Jacob v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs. , 294 Neb. 735 ( 2016 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
Steven M. Jacob, appellant, v. Nebraska Department
of Correctional Services and Scott Frakes,
director of the Nebraska Department of
Correctional Services, appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed September 9, 2016. No. S-15-826.
1. Declaratory Judgments: Pleadings: Time: Appeal and Error. In
an action for declaratory judgment under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,149
(Reissue 2008), a motion to alter or amend tolls the time for filing an
appeal and any notice of appeal prior to the disposition of the motion to
alter or amend has no effect.
2. Pleadings: Courts: Appeal and Error. A motion to alter or amend
a decision by the district court sitting as an appellate court is merely
a motion for the court to exercise its inherent power to reconsider
the judgment.
3. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. An appellate court
reviews a district court’s order granting a motion to dismiss de novo,
accepting all allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all reason-
able inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.
4. Prisoners: Courts: Claims: Damages: Proof. To establish a violation
of the right of meaningful access to the courts, a prisoner must establish
the State has not provided an opportunity to litigate a claim challenging
the prisoner’s sentence or conditions of confinement in a court of law,
which resulted in actual injury.
5. Constitutional Law: Courts: Prisoners. The U.S. Constitution guaran-
tees a prisoner a right to access the courts.
6. Courts: Actions: Words and Phrases. Meaningful access to the courts
is the capability to bring actions seeking new trials, release from con-
finement, or vindication of fundamental civil rights.
7. Constitutional Law: Courts: Prisoners. An inmate’s right of access to
the courts in Nebraska is no greater than those rights of access to the
federal courts under the U.S. Constitution.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
8. Statutes: Prisoners: Words and Phrases. A statute or regulation can
forge a heightened, state-created right for inmates only if the right
is limited to freedom from restraint which imposes atypical and sig-
nificant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of
prison life.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Robert
R. Otte, Judge. Affirmed.
Steven M. Jacob, pro se.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Kyle Citta for
appellees.
Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, and K elch, JJ., and Moore,
Chief Judge.
Wright, J.
NATURE OF CASE
The Nebraska Department of Correctional Services
(Department) refused to return a typewriter to an inmate,
Steven M. Jacob, after Jacob sent the typewriter out of
the prison for repairs. Jacob filed a grievance, which the
Department denied without a hearing. Jacob then petitioned
the district court for Lancaster County for a declaratory judg-
ment and also for review under the Administrative Procedure
Act (APA), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-901 et seq. (Reissue 2008 &
Cum. Supp. 2012).
Initially the district court dismissed the petition as moot.
Jacob then moved to alter or amend, but before a hearing on
the motion was held, he appealed. This court dismissed the
appeal in a November 19, 2014, memorandum opinion in case
No. S-14-035 for lack of jurisdiction. Upon remand, the dis-
trict court sustained Jacob’s motion to alter or amend, and the
Department moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursu-
ant to Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1112(b)(6). The district court sus-
tained the motion and dismissed the action. Jacob now appeals
from that dismissal.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
BACKGROUND
Jacob is incarcerated with the Department. He has utilized
his personal typewriter, a Brother ML500 with “text memory”
capabilities, for a number of years in his cell. In March 2013,
Jacob requested to have the typewriter sent to a repair service
outside the prison to correct various typing errors. He was
informed by the Department that if he sent the typewriter out
for servicing, it would not be returned to his possession. The
Department explained that the model Jacob possessed was no
longer an approved item due to its text memory capabilities
and that if he sent the typewriter out for repairs, he would
have to make other arrangements for its disposition once it
was repaired.
Grievance With Department
Jacob, pro se, filed a grievance with the Department. He
alleged that without his typewriter, his right to access to the
courts would be impaired. He claimed the Department’s refusal
to return his typewriter violated Neb. Rev. Stat. § 83-4,123
(Reissue 2014). Jacob also asked for a declaratory order by the
Department under § 84-912.01, stating that he had a right to
the return of his typewriter if he sent it for repairs.
The Department denied Jacob’s grievance. It stated: “You
are grieving the policy that provides if an item that is no longer
approved is sent out of the institution for repairs, the item can-
not be returned to the inmate. This policy will not be changed
at this time.”
Petition Before District Court
Jacob then filed a “Petition for Review of Administrative
Order and Declaratory Judgment” in the district court. He
admitted that he was advised by the Department that he could
send his typewriter out for service, but that he would not be
allowed to have it back if he did. Jacob acknowledged that the
Department regulations did not allow inmates to have personal
typewriters with text memory capabilities.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
Jacob claimed that his typewriter facilitated his access to the
courts. He stated that he had access to his typewriter for 10
hours every day, as opposed to the prison law library typewrit-
ers for only 1 hour every odd day. Jacob alleged that unlike the
law library typewriters, his typewriter had spell checking and
allowed him “to review and edit his writing without wasting
ribbons, paper, or time.” He concluded that without his type-
writer, his access to the courts was “impair[ed].” He asserted
that the Department’s refusal to return his typewriter was not
pursuant to any disciplinary action against him.
Under the “Declaratory Judgment” section of his petition,
Jacob stated that he was seeking a declaratory judgment and
that he had a right “under Neb.Rev.Stat. §84-912.01(2) to rules
and regulations providing for the written procedures to follow
when seeking a Declaratory Order from the [Department].”
Jacob also sought “a declaratory judgment seeking a statement
of [his] rights under Neb.Rev.Stat. §83-4,123 to not have his
right to access the courts impaired by rules, regulations or
policies of the Department.” Jacob generally asked the district
court for an order stating that the Department must allow him
possession of his typewriter after it had been repaired.
Jacob did not set forth a separate petition for APA review
in his petition. Under his general allegations, he stated he
was seeking review under § 84-917, which provided for
judicial review under the APA for the benefit of any person
aggrieved by a final decision in a contested case. He did not
allege how the Department’s denial of his grievance was a
final decision in a contested case. Generally, he alleged that
the Department’s decision denying his grievance violated the
same statutes that he referred to in his petition’s “Declaratory
Judgment” section.
Motion to Dismiss for Failure
to State Claim
The Department and its director moved to dismiss Jacob’s
petition for failure to state a cause of action. Jacob argued
that even though there was no hearing below, there was a
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
declaratory order by the Department. Section 84-912.01(6)
provides that a declaratory order shall have the same status and
binding effect as any other order issued in a contested case. He
claimed that without a contested case, it was proper to appeal
the Department’s declaratory order by filing a petition for
review under the APA.
In his “Brief in Opposition to Motion to Dismiss,” Jacob
stated that his typewriter had eventually been sent out for
repairs, but that it “was physically destroyed beyond repair”
upon its arrival at the repair center. At the hearing on the
State’s motion to dismiss, the State argued that Jacob’s claims
were moot due to Jacob’s statements about the destruction of
his typewriter. The district court agreed and dismissed Jacob’s
petition as moot. It reasoned that according to Jacob’s brief,
the typewriter no longer existed.
Jacob timely moved to alter or amend the judgment. The
matter was set for hearing, but before the hearing was held,
Jacob filed a notice of appeal from the district court’s order
of dismissal. The notice of appeal stated that it was being
filed in an “abundance of procedural caution.” The district
court granted Jacob’s motion to proceed with this appeal in
forma pauperis. It canceled its hearing on the motion to alter
or amend, reasoning that due to Jacob’s notice of appeal, it no
longer had jurisdiction.
First A ppeal
The question presented on Jacob’s first appeal was whether
this court had jurisdiction when Jacob’s motion to alter or
amend was still pending in the lower court.
[1] We concluded that in an action for declaratory judgment
under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,149 (Reissue 2008), a motion
to alter or amend tolled the time for filing an appeal and any
notice of appeal prior to the disposition of the motion to alter
or amend had no effect. We concluded that we lacked jurisdic-
tion over the appeal from the dismissal of Jacob’s declaratory
judgment action, because the motion to alter or amend was
still pending.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
[2] As to Jacob’s appeal under the APA, we stated that a
motion to alter or amend was not a tolling motion under Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 25-1329 (Reissue 2008). We explained that a
motion to alter or amend a decision by the district court sitting
as an appellate court is merely a motion for the court to exer-
cise its inherent power to reconsider the judgment. Therefore,
a timely notice of appeal from the decision of the district court
sitting as an appellate court under the APA remained effective
even when a motion to alter or amend the judgment was still
pending below.
However, we concluded that the appeal should be dismissed
in its entirety for lack of jurisdiction because there was not a
final decision in a contested case and because Jacob never had
an appeal under the APA. We stated that under § 84-917, for
an agency decision to be reviewed by the district court, there
must be a final decision in a contested case.1 Because there
was no agency hearing upon Jacob’s grievance, the decision
Jacob attempted to appeal from was the one-page response
signed on behalf of the Department’s director denying Jacob’s
grievance on the grounds that the policy clearly prohibited the
return of Jacob’s typewriter and that the policy would not be
changed. There are no statutes requiring a hearing on inmate
grievances, and the Department’s rules and regulations do not
require a hearing. Although Jacob stated in his grievance that
he sought a declaratory judgment by an agency as provided
for in § 84-912.01, the Department did not consider the griev-
ance form to be the proper means of requesting such declara-
tory order. We concluded that because no law or constitutional
provision required a hearing before the Department on Jacob’s
grievance, there was no contested case. Therefore, despite
the label Jacob attached to his petition, there was no appeal
under the APA. Rather, the district court was acting solely as
a trial court to determine Jacob’s various requests for declara-
tory relief.
1
See § 84-901(3).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
Because the notice of appeal had no effect as to the declara-
tory judgment actions, we dismissed the appeal for lack of
jurisdiction and remanded the matter to the district court for
consideration of Jacob’s pending motion to alter or amend.
R emand
Upon remand, a hearing was held on Jacob’s motion to alter
or amend. The district court sustained the motion and gave the
Department 21 days to respond. The Department then filed
a second motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. The
district court sustained the Department’s motion and dismissed
the action. It concluded, based on legal precedent from several
jurisdictions, that an inmate’s right to access the courts did
not include a right to a personal typewriter. It also found that
Jacob did not allege any specific facts establishing that he was
actually prejudiced in connection with any pending or con-
templated legal proceeding because of his lack of a personal
typewriter. Jacob appeals from that judgment.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Jacob assigns that the district court erred in dismissing the
action for failure to state a claim.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[3] An appellate court reviews a district court’s order grant-
ing a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting all allegations in
the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in
favor of the nonmoving party.2
ANALYSIS
Jacob first argues that because we found in the previous
appeal that he had “properly stated an action for declaratory
judgment,” the district court was precluded from dismiss-
ing this action for failure to state a claim. Jacob’s argument
misunderstands the nature and context of our November 19,
2
Rafert v. Meyer, 290 Neb. 219, 859 N.W.2d 332 (2015).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
2014, memorandum opinion in case No. S-14-035, in which
we held:
There is no dispute that in an action for declaratory
judgment under § 25-21,149, a motion to alter or amend
tolls the time for filing an appeal, and any notice of
appeal prior to the disposition of the motion to alter or
amend has no effect. We find that Jacob properly stated
an action for declaratory judgment, whatever its under-
lying merit. Thus, this court lacks jurisdiction over the
appeal from the dismissal of Jacob’s declaratory judg-
ment action.
When considered in the proper context, it becomes apparent
that although we determined that Jacob’s petition included an
action for declaratory judgment, we did not address the merits
of that claim or hold that it was sufficient to survive an attack
under § 6-1112(b)(6). Jacob’s argument to the contrary is with-
out merit.
Now, the case is before us on appeal from the dismissal of
Jacob’s claim for declaratory judgment by the district court for
failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. The
question presented is whether Jacob’s pleading protesting the
Department’s denial of his grievance regarding the denial of
access to his typewriter states a claim upon which relief may
be granted.
Jacob alleged that the Department’s refusal to return his
typewriter violated § 83-4,123. That section provides that
the statutes empowering the Department to adopt and prom­
ulgate rules and regulations relating to discipline shall not
be construed to restrict or impair an inmate’s free access to
the courts and necessary legal assistance where the action
pertains to disciplinary measures. But the Department’s pol-
icy underlying Jacob’s grievance is not related to disci-
pline. Therefore, Jacob’s argument based upon § 83-4,123
must fail.
Furthermore, in American Inmate Paralegal Assoc. v. Cline,
the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals held that prison inmates
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
294 Nebraska R eports
JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
have no constitutional right of access to a typewriter.3 And
prison officials are not required to provide one as long as the
prisoner is not denied access to the courts.4
Jacob has conceded that he does not have a federal right of
access to his typewriter.5 The U.S. Supreme Court in Lewis v.
Casey6 held that an inmate could show a violation of his right
to access the courts only by showing “‘actual injury’—that
is, ‘actual prejudice with respect to contemplated or existing
litigation, such as the inability to meet a filing deadline or to
present a claim.’”
But Jacob claims that the State of Nebraska, through vari-
ous statutes, has created a greater right of access to the courts
which is more protective than the federal standard. He con-
cludes this heightened State-created privilege gives him the
right to have his typewriter with text memory capabilities
inside his prison cell. We disagree.
[4] Our right of access to the courts in Nebraska is the same
as the federal standard. In Payne v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr.
Servs.,7 we adopted the federal “actual injury” standard from
Lewis.8 We stated that to establish a violation of the right of
meaningful access to the courts, a prisoner must establish the
State has not provided an opportunity to litigate a claim chal-
lenging the prisoner’s sentence or conditions of confinement
in a court of law, which resulted in actual injury. We stated
that the only relevant question was whether an inmate has the
3
American Inmate Paralegal Assoc. v. Cline, 859 F.2d 59 (8th Cir. 1988).
See, also, Lindquist v. Idaho State Bd. of Corrections, 776 F.2d 851 (9th
Cir. 1985).
4
United States v. West, 557 F.2d 151 (8th Cir. 1977).
5
See American Inmate Paralegal Assoc. v. Cline, supra note 3.
6
Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 348, 116 S. Ct. 2174, 135 L. Ed. 2d 606
(1996).
7
Payne v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., 288 Neb. 330, 848 N.W.2d 597
(2014).
8
Lewis v. Casey, supra note 6, 518 U.S. at 349.
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JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
c­apability of bringing a legal issue to court, specifically the
capability of bringing before the courts contemplated chal-
lenges to sentences or conditions of confinement.9
In Payne, the prisoner filed a petition for declaratory judg-
ment alleging that certain operational memorandums of the
Department were invalid because they restricted his library
time, in violation of his rights to access to the courts. He
alleged he had filed or had planned on filing civil actions and
two criminal postconviction actions. In one postconviction
action, he was represented by counsel, and the rest were being
undertaken pro se.
The primary issue was whether the 1-hour-per-day regula-
tion on the prisoner’s law library time created an actual injury
sufficient to meaningfully deny him access to the courts.
Ultimately, the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the Department and found there was no genuine issue
of material fact that the prisoner did not show an actual injury
to a nonfrivolous and arguably meritorious claim as a result of
the challenged regulations and the limits on his access to the
law library.
[5,6] We recognized that the U.S. Constitution guarantees
a prisoner a right to access the courts.10 Meaningful access to
the courts is the capability to bring “‘“actions seeking new
trials, release from confinement, or vindication of fundamen-
tal civil rights.”’”11 This right requires prison authorities to
assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal
papers by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or
adequate assistance from persons trained in the law.12
To establish a violation of the right of meaningful access
to the courts, a prisoner must establish the State has not
9
Payne v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., supra note 7.
10
Id. See White v. Kautzky, 494 F.3d 677 (8th Cir. 2007).
11
Payne v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., supra note 7, 288 Neb. at 334,
848 N.W.2d at 601.
12
Payne v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., supra note 7.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
provided an opportunity to litigate a claim challenging the
prisoner’s sentence or conditions of confinement in a court
of law, which resulted in actual injury, that is, the hindrance
of a nonfrivolous and arguably meritorious underlying legal
claim.13 The constitutional right to access the courts does not
guarantee inmates the wherewithal to transform themselves
into litigating engines capable of filing everything from share-
holder derivative actions to slip-and-fall claims.14 The tools it
requires to be provided are those that the inmates need in order
to attack their sentences directly or collaterally and in order
to challenge the conditions of their confinement. Impairment
of any other litigating capacity is simply one of the inciden-
tal and perfectly constitutional consequences of conviction
and incarceration.15
[7] Contrary to Jacob’s assertion, we hold that an inmate’s
right of access to the courts in Nebraska is no greater than
those rights of access to the federal courts under the U.S.
Constitution.
In his interpretation of § 83-4,123 and Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 83-4,111 (Reissue 2008), Jacob claims these statutes cre-
ate a higher right of access to the courts in Nebraska than
those espoused by the federal courts. We disagree. The U.S.
Supreme Court in Sandin v. Conner16 determined that whether
a state chooses to heighten an inmate’s rights is analyzed
under the “atypical . . . deprivation” test. Prior to Sandin,
prisoners could discover “state-created” heightened privileges
and protections based upon express language of state laws and
regulations.17 But in Sandin, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected
13
Id.
14
Id.
15
Lewis v. Casey, supra note 6.
16
Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 486, 115 S. Ct. 2293, 132 L. Ed. 2d 418
(1995).
17
See Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 41 L. Ed. 2d
935 (1974).
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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JACOB v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS.
Cite as 294 Neb. 735
this approach because it “encouraged prisoners to comb regu-
lations in search of mandatory language on which to base
entitlements to various state-conferred privileges.”18
[8] Instead of heightened rights that were based on language
from state laws and regulations, the court in Sandin created a
new standard: A statute or regulation can forge a heightened,
state-created right for inmates only if the right is “limited to
freedom from restraint which . . . imposes atypical and sig-
nificant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary inci-
dents of prison life.”19 Thus, states raise the federal bar if they
allow an inmate to experience something that is “significantly
atypical” of the usual prisoner experience and is protected by
mandatory language in the statutes and regulations. This is
usually found in cases where the government tries to lengthen
the inmate’s time of imprisonment.
Nothing in Jacob’s petition regarding his typewriter with
text memory capabilities meets the Sandin atypical depriva-
tion test. Nothing in Jacob’s petition establishes that he has a
heightened State-created right of access to the courts, i.e., to
a typewriter with such capabilities. Because the prohibition of
Jacob’s typewriter is not an “atypical, significant deprivation”
in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life, Jacob’s peti-
tion fails to state a claim for relief.20
For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that Jacob has
failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and
the court did not err in sustaining the Department’s motion to
dismiss Jacob’s claim.
A ffirmed.
Heavican, C.J., and Connolly and Stacy, JJ., not participating.
18
Sandin v. Conner, supra note 16, 515 U.S. at 481.
19
Id., 515 U.S. at 484.
20
Id., 515 U.S. at 486.