Braun v. Braun , 306 Neb. 890 ( 2020 )


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    Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
    306 Nebraska Reports
    BRAUN v. BRAUN
    Cite as 
    306 Neb. 890
    Jennifer J. Braun, appellee, v.
    Corey L. Braun, appellant.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed August 21, 2020.   No. S-19-880.
    1. Contempt: Appeal and Error. In a civil contempt proceeding where
    a party seeks remedial relief for an alleged violation of a court order,
    an appellate court employs a three-part standard of review in which (1)
    the trial court’s resolution of issues of law is reviewed de novo, (2) the
    trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error, and (3) the trial
    court’s determinations of whether a party is in contempt and of the sanc-
    tion to be imposed are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
    2. Divorce: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The meaning of a divorce
    decree presents a question of law, in connection with which an appellate
    court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination reached by
    the court below.
    3. Parties: Jurisdiction. If necessary parties to a proceeding are absent,
    the district court has no jurisdiction to determine the controversy.
    4. Parties: Words and Phrases. An indispensable party is one whose
    interest in the subject matter of the controversy is such that the contro-
    versy cannot be finally adjudicated without affecting the indispensable
    party’s interest, or which is such that not to address the interest of the
    indispensable party would leave the controversy in such a condition
    that its final determination may be wholly inconsistent with equity and
    good conscience.
    5. Divorce: Property Settlement Agreements: Final Orders. A decree is
    a judgment, and once a decree for dissolution becomes final, its mean-
    ing, including the settlement agreement incorporated therein, is deter-
    mined as a matter of law from the four corners of the decree itself.
    6. Contempt: Words and Phrases. Willful disobedience is an essential
    element of civil contempt; “willful” means the violation was committed
    intentionally, with knowledge that the act violated the court order.
    7. Words and Phrases: Appeal and Error. Willfulness is a factual deter-
    mination to be reviewed for clear error.
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    8. Contempt. In a civil contempt proceeding, for the sanction to retain its
    civil character, the contemnor must, at the time the sanction is imposed,
    have the ability to purge the contempt by compliance and either avert
    punishment or, at any time, bring it to an end.
    9. Contempt: Sentences. The sanction in a civil contempt proceeding is
    both remedial and coercive, and when a jail sentence is imposed as a
    sanction, the contemnor must carry the keys to their jail cells in their
    own pocket.
    10. ____: ____. A jail sanction in a civil contempt proceeding is conditioned
    upon the contemnor’s continued noncompliance with the court order,
    and the purge plan must allow the contemnor to mitigate or avoid the
    sanction through compliance.
    Appeal from the District Court for Sheridan County: Travis
    P. O’Gorman, Judge. Affirmed.
    Sterling T. Huff, P.C., L.L.O, for appellant.
    Jennifer J. Braun, pro se.
    On brief, Andrew W. Snyder, of Chaloupka, Holyoke,
    Snyder, Chaloupka & Longoria, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
    Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
    Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
    Stacy, J.
    Corey L. Braun appeals from an order finding him in willful
    contempt of court for failing to hold his ex-wife, Jennifer J.
    Braun, harmless from joint mortgage debt on the marital home
    Corey was awarded in the decree. As a sanction, the court
    imposed a delayed jail sentence and a purge plan that allowed
    Corey to purge himself of contempt by either refinancing the
    mortgage in his own name by a date certain or selling the prop-
    erty. Finding no error, we affirm.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Corey and Jennifer were married in 2005. A child was born
    to the marriage in 2007, and in 2012, Jennifer filed for divorce.
    In the dissolution proceeding, the parties generally agreed on
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    BRAUN v. BRAUN
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    the equitable division of their assets and debts; a trial was
    held on all remaining issues.
    1. Divorce Decree
    In February 2013, the court entered a decree dissolving
    the marriage. As relevant to the issues on appeal, the parties’
    marital home in Gordon, Nebraska, was valued at $112,000.
    The home was awarded to Corey by agreement of the parties,
    subject to the existing mortgage debt. The decree generally
    ordered each party to be responsible for the debts associated
    with the property they were awarded and to hold the other
    harmless from such debt. As relevant to the issues on appeal,
    the decree provided: “Debts: [Corey] agrees to hold [Jennifer]
    harmless from any debt associated with the property he has
    been awarded, including payment of attorneys fees should any
    contempt action arise from his failure to hold her harmless of
    these debts.”
    2. Contempt Proceedings
    On January 11, 2019, Jennifer filed what she captioned a
    “Complaint to Modify and for Contempt.” This pleading alleged
    that Corey had willfully failed to hold her harmless from the
    mortgage debt on the home, and it asked that he be held in
    contempt of court. The pleading also sought to hold Corey in
    contempt of court for failing to pay court-ordered childcare
    expenses, and it requested a modification of Corey’s child sup-
    port obligation due to a material change in circumstances.
    The court set trial on all matters for May 1, 2019. Both
    parties appeared with counsel and offered evidence. We sum-
    marize only that evidence pertaining to the hold harmless pro-
    vision, as no error has been assigned to the trial court’s rulings
    on child support or childcare expenses.
    (a) Jennifer’s Testimony
    Jennifer testified that after the decree was entered, she
    signed a quitclaim deed on the home, but her name was still
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    on the mortgage note. Jennifer admitted she had not been
    required to make any mortgage payments on the home since
    the decree was entered, but she testified that Corey had failed
    to remain current on the mortgage and that his failure was
    adversely affecting her finances. She explained that she had
    received late notices and foreclosure notices from the mortgage
    company and that her credit report showed she was delinquent
    on the home mortgage.
    Jennifer testified her credit score had historically been
    around 780 or 800, and in the summer of 2018 she had an
    application for a credit card rejected, which had not happened
    before. She checked her credit score and learned it had fallen to
    620 or 640, despite the fact she was current on the only debts
    she had. She also testified she was unable to qualify for a loan
    to purchase a home because of her current credit score.
    Jennifer testified she had repeatedly asked Corey to refi-
    nance the mortgage in his own name, but he told her he was
    not able to qualify for refinancing due to his previous bank-
    ruptcies and his low credit score. According to Jennifer, the
    mortgage company had not yet foreclosed on the home, but
    Corey had been “dancing around foreclosure.” Jennifer testi-
    fied the mortgage company had “set up multiple payment plans
    with him, he makes a couple payments, and then he stops mak-
    ing payments, and then he calls in and they make new payment
    arrangements, he’ll make a couple payments, and then he fails.
    It’s a cycle.”
    Jennifer believed the only way to protect her finances from
    Corey’s chronic failure to keep the mortgage debt current
    was to get her name off the mortgage altogether. She asked
    that Corey be ordered to refinance the home in his name only
    and that if he was not able to refinance, he be ordered to sell
    the home.
    (b) Corey’s Testimony
    Corey testified the balance on the mortgage note was close
    to $70,000, and he agreed that Jennifer remained obligated on
    that note. He testified that about a year earlier, he attempted
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    to refinance the mortgage on the home but was unable to get
    a loan because of his credit score. He had not attempted to
    refinance recently, because his credit score had not improved.
    Corey estimated the current value of the home was around
    $120,000 to $150,000, and he agreed he would be able to
    sell the home for more than is owed on the mortgage. Corey
    admitted that since 2018, he had been behind on the mortgage
    payments, but stated that a few months before trial he had
    arranged a new payment plan and was current on payments
    under that new plan. He testified the mortgage was still in
    arrears by about $4,900.
    Corey did not want to sell the home, but he did not think
    it was possible for him to refinance the mortgage debt imme-
    diately. He testified he had obtained a good-paying job and
    expected to be able to keep making payments under the new
    payment plan, and he was hopeful that he could refinance the
    home “sooner [rather] than later.”
    Corey admitted the decree required him to hold Jennifer
    harmless from any debt associated with the home. And he gen-
    erally understood the hold harmless provision meant that no
    harm should come to Jennifer as a result of the debts he was
    ordered to pay, including harm related to a reduction in her
    credit rating. But Corey generally testified that he did not think
    his delinquency on the mortgage had harmed Jennifer.
    3. Trial Court’s Order
    On May 16, 2019, the trial court entered an order ruling
    on all pending matters. As relevant to the contempt issues on
    appeal, the court expressly found that Corey had consistently
    failed to keep the mortgage current and that his conduct had
    resulted in financial damage to Jennifer in the form of damage
    to her credit.
    The court described the “more difficult” question as whether
    Corey’s conduct amounted to a violation of the hold harm-
    less provision in the decree. The court framed the question
    as whether financial harm or injury, such as damage to one’s
    credit, is the type of harm that falls within the scope of a
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    standard hold harmless provision in a divorce decree where
    one party has been ordered to assume responsibility for a joint
    debt. The court noted it had located no reported decisions
    in Nebraska addressing the issue, but that other jurisdictions
    have held that a hold harmless provision includes protection
    from financial injury such as damage to credit. The court dis-
    cussed two cases in particular: Long v. McAllister-Long 1 and
    Eaton v. Grau. 2
    In Long, the wife sought to hold her former husband in
    contempt of court for violating a provision in the decree
    requiring him “to hold [the wife] harmless” from the joint
    mortgage debt and other joint debts. 3 The wife alleged the
    husband’s failure to make timely payments had a harmful
    effect on her credit rating. The Tennessee appellate court
    considered the plain language and broad purpose of the hold
    harmless provision, and concluded it was intended to operate
    as both indemnity against liability and indemnity against loss.
    It therefore concluded the hold harmless provision “required
    [the husband] to pay these debts in a timely manner in order to
    prevent [the wife] from being harmed,” and it reasoned “risk-
    ing adverse effects on her credit rating” was a type of harm
    that was to be prevented. 4
    In Eaton, the parties’ stipulated divorce decree awarded the
    marital home to the husband and made him solely responsible
    for paying the joint mortgage debt. 5 The decree included a hold
    harmless provision which ordered the husband to “‘indemnify
    and hold the Wife harmless from any and all further obliga-
    tions from ownership of the property,’” but it did not require
    the husband to refinance in his own name. 6 The wife later
    1
    Long v. McAllister-Long, 
    221 S.W.3d 1
    (Tenn. App. 2006).
    2
    Eaton v. Grau, 
    368 N.J. Super. 215
    , 
    845 A.2d 707
    (2004).
    3
    Long, supra note 
    1, 221 S.W.3d at 6
    .
    4
    Id. at 12. 5
        Eaton, supra note 2.
    6
    Id. at 219, 845
    A.2d at 710 (emphasis omitted).
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    moved to modify the decree to require the husband to either
    refinance the mortgage or sell the home, alleging he had failed
    to keep the mortgage current and foreclosure proceedings had
    damaged her credit rating. The trial court denied her modifica-
    tion request, reasoning that although a hold harmless provision
    could be broad enough to protect against damage to credit
    scores, the language of the provision selected by the parties
    was narrow and only encompassed protection from “‘further
    obligations.’” 7 On appeal, the New Jersey appellate court
    affirmed, reasoning that even if it assumed the hold harmless
    provision protected against financial harm to the wife’s credit
    rating, she had failed to prove she sustained such injury and
    thus had not shown exceptional circumstances as would entitle
    her to modification of the decree.
    In the instant case, the trial court found the plain language
    of the hold harmless provision in the decree was not materially
    different from that considered in Long, and it concluded:
    Corey’s obligation [under the hold harmless provision]
    plainly extends beyond making mortgage payments so
    that Jennifer does not become obligated to make pay-
    ments herself; it also requires Corey to fulfill the parties’
    joint obligations under the mortgage so as to prevent
    other fiscal injury that might foreseeably befall Jennifer,
    such as the kind of damage to her credit that could result
    from payments that are chronically late.
    The court found Corey in willful contempt of court “for
    failing to make timely payments on the mortgage he was
    ordered to pay” because such conduct “failed to hold Jennifer
    harmless on that debt which has resulted in severe damage to
    [her] credit rating.” It sentenced Corey to serve 10 days in jail,
    commencing on September 3, 2019 (approximately 4 months
    in the future), and it preapproved work release so that Corey
    could “continue to work and pay his bills.” Finally, the court’s
    order provided that Corey could purge himself of contempt and
    avoid the jail sentence if, on or before September 3, 2019, he
    7
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    BRAUN v. BRAUN
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    refinanced or sold the home “so further damage to Jennifer’s
    credit does not occur.”
    Corey timely appealed, and we moved the case to our docket
    on our own motion.
    II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Corey assigns, summarized, that the trial court erred in
    determining his conduct violated the hold harmless provision
    and in ordering that he either refinance the mortgage or sell
    the home.
    III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1] In a civil contempt proceeding where a party seeks reme-
    dial relief for an alleged violation of a court order, an appellate
    court employs a three-part standard of review in which (1) the
    trial court’s resolution of issues of law is reviewed de novo, (2)
    the trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error,
    and (3) the trial court’s determinations of whether a party is in
    contempt and of the sanction to be imposed are reviewed for
    abuse of discretion. 8
    [2] The meaning of a divorce decree presents a question
    of law, in connection with which an appellate court reaches
    a conclusion independent of the determination reached by the
    court below. 9
    IV. ANALYSIS
    1. Mortgage Company Not
    Indispensable Party
    Before considering the merits of Corey’s assignment of
    error, we quickly dispense of a preliminary jurisdictional issue
    he raised in his brief. Corey suggests the contempt order
    affected the rights of the mortgage company, thereby making
    8
    State on behalf of Mariah B. & Renee B. v. Kyle B., 
    298 Neb. 759
    , 
    906 N.W.2d 17
    (2018).
    9
    Bayne v. Bayne, 
    302 Neb. 858
    , 
    925 N.W.2d 687
    (2019).
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    the mortgage company an indispensable party to the contempt
    proceedings. He argues that because the mortgage company
    was not made a party, both the trial court and this court lack
    jurisdiction.
    [3] If necessary parties to a proceeding are absent, the dis-
    trict court has no jurisdiction to determine the controversy. 10
    But there is no merit to Corey’s suggestion that the mortgage
    company was an indispensable party to the contempt proceed-
    ings here.
    [4] An indispensable party is one whose interest in the sub-
    ject matter of the controversy is such that the controversy can-
    not be finally adjudicated without affecting the indispensable
    party’s interest, or which is such that not to address the interest
    of the indispensable party would leave the controversy in such
    a condition that its final determination may be wholly incon-
    sistent with equity and good conscience. 11 Here, the mortgage
    company’s interests and rights are not affected, changed, or
    modified by final adjudication of the contempt controversy in
    this case, and the mortgage company’s presence as a party was
    not necessary either to resolve whether Corey was in contempt
    or to fashion an appropriate remedy in the event he was found
    in contempt. The mortgage company was not an indispensable
    party to the contempt proceedings, and Corey’s argument to the
    contrary is meritless.
    2. No Abuse of Discretion in
    Contempt Determination
    or Purge Plan
    Corey’s single assignment of error is broadly drafted, and
    we understand it to be challenging both the trial court’s deter-
    mination that he was in contempt and its determination of the
    sanction to be imposed. We review both such determinations
    10
    American Nat. Bank v. Medved, 
    281 Neb. 799
    , 
    801 N.W.2d 230
    (2011).
    11
    Pan v. IOC Realty Specialist, 
    301 Neb. 256
    , 
    918 N.W.2d 273
    (2018).
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    for an abuse of discretion. 12 But first, we address a legal ques-
    tion concerning the meaning of the hold harmless provision.
    (a) Hold Harmless Provision
    [5] A decree is a judgment, and once a decree for dissolution
    becomes final, its meaning, including the settlement agreement
    incorporated therein, is determined as a matter of law from the
    four corners of the decree itself. 13 Because the meaning of the
    hold harmless provision in the decree presents a question of
    law, we must reach a conclusion independent of the determina-
    tion reached by the trial court. 14
    In this case, neither party contends the hold harmless provi-
    sion is ambiguous, and we agree it is not. Nor do the parties
    necessarily disagree with the trial court’s interpretation of the
    scope and meaning of the hold harmless agreement. We review
    that interpretation here, however, because this court has not yet
    addressed the scope of a standard hold harmless provision in a
    divorce decree.
    The issue is not one which has generated much disagree-
    ment among courts to have considered it. Generally speaking,
    courts agree the scope of a hold harmless provision in a dis-
    solution decree should be determined based on its plain lan-
    guage. 15 While some language can limit the scope of the hold
    harmless provision, 16 language that broadly requires one party
    to assume responsibility for a joint debt and hold the other
    harmless from the debt generally obligates the one responsible
    12
    See State on behalf of Mariah B. & Renee B., supra note 8.
    13
    Gomez v. Gomez, 
    303 Neb. 539
    , 
    930 N.W.2d 515
    (2019).
    14
    See Bayne, supra note 9.
    15
    See, e.g., Flanagan v. duMont, 
    203 Vt. 503
    , 
    159 A.3d 99
    (2016); Gardner
    v. Gardner, 
    294 P.3d 600
    (Utah App. 2012); Long, supra note 1; Eaton,
    supra note 2.
    16
    See, e.g., Flanagan, supra note 
    15, 203 Vt. at 506
    , 159 A.3d at 101
    (finding provision in decree requiring husband to indemnify and hold wife
    harmless “‘against the payment of any monies’” did not obligate husband
    until wife made payment).
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    for the debt to prevent financial harm to the other resulting
    from late or delinquent payments on the debt, including dam-
    age to the other’s credit rating. 17
    Here, the plain language of the decree contained no limit-
    ing language, and it ordered Corey to pay the joint mortgage
    debt and to “hold [Jennifer] harmless from any debt associated
    with the property.” We therefore agree with the trial court that
    the plain language of the hold harmless provision in this case
    required Corey to protect Jennifer from financial harm or dam-
    age related to the joint mortgage debt on the home, including
    harm to her credit rating resulting from Corey’s failure to pay
    the debt as ordered. 18
    (b) Contempt Determination
    Corey does not dispute the court’s factual findings that he
    was significantly behind on the monthly mortgage payments.
    He does, however, argue “there was no evidence at trial that
    [his] actions had actually harmed” Jennifer. 19 We understand
    this to suggest the evidence did not support the trial court’s
    factual finding that Corey’s late mortgage payments resulted
    in financial damage to Jennifer’s credit rating. And we reject
    this suggestion, as there was ample support for this finding in
    the record.
    Jennifer testified that her credit rating had historically been
    780 to 800 and that in the summer of 2018, she learned it had
    fallen to 620 or 640. She attributed the drop solely to the fact
    17
    See, e.g., Gardner, supra note 
    15, 294 P.3d at 602
    (provision in divorce
    decree ordering wife to “‘assume and pay and hold [husband] harmless
    from’” mortgage debt required wife to protect against financial harm such
    as damage to husband’s credit resulting from chronically late payments);
    Long, supra note 1; Eaton, supra note 2.
    18
    Accord Dennis v. Dennis, 
    6 Neb. Ct. App. 461
    , 
    574 N.W.2d 189
    (1998)
    (finding former husband violated hold harmless agreement by failing
    to pay on joint mortgage and wife suffered financial harm when family
    loaned her money to avoid foreclosure).
    19
    Brief for appellant at 7.
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    that Corey was chronically delinquent on the joint mortgage,
    reasoning she was current on all debts she held in her own
    name. We find no clear error in the trial court’s factual finding
    that Corey’s chronic delinquency on the joint mortgage harmed
    Jennifer’s credit rating.
    The only other argument Corey directs to the court’s deter-
    mination of contempt is a statement in his reply brief that this
    is “a case of first impression.” 20 We understand this to be a
    suggestion that at the time Corey was failing to make payments
    on the mortgage debt, the scope of his responsibility under the
    hold harmless provision was not clear, and so his violation of
    that provision should not have been found to be willful.
    [6,7] Willful disobedience is an essential element of civil
    contempt, and in this context, “willful” means the violation
    was committed intentionally, with knowledge that the act vio-
    lated the court order. 21 Willfulness is a factual determination to
    be reviewed for clear error. 22
    Corey does not claim he did not know or did not fully
    understand what he was required to do under the terms of the
    decree and the hold harmless provision. In fact, he specifically
    testified to his understanding in that regard during the trial:
    Q Do you agree the hold harmless provision of your
    decree of dissolution means that no harm should come to
    Jennifer as a result of debts you were ordered to pay?
    A That’s how I understand it, yes.
    Q And you agree that, among other things, lowering
    her credit score would be a harm that would be — have
    come to her?
    A Yes.
    Given the plain language of the hold harmless provision as
    discussed above and Corey’s admitted understanding of the
    scope of his responsibility under that provision, we find no
    20
    Reply brief for appellant at 9.
    21
    Krejci v. Krejci, 
    304 Neb. 302
    , 
    934 N.W.2d 179
    (2019).
    22
    State on behalf of Mariah B. & Renee B., supra note 8.
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    clear error in the trial court’s finding that Corey willfully vio-
    lated the hold harmless provision by being chronically delin-
    quent on the mortgage debt. And to the extent Corey’s assign-
    ment of error can fairly be understood to challenge the court’s
    determination of contempt, we find no abuse of discretion.
    (c) Sanction Determination
    Corey assigns it was error for the trial court to “require[]
    [him] to refinance [the] mortgage or sell the property.” The
    only argument he presents in this regard is the suggestion
    that “[b]y requiring [Corey] to refinance or sell, the Court
    modified the Decree on its own with no request from a party
    of interest and with no evidence regarding a material change of
    circumstances not contemplated at the time of the divorce.” 23
    Corey’s argument misunderstands the nature of the court’s
    determination.
    This was a civil contempt proceeding in which Jennifer
    sought remedial relief for Corey’s violation of the hold harm-
    less provision in the decree. 24 The trial court found Corey had
    violated the provision and, as a sanction, ordered him to serve
    10 days in jail.
    [8-10] In a civil contempt proceeding, for the sanction to
    retain its civil character, the contemnor must, at the time the
    sanction is imposed, have the ability to purge the contempt
    by compliance and either avert punishment or, at any time,
    bring it to an end. 25 The sanction in a civil contempt proceed-
    ing is both remedial and coercive, and when a jail sentence
    is imposed as a sanction, the contemnor must carry the keys
    to their jail cells in their own pocket. 26 In other words, a jail
    sanction in a civil contempt proceeding is conditioned upon
    the contemnor’s continued noncompliance with the court order,
    23
    Brief for appellant at 7.
    24
    See Krejci, supra note 21.
    25
    Sickler v. Sickler, 
    293 Neb. 521
    , 
    878 N.W.2d 549
    (2016).
    26
    See
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    and the purge plan must allow the contemnor to mitigate or
    avoid the sanction through compliance. 27
    Here, Corey has not challenged the 10-day jail sanction
    imposed by the court, and to the extent he challenges the purge
    plan directing him either to refinance the mortgage in his own
    name or to sell the home, we find no abuse of discretion. This
    portion of the order allows Corey, through compliance with
    the hold harmless provision, to purge himself of contempt and
    avoid serving the 10-day jail sentence imposed as a sanction.
    The order was not a modification of the decree, as Corey sug-
    gests. The sanction imposed was both remedial and coercive in
    nature, and it was not an abuse of discretion.
    V. CONCLUSION
    Finding no clear error in the court’s factual findings and no
    abuse of discretion in either the court’s determination of con-
    tempt or the imposition of the sanction in this case, we affirm
    the district court’s order.
    Affirmed.
    27
    See id.