticed a moderate odor of alcohol about the driver's person. Columbus v.
Anderson, 74 Ohio App.3d 768 (10th Dist.1991). We held that those facts supported the
conclusion that the officer had reasonable suspicion to detain for field sobriety tests,
observing that "[t]he speed of [the driver's] vehicle, the moderate odor of alcoholic
beverage, and the time of day provided sufficient grounds for the officer to have a
reasonable suspicion which warranted further investigation." Id. at 770.
{¶ 13} We find that the totality of the circumstances surrounding appellee's traffic
stop, viewed " 'through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene
who must react to events as they unfold' " justified the trooper's reasonable suspicion that
appellee was driving while impaired. Montelauro at ¶ 17, quoting State v. Santiago, 2d
Dist. No. 2010 CA 33, 2011-Ohio-5292. Appellee was driving well in excess of the 35-
miles- per-hour limit, the trooper stopped her at approximately 2 a.m. on a Sunday
morning, the trooper discerned an odor of alcohol in the vehicle, and appellee
acknowledged having been drinking. Accord Perkins at ¶ 9 ("In Anderson, this court
found that speeding in the early morning hours and the odor of alcohol provided
sufficient grounds for the officer to have a reasonable suspicion to warrant further
investigation. Other Ohio appellate districts have found similar circumstances to
constitute sufficient grounds for an officer to conduct field sobriety tests.").
No. 13AP-959 6
C. Probable Cause to Arrest
{¶ 14} The decision of the trial court states that it suppressed the evidence of
appellee's performance on the field sobriety tests based on its finding of a lack of probable
cause, rather than reasonable suspicion, of OVI at the time the officer detained appellee
for field sobriety testing. It did not reach the question of whether probable cause to arrest
appellee for OVI existed after appellee had undergone that testing. We remand the case to
the trial court for it to determine in the first instance the issue of whether, after the field
sobriety tests had been conducted, the trooper had probable cause to arrest appellee.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 15} For the foregoing reasons, we sustain in part appellant's assignment of error.
We reverse the judgment of the Franklin County Municipal Court and remand this case to
that court with instructions that it determine whether the trooper had probable cause to
arrest appellee.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded with instructions.
KLATT and O'GRADY, JJ., concur.
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