State v. Senteney , 307 Neb. 702 ( 2020 )


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    Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
    307 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. SENTENEY
    Cite as 
    307 Neb. 702
    State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
    Larry B. Senteney, appellant.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed November 6, 2020.   No. S-19-690.
    1. Appeal and Error. An appellate court may find plain error on appeal
    when an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly evident
    from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if
    uncorrected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fair-
    ness of the judicial process. Generally, an appellate court will find plain
    error only when a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.
    2. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sen-
    tence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion
    by the trial court.
    3. Judgments: Words and Phrases. An abuse of discretion occurs when a
    trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unrea-
    sonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason,
    and evidence.
    4. Sentences: Appeal and Error. Where a sentence imposed within the
    statutory limits is alleged on appeal to be excessive, the appellate court
    must determine whether a sentencing court abused its discretion in con-
    sidering and applying the relevant factors as well as any applicable legal
    principles in determining the sentence to be imposed.
    5. Sentences. In determining a sentence to be imposed, relevant factors
    customarily considered and applied are the defendant’s (1) age, (2) men-
    tality, (3) education and experience, (4) social and cultural background,
    (5) past criminal record or record of law abiding conduct, and (6) moti-
    vation for the offense, as well as (7) the nature of the offense and (8) the
    amount of violence involved in the commission of the crime.
    6. ____. The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective judg-
    ment and includes the sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s
    demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surrounding
    the defendant’s life.
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    7. Sentences: Probation and Parole: Appeal and Error. Whether proba-
    tion or incarceration is ordered is a choice within the discretion of the
    trial court, whose judgment denying probation will be upheld in the
    absence of an abuse of discretion.
    Appeal from the District Court for Scotts Bluff County:
    Andrea D. Miller, Judge. Affirmed.
    Harry A. Moore, Scotts Bluff County Public Defender, for
    appellant.
    Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Austin N. Relph
    for appellee.
    Heavican, C.J., Miller‑Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
    Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
    Miller‑Lerman, J.
    NATURE OF CASE
    Larry B. Senteney appeals his convictions and sentences
    in the district court for Scotts Bluff County for two counts of
    third degree sexual assault of a child, one count of attempted
    incest, and one count of attempted first degree sexual assault.
    Senteney claims on appeal that the court committed plain error
    when it allowed an investigator to testify regarding indicators
    of deception exhibited by Senteney in an interview. He also
    claims that the court imposed excessive sentences when it sen-
    tenced him to imprisonment rather than probation. We affirm
    Senteney’s convictions and sentences.
    STATEMENT OF FACTS
    In late 2017, a social services agency reported to law enforce-
    ment agencies in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, that a 19‑year‑old
    woman, A.B., had disclosed that when she was 14 years old,
    she had been sexually abused multiple times by her grand­
    father, Senteney. A.B. reported that the incidents occurred
    in and around Scottsbluff, as well as Gering, Nebraska, and
    Guernsey, Wyoming, where Senteney lived at the time of the
    report. Investigators interviewed A.B. regarding the incidents,
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    307 Neb. 702
    and it was determined that the Scotts Bluff County sheriff’s
    office would take the lead in further investigation. An investi-
    gator contacted Senteney by telephone, and Senteney said that
    he would be in Nebraska in July 2018 and would contact the
    sheriff’s office at that time.
    On July 25, 2018, because Senteney had not yet contacted
    the sheriff’s office, Investigator Robert Hackett and another
    investigator drove to Wyoming to contact Senteney at his
    residence. Hackett and his partner contacted Senteney shortly
    before noon and interviewed him at his front door regarding
    A.B.’s allegations. Hackett noted that Senteney “appeared to be
    very nervous and acted strangely,” that he would only talk to
    the investigators through the storm door, and that several times
    he walked away. Senteney denied having had any “‘improper
    or perverted’” contact with A.B., but toward the end of the
    interview, he stated that A.B. would not lie and that if she said
    something had happened, she likely believed it had happened.
    Senteney asked the investigators to tell A.B. that he was sorry
    and that he asked her to forgive him.
    Hackett interviewed A.B. on July 27, 2018, and she detailed
    three incidents of sexual contact by Senteney that occurred in
    Scotts Bluff County and three other incidents that occurred in
    Wyoming. Hackett thereafter obtained a warrant for Senteney’s
    arrest on charges of third degree sexual assault of a child.
    Law enforcement officers arrested Senteney in Wyoming, and
    he was transported to Nebraska. In the operative information,
    Senteney was charged with two counts of third degree sexual
    assault of a child, one count of attempted incest with a person
    under 18 years of age, and one count of attempted first degree
    sexual assault.
    A.B. testified at trial, and she generally testified regard-
    ing the incidents that formed the basis for the charges against
    Senteney. She testified that when she was around 13 or 14
    years old, Senteney began to frequently talk to her about
    sexual matters and her body, would hug her in a manner
    that was “gropey,” and tried to kiss her on the mouth. A.B.
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    testified regarding two specific incidents that occurred when
    Senteney was living in Gering. The first incident occurred
    in Senteney’s residence in Gering when A.B. was “between
    14 and 15” years old and they were watching a movie. A.B.
    was lying on the couch when Senteney pulled up her shirt,
    pulled down her bra, and put his mouth on her breasts. He
    also touched her breasts with his hands. The second incident
    occurred when the two were at a movie theater in Scottsbluff.
    Senteney “kept rubbing his hand up and down” her inner thighs
    throughout “[a]bout half of the movie off and on.”
    A.B. also testified regarding incidents that had occurred after
    Senteney moved to Wyoming. A.B. would visit Senteney’s
    residence in Wyoming, and he would often pick her up from
    and return her to her home in Gering. After one of these visits,
    when A.B. was “about 15, almost 16,” Senteney was driving
    her back to Gering. On a road near the Scotts Bluff National
    Monument, Senteney “pulled over on the side of the road” and
    asked A.B. “if [she] wanted to do anything there.” Based on
    “the way he was acting and the way he was moving towards”
    her, A.B. interpreted Senteney’s question as a “sexual innu-
    endo.” She told him “[N]o,” and he drove her home.
    A.B. testified regarding two incidents that occurred in
    Senteney’s residence in Wyoming. The first incident occurred
    when A.B. was 16 years old and Senteney groped her breasts.
    The second incident occurred a few months later when A.B.
    was still 16 years old. Senteney told A.B. he wanted to draw
    some tattoos on her legs; she allowed him to do so, and as he
    was drawing on her thigh, he moved the marker and his hand
    up her shorts and “ended up penetrating [her] slightly with the
    marker.” Senteney then unbuttoned his overalls and took A.B.’s
    hand and placed it on his penis. A.B. pulled her hand away and
    told him to stop. While driving A.B. back home, Senteney told
    A.B. “he couldn’t wait until [she] turned 18.”
    Prior to trial, the State had filed notice of its intent to
    offer evidence from witnesses regarding other instances of
    uncharged sexual assaults under 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27
    ‑414
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    (Reissue 2016). This evidence included A.B.’s testimony
    regarding the incidents that had occurred in Wyoming, as well
    as testimony by other women who asserted that they had been
    sexually assaulted by Senteney. A preliminary hearing was
    held prior to trial for the purpose of informing Senteney of
    the evidence the State intended to offer, but the court delayed
    ruling on admissibility until the trial, when it would hear the
    offered testimony outside the presence of the jury. A.B.’s tes-
    timony regarding the incidents that occurred in Wyoming was
    ruled admissible under this process. The court also allowed
    testimony by two women regarding incidents the court found
    to be sufficiently similar to the incidents involving A.B. The
    first witness was M.F., who testified that she was Senteney’s
    stepdaughter and that when she was 10 or 11 years old, he put
    his hand inside her shorts and fondled her vagina while she
    was sitting on his lap. The second witness was T.C., who testi-
    fied that she was a friend of M.F.’s and that when she was 11
    years old and stayed overnight with M.F. in Senteney’s house,
    Senteney had, inter alia, pinned her on the couch and groped
    her breasts and vaginal area. The court heard testimony outside
    the presence of the jury from one other woman, but the court
    ruled her testimony inadmissible because the situation she
    described was too dissimilar.
    The State also called Hackett as a witness. Hackett gener-
    ally testified regarding his employment by the Scotts Bluff
    County sheriff’s office and his investigation of A.B.’s allega-
    tions against Senteney. Hackett testified, inter alia, regarding
    his and his partner’s July 25, 2018, interview of Senteney at
    Senteney’s residence in Wyoming. As part of Hackett’s testi-
    mony, the court received into evidence a recording made from
    Hackett’s body camera showing the interview of Senteney.
    After providing foundation through Hackett and having the
    recording received into evidence, the State questioned Hackett
    regarding his training with regard to conducting interviews.
    Hackett testified that he was trained that when conducting
    interviews, one should pay attention not only to what the
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    person was saying but also to factors such as body language
    and tone of voice, because those factors could be indicators
    of deception. He testified that one would look for whether the
    person was being cooperative and for actions that would indi-
    cate deception, including avoiding eye contact, “go[ing] into
    retreat positions,” and actions he described as “tension reliev-
    ers,” such as “big body movements, stretching, covering the
    mouth, [and] crossing the arms.”
    The State then published the recording of Hackett’s inter-
    view of Senteney to the jury. Afterward, the State ques-
    tioned Hackett regarding various aspects of what the recording
    showed, including questions regarding specific examples of
    indicators of deception that Senteney displayed during the
    interview. Hackett referenced his prior testimony regarding
    “retreat positions” and noted that Senteney “walked away
    several times retreating, generally when there was a tough
    question that was asked.” He clarified that by “tough” ques-
    tions he meant “[q]uestions pertaining to the sexual assault of
    [A.B.]” Hackett referred to a portion of the interview in which
    Senteney stated that he drew tattoos on A.B.’s feet, rather than
    on her thighs as she had reported. Hackett testified that this
    was a form of “retreating” and “want[ing] to get as far away
    from whatever it is . . . as they can.” Hackett also noted that
    “when you’re talking about specifically [A.B.], that’s where
    there’s big body movements, big pain, walking away, [and]
    crouching down,” and that “if you go into something that he’s
    comfortable talking about, . . . his voice changed [and] was
    more relaxed, there’s no moaning, no large body movements.”
    Hackett also testified that when an interviewee is “comfortable
    talking about [an event], they’ll remember a lot of details.”
    Hackett noted that Senteney gave “minimal detail” regard-
    ing specific incidents with A.B. but that he provided “a lot of
    detail [regarding] something that [Hackett] thought [Senteney]
    was comfortable talking about.” Hackett also testified on redi-
    rect examination that he “felt that [Senteney] was being decep-
    tive in some admissions that were given.” Senteney did not
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    307 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. SENTENEY
    Cite as 
    307 Neb. 702
    object to any of Hackett’s testimony set forth above regarding
    indicators of deception.
    After Hackett’s testimony, the State rested its case. Senteney
    testified in his defense and, inter alia, denied the allegations of
    sexual assault raised by A.B. and the other women. Senteney
    presented testimony by a character witness and then rested
    his defense.
    Among the instructions the court gave to the jury was a
    general instruction that the jurors were the sole judges of the
    credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their tes-
    timony. The court gave no limiting instruction, and Senteney
    requested no limiting instruction regarding Hackett’s testimony
    about indicators of deception displayed by Senteney in the July
    25, 2018, interview. The jury found Senteney guilty on the four
    counts charged. The court thereafter sentenced Senteney to
    imprisonment for 3 to 5 years for each of the four convictions
    and ordered the sentences to be served consecutively.
    Senteney appeals his convictions and sentences.
    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Senteney claims that the district court committed plain error
    when it allowed Hackett to testify regarding indicators of
    deception shown by Senteney in the July 25, 2018, interview.
    He also claims that the court imposed excessive sentences
    when it sentenced him to imprisonment rather than probation.
    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
    [1] An appellate court may find plain error on appeal when
    an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly
    evident from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s sub-
    stantial right and, if uncorrected, would result in damage to the
    integrity, reputation, and fairness of the judicial process. State
    v. Price, 
    306 Neb. 38
    , 
    944 N.W.2d 279
     (2020). Generally, we
    will find plain error only when a miscarriage of justice would
    otherwise occur. 
    Id.
    [2,3] An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed
    within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    307 Neb. 702
    the trial court. 
    Id.
     An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial
    court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or
    unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or con-
    science, reason, and evidence. 
    Id.
    ANALYSIS
    Testimony Regarding Indicators of
    Deception Was Not Plain Error.
    Senteney first claims that the district court committed plain
    error when it allowed Hackett to testify regarding indicators
    of deception shown by Senteney in the July 25, 2018, inter-
    view. Senteney acknowledges that he did not object to the
    testimony that he now contends should not have been allowed.
    Regardless of whether an objection to the testimony if timely
    made should have been sustained, we do not find plain error as
    urged by Senteney.
    Senteney contends that Hackett’s testimony at trial concern-
    ing indicators of deception that Senteney showed during the
    interview was improper. Senteney cites cases in which we
    have said that the credibility of witnesses is a determination
    within the province of the trier of fact and that therefore, under
    our rules of evidence, “‘it is totally improper for one witness
    to testify as to the credibility of another witness.’” State
    v. Rocha, 
    295 Neb. 716
    , 733, 
    890 N.W.2d 178
    , 195 (2017)
    (quoting State v. Beermann, 
    231 Neb. 380
    , 
    436 N.W.2d 499
    (1989)). Despite this general rule, we concluded in Rocha that
    it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to admit,
    for the purpose of providing context to the defendant’s state-
    ments, a recorded interview between an interrogating officer
    and the defendant in which the defendant denied possessing
    illegal drugs and the officer said the defendant was not being
    truthful. Senteney argues that the present case is different
    from Rocha because “Hackett’s statements on video are not at
    issue” and instead “[i]t is [Hackett’s] testimony in court” that
    is at issue. Brief for appellant at 30. Senteney acknowledges
    that his trial counsel failed to object to Hackett’s testimony,
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    STATE v. SENTENEY
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    but he asks that plain error be noticed because he claims the
    testimony prejudicially affected his right to a fair trial.
    The State in its brief “acknowledges that portions of
    Hackett’s testimony” violated the rule set forth in Rocha to
    the effect that it is improper for a witness to testify whether
    another person may or may not have been telling the truth in
    a specific instance. Brief for appellee at 13. Nevertheless, the
    State asserts that the presentation of such testimony did not
    constitute plain error. The State initially notes that portions
    of the challenged testimony were admissible because Hackett
    “could have testified to his observations of Senteney during
    the interview without running afoul of” the rule in Rocha.
    Brief for appellee at 13. The State acknowledges, however,
    that Hackett’s testimony went a “step too far” when he “tied
    those observations to being possible ‘indicators of deception’
    and then opined that he felt that Senteney was being decep-
    tive in certain of his statements.” 
    Id.
     Next, the State notes that
    “the jury had the opportunity to weigh Senteney’s credibility
    for itself because he testified at trial.” 
    Id.
     And finally, refer-
    ring to the testimony of A.B. and the other alleged victims, the
    State asserts that other, properly admitted evidence “effectively
    attacked Senteney’s credibility and demonstrated his guilt.” Id.
    at 14.
    We agree with the State that any error in the presentation
    of Hackett’s testimony with respect to signs of deception did
    not rise to the level of plain error. As Senteney concedes, he
    did not object to any of the testimony he now asserts was
    improper. Without an objection by Senteney, the court was
    not asked to rule on the admissibility of Hackett’s testimony
    or the portion thereof, and therefore, it cannot be said that the
    court made an erroneous ruling. Our review on appeal is not
    to speculate whether such an objection, if made, should have
    been sustained. Instead, we review for plain error. Compare,
    Yount v. State, 
    872 S.W.2d 706
     (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (con-
    sidering expert opinion on signs of deception of complainant
    and citing John E.B. Meyers et al., Expert Testimony in Child
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    Sexual Abuse Litigation, 
    68 Neb. L. Rev. 1
     (1989)); Cortes‑Puga
    v. State, No. 03‑17‑00713‑CR, 
    2019 WL 3680135
     (Tex. App.
    Aug. 7, 2019) (unpublished opinion) (concluding admission of
    detective’s testimony regarding defendant’s signs of deception
    was harmless error).
    We have said that generally, we will find plain error only
    when a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur. State v.
    Price, 
    306 Neb. 38
    , 
    944 N.W.2d 279
     (2020). Error must be
    plainly evident from the record, and it must be such that it
    prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if uncor-
    rected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and
    fairness of the judicial process. See 
    id.
    In this case, Senteney claims that the court erred when it
    “allowed” testimony that violated the rules of evidence. As a
    general matter, during a trial a court is not obligated to rule
    sua sponte on the admissibility of testimony, and therefore
    without an objection it is difficult to say a court committed
    plain error when it allowed specific testimony. See State v.
    Pointer, 
    224 Neb. 892
    , 894, 
    402 N.W.2d 268
    , 270 (1987)
    (“[w]ithout an objection by defendant at trial, the trial court
    has no obligation to interject itself into the proceedings to
    make rulings not requested. Such actions might well trample
    on defendant’s trial tactics not known to the court”). See, also,
    State v. Herrera, 
    289 Neb. 575
    , 
    856 N.W.2d 310
     (2014). Even
    when a question or answer is arguably improper, for strategic
    reasons the nonproponent may choose not to raise an objec-
    tion because to do so would unduly emphasize the question
    or answer and cause the jury to speculate as to the answer to
    a challenged question or to consider an answer despite being
    instructed to ignore it. State v. Pointer, 
    supra.
     We are not
    inclined to readily find plain error in testimony to which the
    opposing party did not object.
    With the foregoing principles in mind, we do not find that
    Hackett’s testimony constitutes a miscarriage of justice or that
    leaving it uncorrected would result in damage to the integrity,
    reputation, and fairness of the judicial process. We note that
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    Hackett’s testimony regarding indicators of deception and his
    observations during the July 25, 2018, interview was a rela-
    tively small part of Hackett’s testimony and that the prosecutor
    did not emphasize that testimony during closing arguments.
    Instead, the prosecutor emphasized to the jury during closing
    arguments that it was the sole judge of witness credibility, and
    the court similarly instructed the jury that it was the sole judge
    of witness credibility.
    Considering the challenged testimony in the context of the
    entire trial, we do not find that the testimony constituted a mis-
    carriage of justice or that leaving it uncorrected would result
    in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fairness of the judi-
    cial process. We conclude that regardless of whether the court
    would have or should have sustained an objection to the testi-
    mony if such objection had been made, it was not plain error
    for the court to allow the testimony in this case.
    In connection with his claim of plain error, although he did
    not assign it as error, Senteney also argues that his trial counsel
    provided ineffective assistance when counsel failed to object to
    Hackett’s testimony. We note that although the attorney who
    represented Senteney in this direct appeal was not the same
    attorney who represented him at trial, both attorneys worked
    for the Scotts Bluff County public defender’s office. We have
    said that when a defendant was “represented by the public
    defender’s office at trial and on direct appeal, he is not proce-
    durally barred from asserting a claim of ineffective assistance
    of counsel in his motion for postconviction relief.” State v.
    Davlin, 
    265 Neb. 386
    , 391, 
    658 N.W.2d 1
    , 6 (2003). We do not
    consider Senteney’s argument that his trial counsel provided
    ineffective assistance.
    Sentences of Imprisonment Were
    Not an Abuse of Discretion.
    Senteney claims that the court imposed excessive sentences
    when it sentenced him to imprisonment rather than probation.
    We find that the sentences were within statutory limits and that
    the court did not abuse its discretion.
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    [4‑7] Where a sentence imposed within the statutory limits
    is alleged on appeal to be excessive, the appellate court must
    determine whether a sentencing court abused its discretion in
    considering and applying the relevant factors as well as any
    applicable legal principles in determining the sentence to be
    imposed. State v. Price, 
    306 Neb. 38
    , 
    944 N.W.2d 279
     (2020).
    In determining a sentence to be imposed, relevant factors cus-
    tomarily considered and applied are the defendant’s (1) age, (2)
    mentality, (3) education and experience, (4) social and cultural
    background, (5) past criminal record or record of law abiding
    conduct, and (6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7) the
    nature of the offense and (8) the amount of violence involved
    in the commission of the crime. 
    Id.
     The appropriateness of a
    sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the
    sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s demeanor
    and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surrounding
    the defendant’s life. 
    Id.
     Whether probation or incarceration
    is ordered is a choice within the discretion of the trial court,
    whose judgment denying probation will be upheld in the
    absence of an abuse of discretion. State v. Cerritos‑Valdez, 
    295 Neb. 563
    , 
    889 N.W.2d 605
     (2017).
    Senteney was convicted of two counts of third degree sexual
    assault of a child, one count of attempted incest, and one count
    of attempted first degree sexual assault. The convictions were
    based on incidents that occurred between 2011 and 2014. At
    that time, third degree sexual assault of a child was a Class
    IIIA felony under 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28
    ‑320.01 (Reissue 2008),
    attempted incest was a Class IIIA felony under 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28
    ‑201(4)(c) (Cum. Supp. 2014) and 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28
    ‑703 (Reissue 2008), and attempted first degree sexual
    assault was a Class III felony under § 28‑201(4)(b) and 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28
    ‑319 (Reissue 2008). At that time, under 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28
    ‑105 (Cum. Supp. 2014), the sentencing range
    for a Class III felony was imprisonment for a minimum of 1
    year and a maximum of 25 years and the sentencing range
    for a Class IIIA felony was imprisonment for a maximum of
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    5 years with no minimum. The court sentenced Senteney to
    imprisonment for 3 to 5 years for each of the four convictions
    and ordered the sentences to be served consecutively to one
    another. Therefore, the sentences were within statutory limits,
    and we review the sentences for an abuse of discretion.
    Senteney argues that his sentences were excessive and
    asserts that “he should have been given probation by the court,
    instead of a lengthy prison term, because he is innocent of the
    charges for which he was convicted, he has only two speeding
    tickets in the past, and he is 68 years old.” Brief for appellant
    at 31. He also asserts the sentences are longer than necessary
    to address his rehabilitative needs.
    At the sentencing, the court stated that it had considered each
    of the relevant factors set forth above and the court specifically
    acknowledged Senteney’s age and his “relatively nonexistent
    prior [criminal] record.” However, the court also noted that the
    record indicated that Senteney had not taken responsibility or
    shown remorse, and the court cited specific examples from the
    presentence report. This assessment by the court is consistent
    with the fact that on appeal, despite a jury’s having found him
    guilty, Senteney argues his sentences were excessive because
    he is innocent of the charges.
    With respect to the appropriate sentences, the court also
    specifically addressed the possibility of probation and noted
    that Senteney had “rebuke[d]” the option of probation because
    he said he would accept probation but on the condition that
    the probation officer “treated him respectfully” and was not
    “a power‑hungry probation officer.” The court determined that
    such comments indicated that probation was not an option in
    this case. The court also discussed relevant factors such as the
    nature of the offenses and the risk Senteney posed to society
    generally and to family members specifically.
    Having reviewed the court’s comments at sentencing, we
    determine that the court did not consider improper factors
    and instead considered and based its sentencing on sufficient
    relevant factors. We therefore find no abuse of discretion in
    - 715 -
    Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
    307 Nebraska Reports
    STATE v. SENTENEY
    Cite as 
    307 Neb. 702
    the sentences imposed by the court and specifically in the deci-
    sion to impose sentences of imprisonment rather than proba-
    tion. We reject Senteney’s claim of excessive sentences.
    CONCLUSION
    We conclude that the district court did not commit plain
    error when it allowed Hackett’s testimony. We also conclude
    that the sentences were not an abuse of discretion. We therefore
    affirm Senteney’s convictions and sentences.
    Affirmed.