Price v. State , 422 S.W.3d 292 ( 2014 )

PAUL C. WILSON, Judge.

Clayton Dean Price’s motion for post-conviction relief missed the deadline for such a motion under Rule 29.15(b) by more than four years. Price claims that his tardiness should be excused because the counsel he retained to draft and file that motion for him misunderstood the deadlines. The motion court agreed and excused Price’s untimely filing. Following a hearing on Price’s substantive claims, the motion court granted relief and vacated Price’s conviction. The state claims that the motion court erred by proceeding on Price’s untimely motion because Price waived all claims for relief when he failed to file his motion within the time allowed by Rule 29.15(b). This Court agrees. Accordingly, the motion court’s judgment is reversed and Price’s motion is dismissed with prejudice.

I. Standard of Review

Appellate review of a judgment entered under Rule 29.15 “is limited to a determination of whether the motion court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law are clearly erroneous.” Moore v. State, 328 S.W.3d 700, 702 (Mo. banc 2010). “Findings and conclusions are clearly erroneous if, after a review of the entire record, the court is left with the definite and firm impression that a mistake has been made.” Moss v. State, 10 S.W.3d 508, 511 (Mo. banc 2000).

II. Facts

On March 9, 2004, a Taney County jury found Price guilty of first-degree sodomy. Price’s trial attorney filed a motion for a new trial but was allowed to withdraw when Price retained a new attorney. At sentencing, with Price’s new counsel in attendance, the trial court overruled the new trial motion and sentenced Price to 12 years in prison.

After pronouncing sentence, the trial court advised Price that he was entitled to seek post-conviction relief under Rule 29.15. The court stated that, if he wanted to seek such relief, it was Price’s responsibility to complete Criminal Procedure Form No. 40 and file it with the trial court on or before the applicable deadline. The trial court explained further that, if Price did not appeal his conviction, the deadline for filing his post-conviction motion was 180 days after his arrival at the department of corrections. If Price pursued an appeal and was not successful, however, the court explained that the deadline for his motion was 90 days after the appellate court’s mandate affirming his conviction. When questioned by the court as to whether he understood these deadlines, Price expressly confirmed that he did.

Price appealed, and his conviction was affirmed. State v. Price, 165 S.W.3d 568, 570 (Mo.App.2005). The court of appeals issued its mandate on July 15, 2005, which meant that the Rule 29.15(b) deadline for Price’s post-conviction relief motion was October 13, 2005. Despite the trial court’s explanation of the deadlines and Price’s confirmation that he understood them, Price did not file his Rule 29.15 motion until December 31, 2009, more than four years after the deadline had passed.

In this motion,¹ Price claimed that his failure to comply with the filing deadline established in Rule 29.15(b) should be excused because he was abandoned by his post-conviction counsel. Price alleged that he hired private counsel to draft and file his Rule 29.15 motion and then relied entirely on that counsel to ensure that a timely motion was filed. In an affidavit submitted in support of Price’s motion, Price’s counsel states that — despite being present at Price’s sentencing and hearing the trial court’s instructions to Price regarding the deadlines in Rule 29.15(b) — he believed he had 180 days, not 90, after the appellate court’s mandate to draft and file Price’s initial post-conviction motion. Counsel claims that he did not discover his error until November 17, 2005, more than four weeks after the deadline for Price’s motion. He concludes that “Price relied upon my advice regarding the deadline for filing the 29.15 motion, and relied upon my representation that I would prepare and timely file the motion.”

The state moved to dismiss Price’s 2009 motion as untimely. Following a hearing on the state’s motion, the motion court concluded that the blame for Price’s failure to comply with the filing deadline set forth in Rule 29.15(b) rested entirely with Price’s counsel and not with Price.

[There is] no difference between the factual settings and legal principles applied in Sanders, Luleff and McFadden and the case at bar. Price’s attorney actively interfered with Price’s ability to file a pro se 29.15 motion by assuring Price, directly and indirectly, that he would timely prepare and file the motion on Price’s behalf. Price’s attorney abandoned this undertaking and, along with it, Price. Price is without fault, and his attorney is solely to blame, for Price’s failure to timely file an original 29.15 motion.

Having concluded that Price was abandoned by his post-conviction counsel, the motion court overruled the state’s motion to dismiss and granted Price’s motion for leave to file his Rule 29.15 motion out of time. On October 26, 2011, following an evidentiary hearing on Price’s substantive claims, the motion court found that Price had established grounds for relief and entered judgment vacating his conviction.² The state appeals on the ground that the motion court’s decision to proceed on Price’s untimely Rule 29.15 motion was clearly erroneous. The court of appeals affirmed. Because this Court granted transfer pursuant to Rule 83.04, jurisdiction over the appeal now lies in this Court, and the judgment of the motion court is reversed. See Mo. Const. art. V, § 10.

III. Analysis

Individuals convicted of state crimes have “no federal constitutional right to a state post-conviction proceeding[.]” Smith v. State, 887 S.W.2d 601, 602 (Mo. banc 1994) (citing Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 557, 107 S.Ct. 1990, 95 L.Ed.2d 539 (1987)). As a result, the several states have “substantial discretion” to determine what post-conviction procedures (if any) each will provide. Finley, 481 U.S. at 559, 107 S.Ct. 1990.

In 1988, this Court exercised this discretion by adopting Rule 29.15 as the single, unified procedure for inmates seeking post-conviction relief after trial. See also Rule 24.035 (for inmates who plead guilty). The purpose of these rules is to “adjudicate claims concerning the validity of the trial court’s jurisdiction and the legality of the conviction or sentence of the defendant.... [while] avoiding delay in the processing of prisoners’ claims and preventing the litigation of stale claims.” State ex rel. Nixon v. Daugherty, 186 S.W.3d 253, 254 (Mo. banc 2006). See also Thomas v. State, 808 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Mo. banc 1991) (same).

Though these are laudatory purposes, post-conviction proceedings—by their very nature—come at the expense of the public’s substantial interest in preserving the finality of criminal convictions. Accordingly, even though “courts are solicitous of post-conviction claims that present a genuine injustice, that policy must be balanced against the policy of bringing finality to the criminal process.” White v. State, 939 S.W.2d 887, 893 (Mo. banc 1997). That “balance” is reflected in the requirement that an inmate must initiate his post-conviction proceedings within the specified period or forever waive both the right to such a proceeding and all of the claims that might have been raised in a timely motion. See Rule 29.15(b) and Rule 24.035(b).

A. Filing deadlines for initial motions

When an inmate is convicted after trial, Rule 29.15(b) establishes that inmate’s deadline for filing his initial motion for post-conviction relief. Where, as here, the inmate appeals and his conviction is affirmed, the initial post-conviction motion must be filed within 90 days of the appellate court’s mandate. The consequences of failing to comply with this deadline are stated unequivocally in the rule: “Failure to file a motion within the time provided by this Rule ... shall constitute a complete waiver of any right to proceed under this Rule ... and a complete waiver of any claim that could be raised in a motion filed pursuant to this Rule.” Rule 29.15(b) (emphasis added).

The deadline and “complete waiver” provisions of Rule 29.15(b) are mandatory and constitutional. Smith, 887 S.W.2d at 602 (citing Day v. State, 770 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Mo. banc 1989)). They play such an important role in the orderly presentation and resolution of post-conviction claims that the state cannot waive them. Dorris, 360 S.W.3d at 270 (Mo. banc 2012). Instead, motion courts and appellate courts have a “duty to enforce the mandatory time limits and the resulting complete waiver in the postconviction rules—even if the State does not raise the issue.” Id. at 268.

Despite these unequivocal provisions and this Court’s duty to enforce them, Price contends that his failure to comply with the deadline in Rule 29.15(b) should be excused and the “complete waivers” under Rule 29.15(b) should not be enforced because the blame for his tardiness properly rests with his counsel and not himself. Though Price seeks the protection of the abandonment doctrine created by this Court in Sanders v. State, 807 S.W.2d 493 (Mo. banc 1991), and Luleff v. State, 807 S.W.2d 495 (Mo. banc 1991), his reliance on these cases is misplaced. As discussed below, the abandonment doctrine was created to excuse the untimely filing of amended motions by appointed counsel under Rule 29.15(e). The rationale for this excuse does not apply to untimely initial motions, and the purposes of Rule 29.15(b) would not be served by extending this doctrine to such circumstances.

B. Abandonment

As noted above, there is no federal constitutional right to post-conviction proceedings. Finley, 481 U.S. at 557, 107 S.Ct. 1990. Because the state is not compelled to provide such proceedings, it is not required by the federal constitution to provide counsel to indigent inmates when the state—in its discretion—makes such proceedings available. Smith, 887 S.W.2d at 602. Under the predecessor to Rule 29.15, however, this Court decided that appointing counsel for all indigent inmates who assert post-conviction claims was the best way to further the purpose of ensuring thorough review without undue delay in achieving finality of criminal convictions. Fields v. State, 572 S.W.2d 477, 483 (Mo. banc 1978) (“Finality is a central aspect of rule 27.26. If a meritorious collateral claim exists, the rule is designed to bring it to the fore promptly and cogently”).

Rule 29.15(e) continues this policy and provides that counsel will be appointed for all indigent inmates if, but only after, the inmate timely files his initial motion. The lack of any constitutional right to counsel in post-conviction proceedings, however, precludes claims based on the diligence or competence of post-conviction counsel (appointed or retained), Reuscher v. State, 887 S.W.2d 588, 590 (Mo. banc 1994), and such claims are “categorically unreviewable.” Eastburn, 400 S.W.3d at 774; State v. Ervin, 835 S.W.2d 905, 929 (Mo. banc 1992) (same); Lingar v. State, 766 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Mo. banc 1989) (same). With two such important policies (i.e., the Court’s decision to provide counsel for all indigent inmates and the Court’s steadfast refusal to acknowledge claims based on the ineffectiveness of post-conviction counsel), a collision was bound to occur. Luleff and Sanders mark the Court’s resolution of that conflict.

When counsel is appointed under Rule 29.15(e), this rule requires this counsel to investigate the claims raised in the inmate’s timely initial motion and then file either an amended motion or a statement explaining why no amended motion is needed. Performance of these duties is essential because the limited scope of appellate review under Rule 29.15(j) assumes that “the motion court and appointed counsel will comply with all provisions of the rule.” Luleff, 807 S.W.2d at 497-98. Therefore, Luleff balances the Court’s need to enforce the requirements of Rule 29.15(e) and its unwillingness to allow ineffective assistance claims regarding post-conviction counsel by holding that a “complete absence of performance” by appointed counsel is tantamount to a failure of the motion court to appoint counsel under Rule 29.15(e) in the first instance. Id. at 498. Under either scenario, the integrity of the procedures set forth in the rule are compromised and the case cannot proceed as Rule 29.15(e) intends. Id. Accordingly, Luleff holds that the only way to restore the motion court and parties to the position Rule 29.15(e) intends for them is for the motion court to appoint new counsel and allow additional time for this counsel to perform the duties required by Rule 29.15(e). Id. at 497-98.

In Sanders, decided the same day as Luleff, there was no “complete absence of performance” by appointed counsel. Instead, appointed counsel decided that an amended motion was necessary to raise all of the inmate’s claims properly, but then failed to file the amended motion in a timely manner. Sanders, 807 S.W.2d at 494-95. Under this Court’s prior cases and the language of the rule, the amended motion should have been dismissed and the inmate allowed to proceed only on the claims raised in his timely initial motion. Id. at 494. The Court refused to take this approach, however. Instead, Sanders holds that the purposes of Rule 29.15(e) are frustrated as much by appointed counsel’s failure to follow through with a timely amendment as by the “complete absence of performance” in Luleff. Id. Rather than have the motion court appoint new counsel as in Luleff, however, Sanders holds that the motion court need only treat the tardy amendment as timely in order to restore the intended effect of Rule 29.15(e). Id.

Accordingly, the rationale behind the creation of the abandonment doctrine in Luleff and Sanders was not a newfound willingness to police the performance of postconviction counsel generally. Instead, the doctrine was created to further the Court’s insistence that Rule 29.15(e) be made to work as intended. Extensions of this doctrine that do not serve this same rationale must not be indulged.

C. Abandonment does not apply to initial motions

The Court’s early decisions regarding the filing deadlines for initial and amended motions are summarized at the outset of Sanders:

Until today this Court has not deviated from its firm position that failure to timely file a motion constitutes a complete bar to consideration of a movant’s claims, even when the claims [for relief from this bar] are attributable entirely to inaction of counsel. Our courts have traditionally held that postconviction proceedings may not under any circumstances be used to challenge the effectiveness of postconviction counsel.

Sanders, 807 S.W.2d at 494 (emphasis added).

As explained above, the abandonment doctrine adopted in Luleff and Sanders was not a wholesale repudiation of this prior practice. Instead, the Court adopted an exception purposely limited both in its rationale (i.e., to enforce the requirements and ensure the benefits of Rule 29.15(e)) and in its application (i.e., to amended motions filed by appointed counsel).

In the wake of Luleff and Sanders, however, the court of appeals began reaching inconsistent results on the question of whether abandonment could be invoked as an excuse for an untimely initial motion. In State v. Reed, 816 S.W.2d 919, 924 (Mo.App.1991), for example, the court refused to excuse the inmate’s failure to comply with the deadline for filing initial motions, noting specifically that Luleff and Sanders were “decided within the context of attorney failure to amend timely filed pro se motions ... [and] do not alter the mandatory time limitations provided in Rule 29.16.” See also State v. Simms, 810 S.W.2d 577, 583 (Mo.App.1991) (“Luleff and Sanders were decided strictly within the context of amendments to motions already timely filed and do not alter the mandatory time limitations of Rule 29.15(b)”).

On the other hand, in Werner v. State, 810 S.W.2d 621, 626 (Mo.App.1991), the court of appeals determined that when private counsel failed “to timely file an initial motion, counsel in effect abandoned the defendant.” Id. at 626. The court concluded, therefore, that the Luleff/Sanders procedure for abandonment “should also be followed in respect to a defendant’s untimely initial motion for postconviction relief.” Id. In a subsequent case, the court relied upon Werner to hold:

Recent cases from our Supreme Court make it abundantly clear that counsel has a legal obligation to ascertain all facts and grounds supporting the mov-ant’s post-conviction claim and to take some action on the record. Luleff v. State, 807 S.W.2d 495 (Mo. banc 1991), and Sanders v. State, 807 S.W.2d 498 (Mo. banc 1991). Before Luleff and Sanders our courts prohibited review of claims regarding ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel in a post-conviction proceeding. Luleff and Sanders changed course and provided for a limited inquiry into the issue of pots-conviction counsel’s effectiveness in those situations where counsel took no action whatsoever or failed to take timely and appropriate action.

Bullard v. State, Case No. WD45894, 1992 WL 202542 (Mo.Ct.App. Aug. 25, 1992) (emphasis added). This Court took transfer in Bullard to resolve this split of authority, and squarely rejected any such extension of Luleff and Sanders. Bullard v. State, 853 S.W.2d 921, 922, 923 n. 1 (Mo. banc 1993) (expressly overruling Werner).

Bullard refuses to apply the abandonment doctrine to excuse an inmate’s failure to comply with the deadlines for filing initial motions under Rule 29.15(b) because those deadlines “are not analogous” to the deadlines for filing the amended motions at issue in Luleff and Sanders. Bullard, 853 S.W.2d at 922.

An amended motion differs significantly from the original motion. An amended motion is a final pleading, which requires legal expertise. Counsel must be appointed for indigent movants in order to assure its proper drafting. Rule 29.15(e). An original motion, on the other hand, is relatively informal, and need only give notice to the trial court, the appellate court, and the State that mov-ant intends to pursue relief under Rule 29.15. As legal assistance is not required in order to Me the original motion, the absence of proper legal assistance does not justify an untimely filing.

Id. at 922-23 (emphasis added).

An even more striking difference between the deadlines for initial motions and the deadlines for amended motions is that Rule 29.15(b) expressly states that an inmate’s failure to comply with the deadlines for filing an initial motion results in a “complete waiver” of the inmate’s right to proceed under Rule 29.15 and a “complete waiver” of all claims that he might have brought there. The deadlines for amended motions in Rule 29.15(g), on the other hand, contain no waiver provisions. A failure to comply with those deadlines does not bar the inmate from proceeding altogether, as under Rule 29.15(b). Instead, the inmate is merely limited to those claims already raised in his timely initial motion. Stanley v. State, 420 S.W.3d 582, 540 (Mo. banc 2014).

Bullard also refuses to extend the abandonment doctrine to excuse a tardy initial motion on the basis that counsel failed to draft and file the motion on time because such claims are indistinguishable from claims of ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel, which the Court refuses to allow. Bullard, 853 S.W.2d at 922-23. “This Court recognizes the right — created by Rule 29.15 — to assistance of counsel, but only after a defendant indicates an intent to seek relief under Rule 29.15 by filing the original motion.” Id. at 923 (emphasis added). Accordingly, Bullard holds that “legal assistance is not required in order to file the original motion, [and] the absence of proper legal assistance does not justify an untimely filing.” Id. at 922-23.

The Court’s wariness in Bullard of ineffective assistance claims masquerading as abandonment claims is justified. “Claims of abandonment [must be] reviewed carefully to ensure that the true claim is abandonment and not a substitute for an impermissible claim of ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel.” Taylor v. State, 254 S.W.3d 856, 858 (Mo. banc 2008). Bul-lard notes that, when properly confined to the filing of amended motions by appointed counsel, the abandonment doctrine survives such scrutiny because it seeks only to enforce Rule 29.15(e), and does not purport to supervise the quality of representation that an inmate receives — but has no constitutional right to receive³—during post-conviction proceedings.

This line is crossed, however, when an inmate claims: (1) that his counsel failed to understand properly the deadlines for initial motions under Rule 29.15(b); and (2) that counsel’s failure prejudiced the inmate by causing him to waive his right to proceed under Rule 29.15 and to waive all claims that he might have pursued in a timely motion. Bullard strips away the mask of “abandonment” from such claims, revealing them to be the ordinary ineffective assistance claims they are. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) (ineffective assistance claims must allege that the attorney failed to exercise that level of skill and diligence that a reasonably competent attorney would exercise in a similar situation and that this failure prejudiced the defendant). For this reason, too, Bullard is correct in rejecting all efforts to excuse a tardy initial motion on the basis of counsel’s failure to draft and file the inmate’s motion on time.

D. Bullard controls this case

Perhaps recognizing that Bullard rejects the very argument he makes, Price seeks to distinguish Bullard on the facts. This effort fails, however, because the facts of both cases are the same in all material respects. In both cases, the inmate discharged trial counsel after an adverse jury verdict and retained new counsel for all appellate and post-conviction proceedings. In neither case did the inmate draft his own motion or take any other steps to give timely notice of his intent to seek relief under Rule 29.15. Instead, both inmates retained counsel to fulfill these responsibilities for them and both retained counsel failed to draft and file the inmate’s motion on time because they both failed to comprehend the applicable deadline. Finally, both inmates retained substitute counsel to file tardy initial motions and thereby attempt to resurrect rights and claims already waived according to Rule 29.15(b).⁴

Because the facts of Price’s case are, in all material respects, indistinguishable from the facts in Bullard, there is no basis for this Court to reach a contrary result. Bullard properly refuses to extend the abandonment doctrine — created solely to enforce the provisions of Rule 29.15(e) regarding appointed counsel and amended motions — or to allow that doctrine to override the deadline provisions of Rule 29.15(b) or ignore its express waiver provisions. Accordingly, the Court holds here — as it did in Bullard — that the abandonment doctrine created in Sanders and Luleff cannot excuse an inmate’s failure to file his initial post-conviction motion on time and will not protect an inmate from the provisions of Rule 29.15(b) that deem any failure to comply with those deadlines to be a “complete waiver” of the inmate’s right to proceed under Rule 29.15 and of all claims that the inmate might have raised had he filed a timely initial motion.

E. Third-party interference

Even though the abandonment exception created in Luleff and Sanders cannot excuse an inmate’s failure to file a timely initial motion under Rule 29.15(b), this Court has recognized other rare circumstances in which such tardiness may be excused. Specifically, when an inmate prepares the motion and does all he reasonably can do to ensure that it is timely filed under Rule 29.15(b), any tardiness that results solely from the active interference of a third party beyond the inmate’s control may be excused and the waivers imposed by Rule 29.15(b) not enforced.

For example, this Court excused an inmate’s untimely initial motion under Rule 29.15(b) where the inmate mailed the motion in time to comply with the applicable deadline but mailed it to the wrong circuit court. Nicholson v. State, 151 S.W.3d 369 (Mo. banc 2004). There, the Court held that the inmate’s motion should be treated as timely because, if the Rule 29.15 motion had been an ordinary civil case, the circuit clerk where the motion had been filed would have been bound by Rule 51.10 to transfer the misdirected filing to the proper court. Id. at 371 n. 1. Though Nicholson holds that “Rule 51.10 applies” to proceedings under Rule 29.15, the Court’s decision to excuse the inmate’s tardy filing was not a mere “mechanical application of statutes and procedural rules[.]” Id. at 371 n. 1. Instead, the Court’s decision was motivated by the practical limitations on an inmate’s ability to control all of the circumstances that can affect compliance with Rule 29.15(b). Id.

Similarly, this Court has noted that the court of appeals properly excused an inmate’s untimely initial motion where— even though the inmate wrote his own motion and mailed it in time to meet the deadline — the filing was tardy because the inmate relied on an outdated address and the sentencing court’s postal forwarding order was not renewed and lapsed the day before his motion arrived. Moore v. State, 328 S.W.3d 700, 702 (Mo. banc 2010) (citing Spells v. State, 213 S.W.3d 700 (Mo.App.2007)). Spells, too, focused on the motivating factor in Nicholson, noting that “such ‘prisoners cannot take the steps other litigants can take ... to ensure that the court clerk receives and stamps their notices of appeal before the ... deadline.’ ” Spells, 213 S.W.3d at 701-02 (quoting Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-71, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245 (1988)).

The exemption employed in Nicholson and Spells⁵ arises out of the practical reality that an inmate cannot comply with Rule 29.15 without relying on a third party to some extent. As noted above, the initial motion under Rule 29.15(b) requires no legal expertise or assistance and is designed to be an informal filing that can be completed by an inmate acting alone. But Rule 29.15(b) requires that the inmate “shall file ” this motion in the sentencing court and an inmate, by definition, cannot comply with such a requirement on his own. Instead, inmates — unlike nearly every other category of civil litigants — cannot initiate post-conviction proceedings without relying on the assistance of one or more third parties to take the motion from the inmate and deliver it to the circuit clerk for filing. Accordingly, where an inmate writes his initial post-conviction motion and takes every step he reasonably can within the limitations of his confinement to see that the motion is filed on time, a motion court may excuse the inmate’s tardiness when the active interference of a third party beyond the inmate’s control frustrates those efforts and renders the inmate’s motion untimely.

But this “active interference” exception does not apply in Price’s circumstances. He did not do all that he could do to effect a timely filing of his Rule 29.15 motion. Like the inmate in Bullard (but unlike the inmates in Nicholson and Spells), Price did not write his initial post-conviction motion and took no steps to meet (or even calculate) the applicable filing deadline for his motion. Instead, as in Bullard, the only action Price took with regard to these responsibilities was to retain counsel to fulfill them on his behalf. Of course, Price is entitled to retain counsel for that purpose, but, by doing so, he took the same risk that every other civil litigant takes when retaining counsel, i.e., he chose to substitute counsel’s performance for his own and bound himself to the former as though it were the latter. This rule is as old as — and even older than — this Court:

The omission of the attorney spoken to in the cause to plead within the time prescribed by law, cannot place the application to set aside the judgment by default upon more favorable grounds than if the omission had been on the part of the defendant himself. The attorney is the agent of the party employing him, and in the court stands in his stead, and any act of the attorney must from necessity be considered as the act of his client, and obligatory on the client. This principle is so well understood and has been so long acted upon as to render it almost useless to refer to it — a different principle could not be tolerated by the courts without immediately leading to endless confusion and difficulty in the administration of justice.

Kerby v. Chadwell, 10 Mo. 392, 393-94 (1847) (emphasis added).

The dissenting opinion argues that a client is not bound by the actions or inac-tions of counsel if counsel’s inaction constitutes abandonment. Leaving aside the circular nature of this argument (not to mention the havoc that such a rule would create when it is applied to attorney failures in all other civil cases, as it surely would have to be), the dissenting opinion’s argument is mistaken. There are only two potentially applicable grounds on which a client is not bound by the actions or inac-tions of his counsel: (1) the client is a defendant in a criminal prosecution and counsel’s performance is so deficient that it constitutes a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel; and (2) the client is an indigent inmate who initiates a timely post-conviction proceeding and his court-appointed counsel’s failure to fulfill the duties imposed by Rule 29.15(e) is not merely incompetent but tantamount to the motion court having failed to appoint counsel at all. As explained above, neither circumstance is present here. Price has no constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel in his post-conviction proceedings, and Rule 29.15(e) deals only with appointed counsel and amended motions.

The fundamental distinction missing from the dissenting opinion’s reasoning is the distinction between breach and remedy. Even though Price’s counsel is not a party to this case and has not had an opportunity to defend his actions, the record in this case clearly suggests a gross breach of counsel’s duties to Price. Even assuming such a breach, however, the courts were not responsible for this breach and have no obligation to remedy it. The courts are obligated to provide a remedy in the two discrete circumstances enumerated above because: (1) a criminal defendant has a federal constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel and, when counsel’s performance fails to meet that minimal standard, the court’s duty to uphold that constitution demands that it provide a remedy; and (2) Rule 29.15(e) requires the motion court to appoint counsel to perform certain tasks and, under Luleff and Sanders, counsel’s complete failure to do so leaves everyone (including the appellate courts) in the same practical position as if the motion court had failed to make the appointment at all. Here, the performance of Price’s counsel — wholly deficient as it seems to have been — did not violate Price’s constitutional rights and was not tantamount to a violation of the motion court’s obligations under Rule 29.15(e).

Accordingly, Price cannot benefit from the exception to Rule 29.15(b) recognized in Nicholson and Spells for circumstances in which a reasonable, good faith effort by the inmate to write and timely file an initial motion under Rule 29.15(b) is frustrated by the active interference of a third party on whom the inmate had to rely but could not control.

F. McFadden is based on third-party interference, not abandonment

Recognizing that Luleff and Sanders only pertain to abandonment in the context of appointed counsel’s failure to file timely amended motions, and that Bullard plainly refuses to extend this doctrine to excuse untimely initial motions, Price contends that McFadden v. State, 256 S.W.3d 103 (Mo. banc 2008), represents a fundamental shift in this Court’s view of abandonment and, in effect, expands the doctrine precisely where Bullard refuses to go. This Court consistently has rejected the expansive reading of McFadden that Price proposes. Instead, viewed in the context of this Court’s other Rule 29.15(b) cases, McFadden is an application of the active interference exception, not an expansion of the abandonment doctrine beyond the carefully circumscribed environs in Luleff and Sanders.

As with all of these cases, the facts in McFadden are essential to a proper understanding of that decision. There, the inmate wrote his initial post-conviction motion, signed it, had it notarized, and was prepared to mail it to the sentencing court well before the deadline. McFadden, 256 5.W.3d at 109. Before he could do so, however, the public defender who had represented the inmate at trial contacted him and expressly directed him to mail his completed, signed, and notarized initial motion to her and not to the sentencing court. The inmate did as he was instructed and, even though the public defender received the inmate’s initial motion two weeks before the Rule 29.15(b) deadline, she failed to file the inmate’s motion on time. Id.

McFadden finds that the inmate “did all he could to express an intent to seek relief under Rule 29.15” and would have filed his motion on time but for the active interference of a third party, just as in Nicholson and Spells. Id. at 108, 109.

The record shows Mr. McFadden timely prepared his motion for post-conviction relief and provided this motion to his counsel well before it was due to the court. Counsel, however, actively interfered with the timely ñliny and, despite her receipt of Mr. McFadden’s motion for postconviction relief on September 28, 2006, she did not file his motion until October 12, 2006, one day after the filing date.

Id. On the basis of these “unique circumstances,” ⁶ the Court held that the inmate was entitled to proceed notwithstanding his tardy filing. Id.

The dissenting opinion doubts this reading of McFadden, insisting that — contrary to Bullard — the Court intended to expand the abandonment doctrine beyond Luleff and Sanders and use it to excuse the inmate’s untimely initial motion. This is incorrect. McFadden contains no discussion of Luleff or Sanders or the circumstances that justified relief in those cases. Instead, it cites only State ex rel. Nixon v. Jaynes, 63 S.W.3d 210, 217-18 (Mo. banc 2001), for the proposition that the Court recognizes “a narrow” exception to the requirement that motion courts dismiss untimely motions under Rule 29.15(b) when the inmate is abandoned by counsel. McFadden, 256 S.W.3d at 106. Jaynes does not support the dissenting opinion’s result, however, because it merely suggests — but does not hold — that, when a motion court appoints counsel under Rule 29.15(e) and that counsel has a disqualifying conflict of interest, Luleff may justify appointing new counsel on the theory that the first appointment was tantamount to no appointment at all. Jaynes, 63 S.W.3d at 217-18.

The dissenting opinion focuses on the finding in McFadden that an attorney-client relationship existed between the inmate and his public defender when she instructed the inmate to mail his motion to her and not to the court. McFadden, 256 S.W.3d at 108. But the Court simply was responding to the parties’ arguments as they had framed them, i.e., the inmate argued his appeal in terms of “abandonment by post-conviction counsel,” and the state responded that he could not have had a “post-conviction counsel” until a post-conviction proceeding had been initiated with a timely initial motion. Id. at 106.

Ultimately, the central issue McFadden is not the existence of an attorney-client relationship but the fact that, even though it was the inmate’s attorney whose active interference caused the inmate’s motion to be filed late, the inmate relied on her only to deliver the motion he prepared. This fact — and only this fact — allowed the Court to find that the inmate’s untimely filing “did not occur due to a lack of understanding of the rule, out of an ineffective attempt at filing, or as a result of an honest mistake, none of which i will justify failure to meet the time requirements.” Id. at 109 (emphasis added). This fact — and only this fact — allows McFadden to avoid the otherwise controlling effect of Bullard because counsel failed the inmate as a courier, not by providing incompetent legal advice or ineffective representation.

Certainly, the state is correct that Bul-lard held that ineffective assistance of counsel in informing his client when a post-conviction motion is due does not constitute abandonment. That is not what occurred here, however: the public defender accurately told Mr. McFadden when his motion had to be filed, but she then told him to give it to her for filing and then simply abandoned that undertaking. Bullard, thus, is not disposi-tive.

Id. at 108 (emphasis added).

The most important aspect of McFadden is that, after successfully distinguishing Bullard, the Court did not turn to the abandonment doctrine from Luleff and Sanders — or even Jaynes — to justify excusing the inmate’s untimely filing. Instead, McFadden invokes the active interference exception identified in Nicholson and Spells.

Here, as in Nicholson and Spells, and unlike in Bullard, the record shows that Mr. McFadden timely prepared and mailed his motion — and did so some two weeks prior to the filing deadline. Rather than mail it to the court directly, however, he followed his counsel’s express direction, and mailed it to her, because counsel had affirmatively undertaken to file the motion for him. She did not do so timely.

Id. at 108 (emphasis added). This is the operative rationale in McFadden and, regardless of the language used by the parties and reflected in parts of the opinion, this analysis demonstrates clearly that the Court was not applying (let alone extending) the abandonment doctrine from Luleff and Sanders.

Despite the arguments advanced in the dissenting opinion, this Court has viewed McFadden as an active interference case consistently since it was written. In 2009, the year after McFadden was written, the Court characterized the decision this way:

Because Mr. McFadden did all he could to express an intent to seek relief under Rule 29.15, took all steps to secure this review, and was free of responsibility for the failure to comply with the requirements of the rule, this Court found that such “active interference ” on the part of postconviction counsel constituted abandonment. Id.

Gehrke v. State, 280 S.W.3d 54, 57-58 (Mo. banc 2009).⁷ The following year, the Court’s understanding of McFadden as an application of the active interference exception in the same vein as Nicholson and Spells was unmistakable:

The second judicially created exception to [the filing deadlines in] Rule 29.15 occurs, “in very rare circumstances ... [in which] our courts have found an improper Ming, caused by circumstances beyond the control of the mov-ant, justified a late receipt of the motion by the proper court.’ ” McFadden, 256 S.W.3d at 108; see Nicholson, 151 S.W.3d at 371 (motion that was timely filed in the improper venue must be transferred to the proper venue as if it were filed there originally); Spells, 213 S.W.3d at 701-02 (a motion was timely where the movant sent it to the court’s previous address and the post office received it before the deadline for filing a Rule 29.15 motion). There were no rare circumstances in this case that justify Moore’s failure to prepare and send the original motion before the expiration of 90 days.

Moore v. State, 328 S.W.3d 700, 703 (Mo. banc 2010).

In addition, this is not the first time that the narrow scope of the abandonment doctrine and the inapplicability of McFadden have been used to determine Price’s fate. The court of appeals used both when it denied Price’s habeas petition' on the basis of his procedural default and held that Price could not rely on the abandonment doctrine to overcome that default:

[Abandonment applies only to amended, not original, PCR motions. Price urges us to ignore that distinction, but we are bound by Bullard v. State, 853 S.W.2d 921, 922-23 (Mo. banc 1993), which explains why original and amended petitions are treated differently and overrules prior authority suggesting otherwise. Id. at 923 n. 1, overruling, in part, State v. Werner, 810 S.W.2d 621, 626 (Mo.App.1991).

Nor is Price aided by McFadden v. State, 256 S.W.3d 103 (Mo. banc 2008), which our supreme court “emphasize[d]” was “limited to [its] specific factual scenario” where McFadden’s counsel “overtly acted,” “actively interfered,” and “prevented” McFadden’s timely filing of an original PCR motion that McFadden had prepared. Id. at 109. The court carefully confined its holding to those “unique circumstances,” and reiterated that PCR counsel’s “lack of understanding of the rule” or “honest mistake” will not justify failure to meet time requirements or warrant relief under the abandonment doctrine. Id.

State ex rel. Nixon v. Sheffield, 272 S.W.3d 277, 283, 283 n. 1 (Mo.App.2008) (emphasis added).

G. Clarifying McFadden

The deadlines for filing initial motions under Rule 29.15(b) and the scope of any unwritten exceptions to them are important not only to Missouri motion courts and appellate courts, but they play an important role in determining when and how Missouri inmates may seek habeas relief in the federal courts as well.⁸ One reason this Court has been unwilling to extend the abandonment doctrine beyond its roots in Luleff and Sanders is that the Court is unwilling to have any exception to the waiver provisions in Rule 29.15(b) characterized as an available remedy for all inmates seeking federal habeas relief.

[T]he Court [also] limits the scope of abandonment to preserve potential relief under federal habeas corpus proceedings. Federal habeas corpus proceedings require a movant to exhaust all available state remedies, including appeal and postconviction remedies, before bringing a federal claim. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 731, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). State court remedies are exhausted “when they are no longer available, regardless of the reason for their unavailability.” Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 92-98, 126 S.Ct. 2378, 165 L.Ed.2d 368 (2006). If the scope of abandonment were expanded further, it is foreseeable that federal habeas corpus claims could be denied due to a movant’s failure to bring a motion to reopen postconviction proceedings. This would frustrate the legitimate goals of a prompt comprehensive review and finality.

Gehrke, 280 S.W.3d at 59. Therefore, it is important for Missouri decisions in this area to be as clear, as consistent, and as predictable as possible.⁹

Even though McFadden draws the important distinctions explained above, the dissenting opinion in this ease correctly notes that language in other parts of the decision fails to maintain those distinctions. No matter how clear McFadden is (or is not), what matters is that the decision has led to a proliferation of abandonment claims well beyond its intended scope and, as a result, created unnecessary uncertainty regarding the effect of the waiver provisions in Rule 29.15(b). Accordingly, the Court holds that McFadden did not alter or restrict the holding in Bullard (i.e., that the abandonment doctrine created in Luleff and Sanders is limited to appointed counsel and the timeliness of amended motions under Rule 29.15(e) and (g)) and, therefore, that abandonment cannot excuse the tardiness of an initial motion under Rule 29.15(b). Instead, McFadden — like Nicholson and Spells— stands only for the proposition that, where an inmate prepares his initial motion and does all that he reasonably can to ensure that it is filed on time, tardiness resulting solely from the active interference of a third party beyond the inmate’s control may be excused and the waiver imposed by Rule 29.15(b) not enforced. To the extent McFadden suggests otherwise, it no longer should be followed.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, this Court reverses the judgment of the motion court and, pursuant to Rule 84.14, enters judgment for the state dismissing Price’s motion with prejudice.

RUSSELL, C.J., BRECKENRIDGE and FISCHER, JJ., concur. STITH, J., dissents in separate opinion filed. DRAPER and TEITELMAN, JJ., concur in opinion of STITH, J.

1 . Price styled his 2009 post-conviction motion as a "Motion to Reopen Rule 29.15 Proceedings and for Permission to File his Original Post-conviction Motion Out of Time.” It is not clear why Price titled the motion as one to "re-open” post-conviction proceedings when no prior proceedings had been opened. In Eastburn v. State, 400 S.W.3d 770, 774 (Mo. banc 2013), this Court clarified that "this nomenclature [of 're-opening' post-conviction proceedings] does not exist in our rules and should not be used henceforth.” Instead, if an inmate has a good faith basis for claiming that an untimely initial post-conviction motion should be allowed to proceed, the inmate should seek leave to file that motion out of time. The motion court then must determine, even where the State does not object to the motion’s timeliness, whether there are grounds to excuse the inmate's failure to comply with the filing deadline. Dorris v. State, 360 S.W.3d 260, 268 (Mo. banc 2012). As explained below, the circumstances in which an inmate will be allowed to proceed despite an untimely initial motion are rare and demand a clear showing both that the inmate completed his motion and did all that he reasonably could be expected to do to see it timely filed, and that his efforts were frustrated by the active interference of a third party.

2 . The trial court’s bases for granting Price’s substantive claims and vacating his conviction are not relevant to whether his motion was timely filed under Rule 29.15(b) and, if not, whether Price waived his right to proceed under Rule 29.15 and waived all claims that he might have brought had his motion been timely. Accordingly, those bases will not be discussed or evaluated here. Instead, the Court should assume every claim has merit when enforcing the deadlines imposed by Rule 29.15(b). To enforce these deadlines only for meritless claims is not to enforce them at all.

3 . For proceedings in which the criminal defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to counsel, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (and associated remedies) are appropriate. Strickland 466 U.S. at 686-87, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Such claims are anathema to post-conviction proceedings, however, where the constitution provides no right to counsel. Reuscher, 887 S.W.2d at 590.

4 . The inmate in Bullard did not file his initial motion until 10 months after the deadline, while Price's initial motion missed the deadline by more than four years. The length of the inmate’s tardiness is irrelevant, however, because the waiver provisions in Rule 29.15(b) are triggered when the inmate’s initial motion is tardy to any degree. Nothing in the rule suggests that these waivers apply to some tardy filings but not others.

5 . The question of whether Nicholson or Spells are proper applications of an exception for third-party interference is not before the Court. It is sufficient for present purposes only to note that this is the exception the Court purported to apply.

6 . Cognizant of Justice Holmes’ warning that "[gjreat cases, like hard cases, make bad law,” Northern Sec. Co. v. U.S., 193 U.S. 197, 400-401, 24 S.Ct. 436, 48 L.Ed. 679 (1904), the Court in McFadden warned that the "opinion is limited to this specific factual scenario where counsel overtly acted and such actions prevented the movant’s timely filing.” McFadden, 256 S.W.3d at 109.

7 . The dissenting opinions in Gehrke argue that abandonment occurs whenever counsel breaches an ethical duty to an inmate client, Gehrke, 280 S.W.3d at 61 (first dissenting opinion), and that the abandonment doctrine should excuse any failing by counsel that precludes review of the inmate's claims either in the motion court or on appeal, id. at 62 (second dissenting opinion). Had the Court agreed with the expansive reading of McFadden being urged by the dissenting opinion in the present case, one or both of these arguments would have gained a majority in Gehrke. An expansive reading of McFadden again failed to gamer majority support one year later in Moore v. State, 328 S.W.3d at 703-04 (concurring opinion).

8 . The Court here holds that, under Rule 29.15(b), Price’s failure to timely file his initial motion resulted in a "complete waiver” of his right to further post-conviction proceedings and a “complete waiver” of all claims he might have pursued in a timely initial motion. As noted above, Price’s earlier state habeas petition was denied due to his procedural default under Rule 29.15(b). This Court expresses no view, however, about the proper analysis or disposition of any future claims for habeas relief he may assert in a proper forum.

9 . A cautionary tale concerning the uncertain proliferation of unwritten exceptions to the deadlines in Rule 29.15(b) occurred in the wake of the court of appeals’ decision in Bullard and the effect of that later-reversed decision on the inmate in Smith v. State, 798 S.W.2d 152 (Mo. banc 1990). In Smith, because the prisoner’s initial post-conviction motion was untimely, this Court held that the motion court was obligated to dismiss the motion and could not reach the merits of the prisoner’s claims. Id. at 153. The inmate then sought habeas relief in the federal courts. During the brief period between the court of appeals' decision in Bullard expanding the abandonment doctrine and this Court’s decision in Bullard rejecting such an expansion, the federal district court relied upon the court of appeals’ decision and held that the inmate could not proceed with his federal habeas claims until he pursued relief in state court under the newly expanded abandonment remedy. See Smith v. State, 887 S.W.2d 601, 602 (Mo. banc 1994). As a result, the inmate’s federal remedy was delayed while he was forced to pursue a claim that this Court rejected almost before the inmate could bring it. Id. When the inmate later tried to raise abandonment for a third time, this Court dismissed the claim on the same basis that the Court now dismisses Price’s motion: “[.'Abandonment by an attorney does not excuse the untimely filing of an original post-conviction motion." Smith v. State, 21 S.W.3d 830 831 (Mo. banc 2000) (emphasis added).