Schlumberger Limited and Schlumberger Technology Corporation v. Charlotte Rutherford , 472 S.W.3d 881 ( 2015 )

Opinion issued August 25, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-14-00776-CV
———————————
SCHLUMBERGER LIMITED AND
SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION,
Appellants / Cross-Appellees
V.
CHARLOTTE RUTHERFORD, Appellee / Cross-Appellant
On Appeal from the 127th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2014-13621
OPINION
In this interlocutory appeal and cross-appeal, the parties challenge various
portions of the trial court’s order granting in part and denying in part a motion to
dismiss under the Texas Citizen’s Participation Act (TCPA), Chapter 27 of the
Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001–
.011. Because we have no jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal of the portion
of the order granting the motion to dismiss, we dismiss the appeal by
Schlumberger Limited and Schlumberger Technology Corporation. We affirm the
portion of the order denying Rutherford’s motion to dismiss the breach-of-contract
claim against her.
Background
In 2006, Schlumberger hired Charlotte Rutherford as an attorney, with the
title of Manager of Intellectual Property Enforcement. 1 In 2009, it promoted her to
Deputy General Counsel for Intellectual Property.
When she was hired, Rutherford executed a “Patent and Confidential
Information Agreement.” That agreement prohibited her from removing
Schlumberger’s property, including equipment, computer software, and reports,
from the company’s facilities except as may have been required in performing her
duties. It also provided that because of the position of trust and confidence
Rutherford was being given, she would be entrusted with Schlumberger’s valuable
trade secrets and other confidential information. The agreement prohibited
1
When she was hired, Rutherford was known as Charlotte Copperthite. For
purposes of this interlocutory appeal, all parties have referred generally to
the appellants collectively as “Schlumberger.” The precise relationship as it
relates to the two distinct Schlumberger entities does not appear to be
material to any of the issues we address in this opinion.
2
Rutherford from disclosing such information to third parties or using it for reasons
other than Schlumberger business. It also prohibited her from competing with
Schlumberger for a period of one year following the termination of her
employment. Schlumberger’s internal policies, including its “Code of Conduct,”
“Confidentiality and Information Security Policy,” and “Inventions Ownership and
Confidential Information Policy” imposed similar restrictions and prohibitions.
It is undisputed that in the course of her work, Rutherford had access to
Schlumberger’s business information, including intellectual property, proprietary
technologies, competitive strategies, marketing strategies, and financial
information. Schlumberger considered some of that information to be trade secrets.
The information available to Rutherford included information regarding
Schlumberger’s Petrel software and intellectual property strategies regarding that
software.2 For example, in 2006 Rutherford assisted Schlumberger in developing
strategies for litigation against Geomodeling Technology Corporation over alleged
misuse of the Petrel software. Among other activities in that case, she presented
evidence to a Canadian court.
2
Neither the parties’ briefs nor the record makes the exact nature of Petrel
clear. Based on the record before us, we understand it to be software that
Schlumberger offered to its clients or customers to assist them in tasks
related to exploration for and production of oil and gas.
3
In May 2013, Rutherford left Schlumberger. As part of the exit process,
Schlumberger collected company information, documents, and devices in
Rutherford’s possession, conducted an exit interview, and had her sign an
“Employee Exit Checklist” certifying that she had returned all company property
and information. Rutherford gave Schlumberger employee Robin Nava a USB
flash drive containing Schlumberger information, including a file named “SIS-
DCS IP Strategy Review -- Update (Oct-2012).pptx” and accessed by the user
“crutherford2.” The drive also held a number of files that Schlumberger contends
contain trade secrets and other confidential information. Rutherford did not leave
any other documents, hard drives, or flash drives in her office except for one flash
drive still in its original, unopened packaging.
On her departure from Schlumberger, Rutherford joined Acacia Research
Group, a patent-licensing firm. Acacia’s business model involves acquiring
patents, which it then monetizes by suing companies that it alleges infringe upon
the patents, or issuing licenses to them. Factors Acacia considers when determining
whether to acquire a patent include potential targets for licensing or litigation.
Several weeks after her departure from Schlumberger, Rutherford met with
representatives of a third party, Austin Geomodeling, regarding Acacia’s potential
acquisition of one of its patents, United States Patent No. 7,986,319, which covers
a “Method and System for Dynamic Three-Dimensional Geological Interpretation
4
and Modeling.” Both outside and in-house legal counsel recommended to Acacia
that it acquire the ’319 patent. Rutherford testified that her “involvement was to
concur with the recommendation to acquire the ’319 patent.”
Acacia subsequently acquired the ’319 patent and transferred it to a
subsidiary, Dynamic 3D Geosolutions. Approximately nine months after
Rutherford left Schlumberger, Dynamic 3D sued Schlumberger for infringing the
’319 patent. According to Rutherford, “the decision to acquire and the decision to
sue” were “part of the same review process,” and she “concurred with the
recommendations of my counsel” in both decisions.
Schlumberger suspected that Rutherford had some involvement in the
Dynamic 3D lawsuit. It investigated the circumstances of Rutherford’s departure
and discovered that it could not account for an external hard drive she had used.
Schlumberger also had a forensic expert examine her computer, and he determined
that Rutherford had connected a number of USB flash drives to her computer after
accepting her job with Acacia, in addition to the one that she gave to Nava. The
forensic expert found evidence that Rutherford copied to those drives files
belonging to Schlumberger, at least some of which allegedly contain confidential
and trade-secret information. The analysis also showed that, prior to her departure,
Rutherford deleted a number of files from her computer. Although Rutherford
testified that she found additional thumb drives in her office at Schlumberger and
5
placed them in the inbox of Schlumberger employee Janet Lennon, other evidence
suggested that Lennon does not have an inbox, Rutherford’s inbox and outbox
were empty when she left Schlumberger, and Lennon did not find any additional
drives in Rutherford’s office after her departure.
In 2014, Schlumberger sued Rutherford for breach of contract,
misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and
violation of the Texas Theft Liability Act. Rutherford timely moved to dismiss all
of Schlumberger’s claims under the TCPA. In her motion, she argued that
dismissal was proper because Schlumberger’s suit “is based on, relates to, or is in
response to” her “protected acts” in exercising her rights to petition and to freely
associate. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001–.003. She asserted in the
motion that Schlumberger sued her only for reasons of “revenge,” “scare tactics,”
and “to intimidate her.” She also maintained that the allegations were “false,”
based on a “misperception,” a “mystery tale” supported by “sham affidavits” and
by a “half-baked” and “rigged ‘investigation,’” and driven by the desire to
“[p]unish [her] for associating with Dynamic 3D and, in Schlumberger’s mind,
participating in a lawsuit.”
After a hearing, the trial court dismissed the misappropriation, conversion,
breach of fiduciary duty, and Texas Theft Liability Act claims, but it denied the
motion to dismiss with respect to the claim for breach of contract. Schlumberger
6
appeals, challenging the trial court’s partial grant of the TCPA motion to dismiss,
and Rutherford cross-appeals, challenging the partial denial of that motion.
Analysis
I. Schlumberger’s interlocutory appeal
Schlumberger presents four issues on appeal, all of which constitute
interlocutory attacks on the trial court’s order to the extent it partially granted
Rutherford’s TCPA motion to dismiss. 3 Rutherford responds that we lack
jurisdiction over Schlumberger’s appeal because no statute confers jurisdiction
over the interlocutory grant of a TCPA motion to dismiss.
In general, Texas appellate courts have jurisdiction only over final
judgments. Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 92 (Tex. 2012). An
exception to this rule exists, however, when a statute authorizes an interlocutory
appeal. CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. 2011). We must “strictly
apply statutes granting interlocutory appeals because they are a narrow exception
to the general rule that interlocutory orders are not immediately appealable.” Id.;
see also Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Baker Hughes Inc., 355 S.W.3d 791, 796
3
The issues address whether: (1) the TCPA applies to Schlumberger’s
dismissed claims; (2) the trial court could consider circumstantial evidence
in determining whether Schlumberger established a prima facie case for each
of its claims; (3) Schlumberger established a prima facie case; and (4) the
trial court abused its discretion in making its award of sanctions and
attorney’s fees to Rutherford.
7
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). This policy is a corollary of the
well-established policy of favoring final resolution on the merits of the case over
resolution of preliminary orders. “Generally the most expeditious way of obviating
the hardship and discomforture of an unfavorable preliminary order is to try the
case on its merits and thus secure a hearing wherein the case may be fully
developed and the courts, both trial and appellate, may render judgments finally
disposing of controversies.” Sw. Weather Research, Inc. v. Jones, 327 S.W.2d 417,
422 (Tex. 1959).
The Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides for interlocutory appeal of
an order that “denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 27.003.” TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(12). Until this provision’s enactment in 2013, the
only statute explicitly providing for interlocutory appeals related to TCPA motions
was Section 27.008(a) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, providing that the
moving party could appeal when a TCPA motion to dismiss was denied by
operation of law. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.008(a). The courts of
appeals disagreed whether a party could also bring an interlocutory appeal from a
trial court’s order on such a motion. See generally Paulsen v. Yarrell, 455 S.W.3d
192 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); Kinney v. BCG Attorney
Search, Inc., No. 03-12-00579-CV, 2014 WL 1432012, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin
Apr. 11, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also Jennings v. WallBuilder
8
Presentations, Inc. ex rel. Barton, 378 S.W.3d 519, 528 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2012, pet. denied) (“construing section 27.008 with precision and with fidelity to
the terms by which the legislature has expressed its wishes, we decline to ‘imply’
into the statute . . . a right of interlocutory appeal from a timely-signed order
denying a timely-filed chapter 27 motion to dismiss”). The Legislature enacted
Section 51.014(a)(12), evidently to resolve this split in authority, and the law now
expressly permits an interlocutory appeal of an order denying a TCPA motion to
dismiss. Act of May 24, 2013, 83d Leg. R.S., ch. 1042, § 4, 2013 Tex. Sess. Law
Serv. 2501, 2502 (codified at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(12)); see
also Paulsen, 455 S.W.3d at 195. By contrast, no statute expressly provides for
interlocutory appeal of an order that grants such a motion.
Schlumberger argues in its reply brief that “Section 27.008(b) provides for
appeals from orders on TCPA motions to dismiss without regard for whether an
order is a grant or denial.” We disagree. That statute provides that “[a]n appellate
court shall expedite an appeal or other writ, whether interlocutory or not, from a
trial court order on a motion to dismiss a legal action under Section 27.003 or from
a trial court’s failure to rule on that motion in the time prescribed by Section
27.005.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.008(b). It does not expressly confer a
right to interlocutory appeal. Rather, it provides that the courts of appeals must
expedite those appeals which are taken from an order on a Section 27.003 motion
9
or the trial court’s failure to act on such a motion. See id. By contrast, Section
27.008(a) provides that “the moving party may appeal” when a Section 27.003
motion to dismiss is denied by operation of law, and Section 51.014(a)(12)
provides for appeal of an interlocutory order that “denies” such a motion. Id.
§§ 27.008(a), 51.014(a)(12). Under Section 27.008(b), both of these types of
appeals must be expedited.
Schlumberger presents several arguments against this reading of the statute
authorizing interlocutory appeals under the TCPA.
A. Textual analysis of Sections 27.008(b) and 51.014(a)(12)
Schlumberger argues that our interpretation of the TCPA requires us to “read
an implied modification of Section 27.008(b) into Section 51.014(a)(12),”
narrowing the scope of the former by resort to the latter. According to
Schlumberger, such a reading “would be contrary to the express intent” of the
Legislature in enacting both provisions. But neither provision reflects an “express
intent” to allow appeals from interlocutory orders granting a TCPA motion to
dismiss. Our interpretive task does not require us to scrutinize Section 27.008(b) in
isolation, without reference to the remainder of the TCPA or other statutes
authorizing interlocutory appeals, to determine what Section 27.008(b)
hypothetically might have meant before the enactment of Section 51.014(a)(12).
To put it another way, to the extent that Schlumberger asks us to infer a right to
10
TCPA interlocutory appeals that is not expressly provided in Section 27.008(b), the
enactment of Section 51.014(a)(12), with its express limitation of the scope of
appeals available from interlocutory orders on TCPA motions to dismiss, prevents
us from inferring a right of interlocutory appeal that would substantively expand
Section 51.014(a)(12) beyond its express limitation. To do so would ignore and
render ineffective the Legislature’s presumably deliberate choice of words limiting
interlocutory appeals to orders denying a TCPA motion to dismiss. Because we
must “strictly apply statutes granting interlocutory appeals” as “a narrow exception
to the general rule” permitting appeals only from a final judgment, we must reject
Schlumberger’s interpretation. CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 447; Bally Total
Fitness Corp. v. Jackson, 53 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. 2001).
B. Legislative history of Section 51.014(a)(12)
In its reply brief and in its oral argument, Schlumberger also seeks validation
for its proposed interpretation from legislative history in the form of a bill analysis
attributed to a legislative sponsor. See Senate Comm. on State Affairs, Engrossed
Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2935, 83d Leg., R.S. (2013). Schlumberger argues that
this “legislative history confirms that (1) the intent of the TCPA was to allow
appeals from both grants and denials of TCPA motions to dismiss, and (2) the
amendment to Section 51.014 did not alter the TCPA in that regard.”
Schlumberger thus proposes that we “should not read an implied modification of
11
Section 27.008(b) into Section 51.014(a)(12)” because “doing so would be
contrary to the express intent of the author of both provisions.”
There are legitimate purposes for courts to reference legislative history in the
course of explaining the evolution of a statute. See, e.g., Ojo v. Farmers Grp., Inc.,
356 S.W.3d 421, 437 (Tex. 2011) (Jefferson, C.J., concurring); id. at 439 (Willett,
J., concurring). But our Supreme Court has consistently counseled against resort to
legislative history as an interpretative tool for statutes that can be understood
without departing from the enacted text. The Court has maintained this
methodological approach despite the fact that the Legislature arguably has invited
courts to mine the annals of legislative history as inspiration for adventures in
statutory interpretation. See, e.g., TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.023(3). Texas courts
wisely have declined that approach.
When it comes to explaining the standards for how statutes will be
interpreted by courts, the courts have their own say in the matter. And the Supreme
Court of Texas generally recognizes that resort to legislative history to supplement
or, worse, to contradict the express text invokes a risk of inappropriately displacing
the Legislature from its role and responsibility of passing laws by substituting the
policy preferences of the judges. It the task of courts to interpret and implement
laws as written, not as they could have been written, and not as the judges might
see fit if the Texas Constitution permitted courts to act as a post-legislative
12
committee of statutory revision. The Constitution is clear in its disapproval of
judicial assumption of the legislative role. See TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1; see also
Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 464 (Tex. 2009) (Willett,
J., concurring) (“Our place in the constitutional architecture requires fidelity to
what lawmakers actually passed.”).
Thus our Supreme Court has acknowledged that despite the Legislature’s
purported acquiescence to the liberal use of legislative history, “over-reliance on
secondary materials should be avoided, particularly where a statute’s language is
clear. If the text is unambiguous, we must take the Legislature at its word and not
rummage around in legislative minutiae.” Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v.
Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 652 n.4 (Tex. 2006); see also Entergy Gulf States, 282
S.W.3d at 463 (Willett, J., concurring) (“the ‘surest guide’ to what lawmakers
intended is what lawmakers enacted”). For example, when a bill sponsor’s press
release and an exchange between two state senators in reference to a conference
committee report were quoted in dissent as purported evidence of “legislative
intent,” a 7-justice majority of the Supreme Court was emphatic in its rejection of
this approach and in its clear explanation why:
In support of their arguments . . . Molinet and the dissent urge
us to consider and give overriding weight to statements made by a
senator during floor debates and published by unanimous consent in
the Senate Journal. We decline to do so. Statements made during the
legislative process by individual legislators or even a unanimous
legislative chamber are not evidence of the collective intent of the
13
majorities of both legislative chambers that enacted a statute. See Gen.
Chem. Corp. v. De La Lastra, 852 S.W.2d 916, 923 (Tex. 1993).
Moreover, the Legislature expresses its intent by the words it enacts
and declares to be the law. See Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v.
Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651 (Tex. 2006) (“Ordinarily, the truest
manifestation of what legislators intended is what lawmakers enacted,
the literal text they voted on.”). Construing clear and unambiguous
statutes according to the language actually enacted and published as
law—instead of according to statements that did not pass through the
law-making processes, were not enacted, and are not published as
law—ensures that ordinary citizens are able to rely on the language of
a statute to mean what it says. See Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine
Fixation Sys., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999). When a statute’s
language is clear and unambiguous “‘it is inappropriate to resort to the
rules of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language.’” Tex.
Lottery Comm’n [v. First State Bank of DeQueen], 325 S.W.3d [628,]
637 [(Tex. 2010)] (quoting City of Rockwall [v. Hughes], 246 S.W.3d
[621,] 626 [(Tex. 2008)]); Tex. Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory
Servs. v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145 S.W.3d 170, 177 (Tex. 2004); St.
Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex. 1997).
It is the Legislature’s prerogative to enact statutes; it is the
judiciary’s responsibility to interpret those statutes according to the
language the Legislature used, absent a context indicating a different
meaning or the result of the plain meaning of the language yielding
absurd or nonsensical results. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.011(a)
(words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according
to rules of grammar and common usage); Tex. Lottery Comm’n, 325
S.W.3d at 637–38. . . .
Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 414–15 (Tex. 2011).
As applied in this particular case, this court has previously considered and
rejected the precise argument now advanced based on legislative history, although
Schlumberger characterizes it as “dicta.” We explained in Paulsen v. Yarrell, 455
S.W.3d 192 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.), that the bill sponsor’s
14
statement relied upon by Schlumberger “actually contradicts the text of the statute
by indicating the bill sponsor’s ‘statement of intent’ to include interlocutory
appeals from ‘the denial or grant’ of motions to dismiss . . . despite the fact that the
enacted legislation, Section 51.014(a)(12), is expressly limited by its terms to
authorizing review of an order that ‘denies a motion to dismiss.’” Paulsen, 455
S.W.3d at 196. Bottom line: the bill sponsor’s stated intent doesn’t match the law
the Legislature passed and the Governor signed into law. See Klein v. Hernandez
ex rel. N.H., 315 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. 2010) (Willett, J., concurring) (“The
Legislature passes and the Governor signs bills, not bill analyses, and we are
governed by laws, not by legislative histories.”). So Schlumberger’s argument
invites us to substitute the bill sponsor’s original intent and the bill that was
originally proposed for the legislation that was actually passed into law. It is a
textbook example of the danger of reliance on legislative history, and we once
again decline the invitation.
C. Effect of order partially denying a TCPA motion to dismiss
Finally, Schlumberger argues that we have jurisdiction over the trial court’s
entire order because that order partially denied Rutherford’s motion. According to
Schlumberger, the entire order therefore falls within the scope of Section
51.014(a)(12) as “an interlocutory order . . . that . . . denies a motion to dismiss
filed under Section 27.003.”
15
Section 51.014(a)(12) expressly grants a right of interlocutory appeal from
an order that denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 27.003. TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(12). It does not mention orders that grant a
motion to dismiss filed under Section 27.003.
The statute does not explicitly address the circumstance of a written
“interlocutory order” that partially denies and partially grants a motion to dismiss
filed under Section 27.003. To the extent a party appeals from the part of such an
order that denies the motion to dismiss, the statute applies and permits an
interlocutory appeal. But does the authority to appeal from an interlocutory order
that “denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 27.003” also permit an appeal
from such an order to the extent that it also partially grants the motion to dismiss?
Schlumberger’s argument assumes that the trial court’s interlocutory ruling
that partially granted Rutherford’s TCPA motion to dismiss is an appealable
component of one “interlocutory order” that also “denies a motion to dismiss filed
under Section 27.003.” But the statute’s reference to an “interlocutory order” also
could be understood as a specific interlocutory ruling, as opposed to a document
containing multiple interlocutory rulings. Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage
defines “order” as follows:
(1) a command or direction; (2) a judge’s written direction; or (3) a
written instrument (such as a check), made by one person and
addressed to another, directing that other to pay money or deliver
something to someone named in the instrument. In sense 2, a court’s
16
order may be either interlocutory (on some intermediate matter) or,
more broadly, final (and therefore dispositive of the entire case).
Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage 640 (3d ed. 2011). Black’s
Law Dictionary defines “interlocutory order” as “[a]n order that relates to some
intermediate matter in the case; any order other than a final order.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 1271 (10th ed. 2014).
Applying “interlocutory order” as a reference to a specific ruling is
consistent with the courts’ general approach of “strictly” applying statutory
authorizations of interlocutory appeals as narrow exceptions to the general rule
disallowing interlocutory appeals. CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 447. This
construction also has the benefit of making the right of interlocutory appeal hinge
entirely on the substance of the interlocutory order—as the Legislature provided by
delineating the specific types of interlocutory rulings that are eligible for
interlocutory appeals—rather than the form in which the trial court issues its
ruling. Were we to accept Schlumberger’s interpretation, trial courts could insulate
partial grants of TCPA motions to dismiss from interlocutory review simply by
issuing them as standalone written orders, separate from any other written order
that partially denies the motion. Such an interpretation would elevate form over
substance in a way that is not consistent with the text and structure of the statute.
Our interpretation of Section 51.014(a)(12) is consistent with the application
of Section 51.014(a)(6) in analogous circumstances. See, e.g., KTRK Television,
17
Inc. v. Fowkes, 981 S.W.2d 779, 786–87 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998,
pet. denied) (refusing to apply Section 51.014(a)(6) to allow libel plaintiff to
appeal from portions of an interlocutory order partially granting and partially
denying media defendant’s motion for summary judgment), disapproved on other
grounds by Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 115–16 (Tex. 2000);
Astoria Indus. of Iowa, Inc. v. SNF, Inc., 223 S.W.3d 616, 627–28 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2007, pet. denied) (limiting scope of interlocutory review under
Section 51.014(a)(6) to portion of order denying summary judgment on claims
defended on free-speech grounds, and not other parts of same order).
Schlumberger relies on Dolcefino v. Randolph, No. 14-00-00602-CV, 2001
WL 931112 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 16, 2001, pet. denied) (not
designated for publication), as authority for the opposite conclusion that Section
51.014(a)(6) bestows interlocutory appellate jurisdiction “over the entire order
denying appellants’ motions for summary judgment.” See Dolcefino, 2001 WL
931112, at *3. Dolcefino is from another court, and it has no precedential value.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.7. Schlumberger also directs our attention to Kinney v. BCG
Attorney Search, Inc., No. 03-12-00579-CV, 2014 WL 1432012 (Tex. App.—
Austin Apr. 11, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.), as an example of a court of appeals
exercising appellate jurisdiction to review the partial grant of a TCPA motion to
dismiss. But the Kinney court did not analyze the jurisdiction question presented by
18
this appeal. For the reasons explained above, we decline to follow both Dolcefino
and Kinney.
We conclude that the denial of a motion to dismiss does not provide an
avenue of interlocutory appeal to all other ancillary rulings contained within the
same written “interlocutory order.” We therefore dismiss Schlumberger’s appeal
from the partial grant of Rutherford’s motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction.
II. Rutherford’s cross-appeal
In her cross-appeal, Rutherford argues that the trial court erred in denying
her motion to dismiss as to Schlumberger’s claim for breach of contract. She
contends that the contract claim falls within the scope of the TCPA and that
Schlumberger failed to adduce clear and specific evidence to support each element
of the claim. In response, Schlumberger argues that the TCPA does not apply to
the communications in question and, even if it did, its evidentiary burden to
establish a prima facie case on the contract claim was satisfied. For this
interlocutory appeal, we will assume without deciding that the TCPA applies
because we agree with Schlumberger that it established a prima facie case as to its
breach-of-contract claim.
The TCPA provides for dismissal of meritless claims that are based on the
defendant’s exercise of the rights of free speech, petition, or association, as defined
within the statute. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.003. “If a legal action is
19
based on, relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise of” those rights, “that
party may file a motion to dismiss the legal action.” Id. § 27.003(a). The stated
purpose of the TCPA “is to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of
persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in
government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the same time, protect
the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” Id.
§ 27.002.
To obtain dismissal under the TCPA, a movant must show “by a
preponderance of the evidence that the legal action is based on, relates to, or is in
response to the party’s exercise of (1) the right of free speech; (2) the right to
petition; or (3) the right of association.” Id. § 27.005(b). If the movant meets this
burden, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish “by clear and specific
evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in question.” Id.
§ 27.005(c). In deciding whether to grant a motion under the TCPA and dismiss
the lawsuit, a trial court will “consider the pleadings and supporting and opposing
affidavits stating the facts on which the liability or defense is based.” Id.
§ 27.006(a).
The Supreme Court of Texas recently clarified that, in the context of the
TCPA, “prima facie case” means “evidence sufficient as a matter of law to
establish a given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted.” In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d
20
579, 590 (Tex. 2015). The evidence of a prima facie case must also be “clear and
specific.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(c). “[P]leadings that might
suffice in a case that does not implicate the TCPA may not be sufficient to satisfy
the TCPA’s ‘clear and specific evidence’ requirement.” In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d
at 590. As a result, “mere notice pleading—that is, general allegations that merely
recite the elements of a cause of action—will not suffice.” Id. at 590–91. “Instead,
a plaintiff must provide enough detail to show the factual basis for its claim.” Id. at
591. Such evidence may be direct or circumstantial, as the TCPA “does not impose
a higher burden of proof than that required of the plaintiff at trial.” Id.
“We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss under the
TCPA,” including whether “the nonmovant satisfied the burden imposed by
section 27.005(c).” United Food & Commercial Workers Int’l Union v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 430 S.W.3d 508, 511 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, no pet.); see also
In re J.K.B., 439 S.W.3d 442, 450 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.)
(“Because a determination of whether a party has presented prima facie proof of a
meritorious claim is a question of law, we review the trial court’s decision of this
issue de novo.”). In conducting this review, we examine the pleadings and the
evidence to determine whether the nonmovant marshaled “clear and specific”
evidence to support each alleged element of its cause of action. See Better Bus.
Bureau of Metro. Houston, Inc. v. John Moore Servs., Inc., 441 S.W.3d 345, 355
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(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). “We review the pleadings and
evidence in a light favorable to” the nonmovant. Newspaper Holdings, Inc. v.
Crazy Hotel Assisted Living, Ltd., 416 S.W.3d 71, 80–81 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).
“The essential elements of a breach of contract claim are (1) the existence of
a valid contract; (2) performance or tendered performance by the plaintiff;
(3) breach of the contract by the defendant; and (4) damages sustained as a result
of the breach.” CCC Grp., Inc. v. S. Cent. Cement, Ltd., 450 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (quoting B & W Supply, Inc. v. Beckman,
305 S.W.3d 10, 16 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)).
Accordingly, we must evaluate the evidence presented by Schlumberger to
determine whether the trial court correctly determined it to be sufficiently clear and
specific as to each element of the contract claim.
A. Existence of a valid contract
Schlumberger adduced sufficient evidence to support the first element of its
breach-of-contract claim: that the parties entered into a valid contract. The parties
agree that the Patent and Confidential Information Agreement between Rutherford
and Schlumberger Limited was a valid contract. Schlumberger attached a copy of
this agreement to its response to Rutherford’s TCPA motion to dismiss.
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B. Performance by Schlumberger
Schlumberger also adduced prima facie evidence that it performed its
obligations under the Patent and Confidential Information Agreement, satisfying
the second element of its contract claim. In the agreement, Rutherford agreed to
certain obligations regarding Schlumberger patents and confidential information,
“[i]n consideration of [Schlumberger Limited’s] employment or continued
employment of [Rutherford] and the payment of a salary or other remuneration.”
Rutherford admits that she was employed by Schlumberger from 2006 until 2013.
C. Breach by Rutherford
With respect to Rutherford’s alleged breach of the agreement—the third
element of the breach-of-contract claim—Schlumberger also adduced some
evidence in support of its case. Schlumberger alleges that Rutherford breached her
agreement by removing or failing to return “records, data, equipment, notes,
reports, and other material from Schlumberger’s premises” and by “retaining
Schlumberger confidential information and trade secrets after her employment
ended.” As evidentiary support, Schlumberger adduced testimony by its
information technology employee Gary DeLeon, who testified that Rutherford had
an external hard drive issued by the company. Nava testified that Rutherford failed
to return that drive before her departure, and Schlumberger has been unable to
account for it.
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Schlumberger also adduced the affidavit of a forensic expert, David Cowen,
who testified that, based on his examination, “at least eight different USB flash
drives [were] attached” to two Schlumberger computers between February 1, 2013
and May 30, 2013, while the user “crutherford2” was logged in on those machines.
Cowen also testified that “forensic artifacts” known as “ShellBags” and related to
those drives showed that the flash drives contained a number of directories, and at
least three of the drives contained directories named “IP Strategy Presentation” and
“IP Strategy.” At least one drive, a SanDisk U3 Cruzer flash drive attached to one
of these computers by “crutherford2,” contained directories named “Acacia
Disability,” “Acacia,” “IP Strategy Presentation,” “IP Strategy,” “Sent to Acacia,”
and “Sent to Outside Counsel (Todd).” Another drive, an Imation Nano Pro flash
drive, contained a file named “SIS-DCS IP Strategy Review -- UPDATE (Oct-
2012).pptx.” Nava testified that she was familiar with and had reviewed that file
and that it contained information that Schlumberger treats as confidential,
privileged, and trade secrets, including information about Petrel and its
development. Nava and Lennon testified that Schlumberger has been unable to
account for any of the USB flash drives connected to Rutherford’s computer, with
the exception of the single drive that Rutherford gave to Nava before her departure
from Schlumberger.
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Further, Schlumberger presented evidence, in the form of Cowen’s affidavit,
that Rutherford deleted at least 123 files from her Schlumberger-issued computer
before her resignation. Among these were files with the following names:
• IP Strategy Review.pptx
• IP Strategy Review - Well Services.pptx
• Schlumberger Risk Assessment - IP.xlsx
• Petrel Bulletin Board.doc
• Petrel
• Goldstar Patent Application Template (for (Petrel).doc
• Petrel Goldstar Map.ppt
• Petrel Strategy Map w Stars (3).doc
• Petrel Strategy Map w Stars (3).rtf
• Petrel Strategy Map w Stars (test1).doc
• Petrel Strategy Map w Stars.doc
Cowen’s analysis showed that many of these files had been deleted both from
folders on Rutherford’s computer and from the “Recycle Bin” on her computer.
Our inquiry in this interlocutory appeal is limited to examining the pleadings
and the evidence to determine whether Schlumberger marshaled “clear and
specific” evidence to support each alleged element of its cause of action. See
Newspaper Holdings, 416 S.W.3d at 80. We conduct that review “in a light
favorable to” Schlumberger as the nonmovant. Id. And while the evidence must be
“clear and specific,” the TCPA “does not impose a higher burden of proof than that
required of the plaintiff at trial.” In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 591. For
Schlumberger’s breach-of-contract claim to survive dismissal, the TCPA requires
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only that the evidence be “clear,” “specific,” and “sufficient as a matter of law to
establish a given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted.” Id. at 590.
In the context of this interlocutory appeal, two alleged facts relevant to the
third element of Schlumberger’s breach-of-contract claim are at issue: whether
Rutherford removed, destroyed, or otherwise failed to return “records, data,
equipment, notes, reports, and other material,” and whether she “retain[ed]
Schlumberger confidential information and trade secrets after her employment
ended.” This interlocutory appeal does not require us to determine the
qualifications of any witness or the significance of the names given to any
computer files or directories. We have referenced particular pieces of evidence,
such as file names, merely by way of example. We need not determine whether
any particular file or computer directory actually represents or contains
confidential information or trade secrets. We express no opinion as to such matters.
We simply hold that the evidence presented by Schlumberger, taken in the light
most favorable to Schlumberger, is sufficient to establish a prima facie case that
Rutherford breached her Patent and Confidential Information Agreement.
D. Damages
With respect to the damages element of the breach-of-contract claim,
Schlumberger requests actual damages for Rutherford’s alleged breach of the
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Patent and Confidential Information Agreement. 4 In addition, Nava testified that
“Schlumberger has spent millions of dollars developing the SIS/Petrel technology”
and “many millions more developing its other confidential, proprietary
technologies, applications, and products.” Schlumberger contends that the value of
these investments is diminished by Rutherford’s alleged disclosure of its
confidential information and trade secrets.
In addition to damages, Schlumberger seeks permanent injunctive relief in
the form of an order compelling Rutherford “to return all Schlumberger property,
documents, materials, information, and files, whether physical or electronic, to
Schlumberger, including all hard drives and USB flash drives, and not to use or
disclose any Schlumberger proprietary, confidential, trade secret, or privileged
information.” That is, it seeks specific performance of the agreement. “Specific
performance is not a separate cause of action, but rather it is an equitable remedy
used as a substitute for monetary damages when such damages would not be
adequate.” Stafford v. S. Vanity Magazine, Inc., 231 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2007, pet. denied); see also Luccia v. Ross, 274 S.W.3d 140, 146 (Tex.
4
At the hearing on Rutherford’s motion to dismiss and at oral argument in
this appeal, counsel for Schlumberger argued that the damages for
Rutherford’s breach of contract included the value of at least eight flash
drives, the external hard drive that Rutherford used at Schlumberger, and
confidential information on those devices, as well as “[c]onsequential
damages that flow from use of Schlumberger confidential information.”
27
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Taking all pleadings and evidence in
the light most favorable to Schlumberger, we hold that Schlumberger has
demonstrated by “clear and specific evidence” a prima facie case that it is entitled
to actual damages and, with respect to Schlumberger information or material still
in Rutherford’s possession, specific performance of the Patent and Confidential
Information Agreement.
In summary, we hold that Schlumberger proved, by clear and specific
evidence, a prima facie case supporting its breach-of-contract claim. Accordingly,
we hold that the trial court did not err by denying Rutherford’s TCPA motion to
dismiss Schlumberger’s breach-of-contract claim. We overrule Rutherford’s sole
issue on appeal.
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Conclusion
We lack jurisdiction over Schlumberger’s interlocutory appeal of the portion
of the trial court’s order granting Rutherford’s motion to dismiss as to
Schlumberger’s misappropriation, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and Texas
Theft Liability Act claims. We therefore dismiss that appeal. We hold that the trial
court did not err by denying Rutherford’s TCPA motion as to Schlumberger’s
breach-of-contract claim, and we therefore affirm that portion of the order.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Massengale.
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