Echo Group v. Tradesmen Internat. ( 2022 )


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  • Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
    www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
    11/18/2022 08:06 AM CST
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    Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
    312 Nebraska Reports
    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
    Cite as 
    312 Neb. 729
    Echo Group, Inc., appellee and cross-appellant, v.
    Tradesmen International, an Ohio corporation,
    appellee, and Lund-Ross Constructors, Inc.,
    a Nebraska corporation, intervenor-
    appellant and cross-appellee.
    Echo Group, Inc., appellee and cross-appellant, v.
    The Historic Florentine, LLC, a Nebraska limited
    liability company, and Midwest Protective
    Services, Inc., appellees, and Lund-Ross
    Constructors, Inc., a Nebraska corporation,
    intervenor-appelllant and cross-appellee.
    Echo Group, Inc., appellee and cross-appellant, v.
    The Duke of Omaha, LLC, a Georgia limited
    liability company, Great Western Bank and
    Midwest Protection Services, Inc., appellees,
    and Lund-Ross Constructors, Inc.,
    a Nebraska corporation, intervenor-
    appellant and cross-appellee.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed October 28, 2022.   Nos. S-21-729, S-21-730, S-21-770.
    1. Summary Judgment: Appeal and Error. An appellate court affirms a
    lower court’s grant of summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted
    evidence show that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts or
    as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from the facts and that
    the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
    2. ____: ____. In reviewing a summary judgment, an appellate court views
    the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the
    judgment was granted and gives that party the benefit of all reasonable
    inferences deducible from the evidence.
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
    tion of law which an appellate court reviews independently of the lower
    court.
    4. Liens: Foreclosure: Equity. An action to foreclose a construction lien
    is one grounded in equity.
    5. Equity. The maxim “equity follows the law” in its broad sense means
    that equity follows the law to the extent of obeying it and conforming to
    its general rules and policies whether contained in common law or stat-
    ute. This maxim is strictly applicable whenever the rights of the parties
    are clearly defined and established by law.
    6. ____. Equitable remedies are generally not available where there exists
    an adequate remedy at law.
    7. Summary Judgment: Proof. The party moving for summary judgment
    must make a prima facie case by producing enough evidence to show
    that the movant is entitled to judgment if the evidence were uncontro-
    verted at trial. If the party moving for summary judgment makes a prima
    facie case, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to produce evidence
    showing the existence of a material issue of fact that prevents judgment
    as a matter of law.
    8. Summary Judgment. Conclusions based on guess, speculation, conjec-
    ture, or a choice of possibilities do not create material issues of fact for
    purposes of summary judgment.
    9. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain
    and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter-
    pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain,
    direct, and unambiguous.
    10. Principal and Surety: Bonds: Liens. The function of the surety bond
    under 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 52-142
     (Reissue 2021) is to release the property
    from the lien and to transfer the claimant’s rights from the property to
    the surety bond.
    11. Stipulations: Parties. The general rule is that parties are bound by
    stipulations voluntarily made.
    12. Principal and Surety: Liability. In the absence of a condition extend-
    ing his or her liability, a surety cannot be held liable for more than the
    penal sum named.
    13. Prejudgment Interest: Appeal and Error. Awards of prejudgment
    interest are reviewed de novo.
    14. Prejudgment Interest. 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 45-103.02
     and 45-104
    (Reissue 2021) provide alternate and independent means of recovering
    prejudgment interest.
    15. ____. 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-103.02
    (2) (Reissue 2021) authorizes the
    recovery of prejudgment interest on liquidated claims.
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    16. ____. When a claim is of the types enumerated in 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104
     (Reissue 2021), then prejudgment interest may be recovered
    without regard to whether the claim is liquidated.
    17. Appeal and Error. The district court cannot commit error in resolving
    an issue never presented and submitted to it for disposition.
    18. Prejudgment Interest. 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104
     (Reissue 2021) applies
    to four types of judgments: (1) money due on any instrument in writing;
    (2) settlement of the account from the day the balance shall be agreed
    upon; (3) money received to the use of another and retained without the
    owner’s consent, express or implied, from the receipt thereof; and (4)
    money loaned or due and withheld by unreasonable delay of payment.
    19. Prejudgment Interest: Liens: Foreclosure. An award of prejudgment
    interest in an action to foreclose a construction lien is authorized under
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104
     (Reissue 2021).
    20. Statutes: Words and Phrases. As a general rule, the word “shall” in
    a statute is considered mandatory and is inconsistent with the idea of
    discretion.
    21. Attorney Fees: Appeal and Error. On appeal, a trial court’s decision
    awarding or denying attorney fees will be upheld absent an abuse of
    discretion.
    22. Attorney Fees. Attorney fees and expenses may be recovered in a civil
    action only where provided for by statute or when a recognized and
    accepted uniform course of procedure has been to allow recovery of
    attorney fees.
    23. Statutes: Legislature: Intent. When construing a statute, a court must
    determine and give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature
    as ascertained from the entire language of the statute considered in its
    plain, ordinary, and popular sense.
    24. Statutes: Intent. In construing a statute, the court must look at the
    statutory objective to be accomplished, the problem to be remedied,
    or the purpose to be served, and then place on the statute a reasonable
    construction which best achieves the purpose of the statute, rather than
    a construction defeating the statutory purpose.
    25. Appeal and Error. Absent plain error, an appellate court considers only
    an appellant’s claimed errors that the appellant specifically assigns in a
    separate “assignment of error” section of the brief and correspondingly
    argues in the argument section.
    26. ____. Plain error is error plainly evident from the record and of such a
    nature that to leave it uncorrected would result in damage to the integ-
    rity, reputation, or fairness of the judicial process.
    Appeals from the District Court for Douglas County: J.
    Michael Coffey, Leigh Ann Retelsdorf, and Duane C.
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    Dougherty, Judges. Judgment in No. S-21-729 affirmed and
    in part reversed, and cause remanded with direction. Judgment
    in No. S-21-730 affirmed in part and in part reversed, and
    cause remanded with direction. Judgment in No. S-21-770
    affirmed in part, and in part reversed.
    David S. Houghton and Justin D. Eichmann, of Houghton,
    Bradford & Whitted, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
    Cathy S. Trent-Vilim and Craig F. Martin, of Lamson,
    Dugan & Murray, L.L.P., for appellees.
    Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
    Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
    Cassel, J.
    I. INTRODUCTION
    These three cases consolidated for appeal involve foreclo-
    sures of construction liens under the Nebraska Construction
    Lien Act (Act). 1 The appeals present three primary issues:
    whether equitable considerations make summary judgment
    improper, whether prejudgment interest is authorized, and
    whether attorney fees are recoverable.
    Because there was no dispute that the supplier complied
    with the provisions of the Act and equity follows the law, we
    affirm the entry of summary judgment in each case.
    We conclude that the claims were liquidated, and thus, an
    award of prejudgment interest was authorized. Because the
    court in two cases erred by not awarding prejudgment inter-
    est, we reverse the denial and remand to award such interest in
    conformity with this opinion.
    Finally, we conclude that under the circumstances, there was
    no statutory authorization for an award of attorney fees. Thus,
    we reverse in part the judgment in two cases awarding attorney
    fees.
    1
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 52-125
     to 52-159 (Reissue 2021).
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    II. BACKGROUND
    1. Overview
    We begin with a broad overview. These appeals arose from
    three construction-related projects. A general contractor entered
    into agreements with a subcontractor for performance of elec-
    trical work, and the subcontractor obtained electrical materials
    and equipment from a supplier. When the subcontractor failed
    to pay the supplier, the supplier filed construction liens. The
    supplier then sued the property owners to foreclose on the
    liens. The general contractor posted lien release bonds and
    intervened. Ultimately, the district court—through a different
    judge in each of the three cases—entered summary judgment
    in favor of the supplier. Two judgments overruled requests for
    prejudgment interest, one overruled a request for attorney fees,
    and one awarded both prejudgment interest and fees. These
    appeals followed.
    2. Parties and Contracts
    With that general understanding, we fill in the details. The
    general contractor, Lund-Ross Constructors Co. (Lund-Ross),
    was hired for the three projects involved in these appeals. The
    projects consisted of renovating common space at a senior liv-
    ing center, revamping an old apartment building into new apart-
    ments, and constructing a new apartment project, respectively.
    Lund-Ross entered into contracts with Signature Electric,
    LLC (Signature), doing business as D&J Electric, for the per-
    formance of electrical work on the projects. Signature entered
    into agreements with Echo Group (Echo) to obtain electrical
    materials and equipment.
    Generally, the subcontracts between Lund-Ross and
    Signature specified that Signature had the responsibility to pay
    all amounts owed to any suppliers it engaged. The subcontracts
    obligated Signature to furnish satisfactory evidence to Lund-
    Ross, “when and if required,” that it did so. To receive monthly
    progress payments, Signature had to provide Lund-Ross with a
    completed lien waiver for all prior months’ progress payments.
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
    Cite as 
    312 Neb. 729
    3. Progress Payments
    Signature submitted monthly pay applications to Lund-Ross,
    requesting monthly progress payments for work completed
    and supplies purchased. Lund-Ross would remit payment to
    Signature, less an applicable retainage amount. Once Signature
    received payment, it submitted a partial lien waiver to Lund-
    Ross, attesting to Signature’s payment of all suppliers up to the
    date of the lien waiver.
    According to Lund-Ross’ president, the lien waivers were
    of “critical importance.” He explained that if Signature did not
    provide lien waivers for the previous month attesting to pay-
    ment of suppliers, “Lund-Ross would then have known that
    there was a problem with Signature’s payment of suppliers and
    Lund-Ross could have stopped making payments to Signature
    and made other arrangements to pay Signature’s suppliers . . .
    directly or take other action to protect itself.”
    4. Construction Liens and Lawsuits
    In July 2019, Signature abruptly ceased operations.
    The next month, and in accordance with the Act, Echo
    recorded a construction lien in the office of the Douglas County
    register of deeds in each case in the amounts of $11,604.46,
    $32,781.03, and $296,407.73, respectively.
    Echo presented demands to Lund-Ross for payment with
    respect to electrical supplies it furnished to Signature. Having
    received no payments, Echo filed lawsuits against the property
    owners to foreclose on the construction liens. The complaints
    also alleged unjust enrichment. Lund-Ross posted a surety
    bond in each case and moved to intervene.
    After the court allowed Lund-Ross to intervene, Lund-Ross
    filed an answer setting forth numerous affirmative defenses.
    Among the affirmative defenses, Lund-Ross identified equi-
    table doctrines of waiver, estoppel, laches, and unclean hands.
    Lund-Ross stipulated to the dismissal of each property owner.
    In case No. S-21-729, Lund-Ross stipulated that any judgment
    would be satisfied “by Lund-Ross or its bond.” Similarly, in
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    case No. S-21-770, Lund-Ross stipulated that a final judgment
    would be satisfied “by Lund[-]Ross and/or its bond.”
    Echo subsequently moved for summary judgment. As dis-
    cussed in more detail below, the court sustained the motion in
    each case.
    5. District Court Judgments
    The court entered summary judgment in Echo’s favor on the
    foreclosure of a construction lien claim in each case. Thus, in
    case No. S-21-729, the court entered judgment in the amount
    of $11,604.46 against the bond posted by Lund-Ross, together
    with costs and postjudgment interest. In case No. S-21-730,
    the court entered judgment against the bond in the amount
    of “$32,871.03” (transposing the lien amount of $32,781.03),
    together with costs, attorney fees, and postjudgment interest.
    In case No. S-21-770, the court entered summary judgment
    against Lund-Ross in the amount of $296,407.73, plus prejudg-
    ment and postjudgment interest, costs, and attorney fees.
    The orders further disposed of Echo’s claims for unjust
    enrichment. In case No. S-21-729, the court found that claim
    should be dismissed with prejudice. In case No. S-21-730, the
    court sustained Echo’s motion to dismiss that claim. And in
    case No. S-21-770, having determined that summary judgment
    was appropriate on the lien foreclosure claim, the court found
    it unnecessary to consider Echo’s unjust enrichment claim.
    Additional findings by the district court will be set forth as
    necessary in the analysis.
    Lund-Ross filed a timely appeal in each case. The Nebraska
    Court of Appeals sustained Lund-Ross’ motion to consolidate
    the appeals, and we subsequently moved them to our docket. 2
    III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Lund-Ross assigns five errors. In all three cases, it alleges
    that the district court erred in determining that no genuine issue
    2
    See 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106
    (3) (Cum. Supp. 2020).
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    of material fact existed and in granting Echo summary judg-
    ment on its claims for construction lien foreclosure.
    In two cases—cases Nos. S-21-730 and S-21-770—Lund-
    Ross alleges that the court erred in granting judgment in an
    amount greater than the surety bond posted by Lund-Ross.
    In case No. S-21-770 only, Lund-Ross alleges that the court
    erred in (1) entering judgment for the excess amount directly
    against Lund-Ross, (2) awarding Echo prejudgment interest on
    its claim for construction lien foreclosure, and (3) awarding
    Echo attorney fees not actually incurred in pursuit of Echo’s
    claim in the action pending before it.
    On cross-appeal, Echo assigns that the court erred in cases
    Nos. S-21-729 and S-21-730 by denying prejudgment interest.
    It further assigns that the court erred in case No. S-21-729 by
    denying attorney fees.
    IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1,2] An appellate court affirms a lower court’s grant of
    summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted evidence
    show that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts or
    as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from the facts
    and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
    of law. 3 In reviewing a summary judgment, an appellate court
    views the evidence in the light most favorable to the party
    against whom the judgment was granted and gives that
    party the benefit of all reasonable inferences deducible from
    the evidence. 4
    [3] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law which
    an appellate court reviews independently of the lower court. 5
    These standards are central to our review. We set forth other
    applicable standards in the analysis.
    3
    Elbert v. Young, ante p. 58, 
    977 N.W.2d 892
     (2022).
    4
    
    Id.
    5
    Ag Valley Co-op v. Servinsky Engr., 
    311 Neb. 665
    , 
    974 N.W.2d 324
     (2022).
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    ECHO GROUP V. TRADESMEN INTERNAT.
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    312 Neb. 729
    V. ANALYSIS
    1. Summary Judgment
    Lund-Ross argues that the district court erred in granting
    summary judgment in three ways. In all three appeals, Lund-
    Ross claims that the court erred in entering summary judgment
    on the construction lien foreclosure claim without “balancing
    the equities.” 6 In cases Nos. S-21-730 and S-21-770, Lund-
    Ross alleges the court erred by entering summary judgment in
    an amount greater than the surety bond it posted to release the
    real estate from the construction lien. In case No. S-21-770,
    Lund-Ross claims error with respect to the entry of judgment
    for the excess amount directly against Lund-Ross.
    (a) Balancing of Equities
    With regard to summary judgment on the construction lien
    foreclosure claims, Lund-Ross does not dispute that Echo
    complied with the statutory requirements of the Act. But Lund-
    Ross argues that “the grant of such an equitable remedy also
    requires the trial court to first balance any equities supported
    by the parties’ evidence.” 7
    [4] It bases its argument on case law stating that an action
    to foreclose a construction lien is one grounded in equity. 8
    From this general characterization of the nature of a construc-
    tion lien foreclosure proceeding, it reasons that a balancing of
    equities—which, it argues, is inherent in an equity action—pre-
    cludes granting summary judgment.
    No Nebraska case law has addressed balancing of equities
    in a lien foreclosure action. Recognizing the same, Lund-Ross
    directs our attention to two cases to support its argument.
    6
    Brief for appellant at 22.
    7
    Id. at 21.
    8
    See, e.g., Goes v. Vogler, 
    304 Neb. 848
    , 
    937 N.W.2d 190
     (2020); Lincoln
    Lumber Co. v. Lancaster, 
    260 Neb. 585
    , 
    618 N.W.2d 676
     (2000); Franksen
    v. Crossroads Joint Venture, 
    245 Neb. 863
    , 
    515 N.W.2d 794
     (1994).
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    One case, an unpublished decision of the Iowa Court of
    Appeals, 9 involved a trial court’s refusal to foreclose on a
    mechanic’s lien based on equitable principles. The trial court
    had concluded that the contractor was largely responsible for
    creating the dispute due to its confusing and inaccurate billing.
    The Court of Appeals reasoned that although the contractor met
    the statutory requirements to foreclose on its lien, the appel-
    late court had broad discretion in determining an equitable
    remedy and could consider the hardship its orders would cause
    the defendant.
    The other case, a Nebraska case, involved whether to grant
    equitable relief in connection with allegations of ultra vires
    acts by insurance company officers. 10 There, we stated that
    “[i]n balancing equities, [a court] must take into consideration
    the good that may be done to those who have been wronged,
    against the evil that may befall innocent persons.” 11 After
    noting that “if the plaintiff can be readily compensated in dam-
    ages,” we stated that “[c]ourts will balance equities and, where
    they are equal or predominate against him who seeks relief,
    equity will follow that rule.” 12
    Neither case persuades us that the possibility of balancing
    equities in fashioning relief precludes a court from employ-
    ing a summary judgment, at least where there are no factual
    disputes. The Nebraska precedent, in particular, differs signifi-
    cantly from the case before us. There, the plaintiffs primarily
    sought and received injunctive relief requiring that bonds and
    money removed from a fraternal benefit corporation and paid
    to an insurance company organized by officers of the frater-
    nal benefit corporation be returned to that corporation, and
    9
    Olmstead Construction, Inc. v. Otter Creek Investments, LLC, No. 18-1186,
    
    2019 WL 4678167
     (Iowa App. Sept. 25, 2019) (unpublished opinion listed
    in table of “Decisions Without Published Opinions” at 
    940 N.W.2d 44
    (2019)).
    10
    See Folts v. Globe Life Ins. Co., 
    117 Neb. 723
    , 
    223 N.W. 797
     (1929).
    11
    
    Id. at 745
    , 223 N.W. at 806.
    12
    Id.
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    precluding the individuals and corporate entities from using
    the fraternal benefit corporation’s goodwill, property, or orga-
    nization in the business of the insurance company. While an
    action for injunction sounds in equity 13 and an action to fore-
    close a construction lien is one grounded in equity, 14 the simi-
    larity ends there. In Nebraska, construction liens are largely
    governed by the Act.
    [5,6] Long-established principles require a court in equity
    to implement these statutory provisions. The maxim “equity
    follows the law” in its broad sense means that equity follows
    the law to the extent of obeying it and conforming to its gen-
    eral rules and policies whether contained in common law or
    statute. 15 This maxim is strictly applicable whenever the rights
    of the parties are clearly defined and established by law. 16 And
    equitable remedies are generally not available where there
    exists an adequate remedy at law. 17 That is the case here. The
    Act sets forth a comprehensive statutory structure. By asking
    this court to balance the equities with respect to Echo’s fore-
    closure requests, Lund-Ross seeks to inject something new into
    the Act.
    [7] Even if it were appropriate to do so, Lund-Ross did not
    meet its burden to show the existence of a material issue of
    fact. The party moving for summary judgment must make a
    prima facie case by producing enough evidence to show that
    13
    County of Cedar v. Thelen, 
    305 Neb. 351
    , 
    940 N.W.2d 521
     (2020).
    14
    Goes v. Vogler, 
    supra note 8
    .
    15
    Guy Dean’s Lake Shore Marina v. Ramey, 
    246 Neb. 258
    , 
    518 N.W.2d 129
     (1994). See, also, Wisner v. Vandelay Investments, 
    300 Neb. 825
    , 
    916 N.W.2d 698
     (2018); Fisher v. Heirs & Devisees of T.D. Lovercheck, 
    291 Neb. 9
    , 
    864 N.W.2d 212
     (2015); Jeffrey B. v. Amy L., 
    283 Neb. 940
    , 
    814 N.W.2d 737
     (2012); Doksansky v. Norwest Bank Neb., 
    260 Neb. 100
    , 
    615 N.W.2d 104
     (2000); Henry v. Rockey, 
    246 Neb. 398
    , 
    518 N.W.2d 658
    (1994).
    16
    Guy Dean’s Lake Shore Marina v. Ramey, 
    supra note 15
    ; Wisner v.
    Vandelay Investments, supra note 15; Jeffrey B. v. Amy L., supra note 15;
    Doksansky v. Norwest Bank Neb., 
    supra note 15
    .
    17
    Wisner v. Vandelay Investments, supra note 15.
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    the movant is entitled to judgment if the evidence were uncon-
    troverted at trial. If the party moving for summary judgment
    makes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the nonmovant
    to produce evidence showing the existence of a material issue
    of fact that prevents judgment as a matter of law. 18 Echo met
    its initial burden, but Lund-Ross failed to meet its respon-
    sive burden.
    Lund-Ross did not produce evidence to raise a genuine issue
    of material fact as to the equitable defenses it raised. There
    is no evidence that Echo had an obligation to bring payment
    issues to the attention of Lund-Ross or the property owner. Nor
    is there evidence that Lund-Ross asked for lien waivers from
    any of the suppliers. Although Lund-Ross asserts that Echo
    “slept on [its] rights and waited over the course of more than
    half [a] year to make [its] claim,” 19 Echo timely filed its liens
    and sought foreclosure in accordance with the provisions of
    the Act.
    [8] At oral argument, Lund-Ross asserted that the equitable
    considerations it advanced should be heard at trial. It explained
    that a trial would allow a fuller exploration and further devel-
    opment of facts. But the time to show a genuine dispute regard-
    ing any material fact was at the summary judgment stage. At
    that stage, Lund-Ross could produce “depositions, answers to
    interrogatories, admissions, stipulations, and affidavits” 20 to
    support its equitable defenses. Instead, Lund-Ross essentially
    relied on inferences based on speculation. Conclusions based
    on guess, speculation, conjecture, or a choice of possibilities
    do not create material issues of fact for purposes of sum-
    mary judgment. 21
    As noted, there is no dispute that Echo complied with the
    statutory requirements of the Act with respect to its con-
    struction lien foreclosure claims. The district court correctly
    18
    Ag Valley Co-op v. Servinsky Engr., 
    supra note 5
    .
    19
    Brief for appellant at 28.
    20
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1332
     (Cum. Supp. 2020).
    21
    Ag Valley Co-op v. Servinsky Engr., 
    supra note 5
    .
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    followed the law and had no need in this instance to “balance
    any equities.”
    (b) Award Greater Than Surety Bond
    Lund-Ross argues that in cases Nos. S-21-730 and S-21-770,
    the district court erred by entering judgment in excess of the
    surety bond. Lund-Ross contends that the Act defines the rem-
    edy for a successful lien claim. So we turn to the Act.
    The Act speaks to the procedure to release a lien. Under
    § 52-142(1)(a), a person may release real estate from a lien
    by depositing “money in cash, certified check, or other bank
    obligation, or a surety bond . . . , in an amount sufficient to pay
    the total of the amounts claimed in the liens being released plus
    fifteen percent of such total.” Upon such release, “the claim-
    ant’s rights are transferred from the real estate to the deposit or
    surety bond.” 22 Once the court determines the claim, it “shall
    order the clerk of the district court to pay the sums due or ren-
    der judgment against the surety company on the bond, as the
    case may be.” 23 Lund-Ross homes in on the latter language,
    contending that “the limit of any possible recovery by Echo . . .
    is a judgment rendered against the surety company on the bond
    deposited.” 24 It asserts, without citation to authority, that the
    total judgment cannot exceed the bond amount. We disagree.
    [9] The plain language of the Act does not contain a limit
    on the amount of recovery. Statutory language is to be given
    its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not
    resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory
    words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. 25 The Act pro-
    vides that a person furnishing materials has a construction lien
    “to secure the payment of his or her contract price.” 26 Contract
    22
    § 52-142(3).
    23
    Id.
    24
    Brief for appellant at 30.
    25
    In re Guardianship of Jill G., ante p. 108, 
    977 N.W.2d 913
     (2022).
    26
    § 52-131(1).
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    price is defined as “the amount agreed upon by the contract-
    ing parties for performing services and furnishing materials
    covered by the contract” as increased or diminished by certain
    matters; however, “[i]f no price is agreed upon by the con-
    tracting parties, contract price shall mean the reasonable value
    of all services or materials covered by the contract.” 27 The
    amount of the lien is specified by § 52-136, 28 which provides,
    under the circumstances here, that the lien is for the amount
    unpaid under Echo’s contract. 29
    Provisions within the Act authorize recovery of amounts in
    addition to the amount of the lien and, thus, may be in addition
    to the amount of the bond. One statute 30 mandates an award to
    the prevailing party of reasonable attorney fees and court costs
    if a claimant has a claim under a bond procured by an owner
    or prime contractor from a surety company in the penal sum
    set forth in § 52-141(3). Another makes a person who fails to
    furnish information required by § 52-143 liable to the request-
    ing party for actual damages or $200 as liquidated damages. 31
    A third statute makes a claimant who fails to send a copy of
    the recording of a notice of commencement to the contracting
    owner liable to the contracting owner for any damages caused
    by that failure. 32 A fourth statute provides that if a person is
    wrongfully deprived of benefits or if a claimant acts in bad
    faith, damages, including the costs of correcting the record and
    reasonable attorney, fees may be awarded. 33 Nothing within the
    Act limits these additional amounts to 15 percent of the amount
    claimed in the lien. 34
    27
    § 52-127(2).
    28
    § 52-131(4).
    29
    See § 52-136(2)(a).
    30
    § 52-141(6).
    31
    § 52-143(3).
    32
    § 52-145(6).
    33
    See § 52-157.
    34
    See § 52-142(1)(a).
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    [10] The language of the Act demonstrates that the function
    of the surety bond under § 52-142 is to release the property
    from the lien and to transfer the claimant’s rights from the
    property to the surety bond. It is simply a matter of substitution
    of collateral. 35 The shifting of the lien from the property to the
    bond substitute does not create a limit on recovery that would
    not otherwise exist. Where recovery of amounts in excess of
    the lien amount is permitted, it is not error to enter judgment in
    an amount greater than the amount of the surety bond.
    (c) Judgment Directly Against Lund-Ross
    Lund-Ross further contends that in case No. S-21-770, the
    court erred by assessing the judgment in excess of the posted
    surety bond—an additional $69,524.86—directly against
    Lund-Ross. The district court reasoned that under § 52-142,
    it was discretionary to the court whether to render judgment
    against the surety company or simply order the clerk of the
    district court to pay the bond out to Echo. The court declared
    that any remaining amount due on the judgment—which
    included prejudgment interest, attorney fees, and costs—was
    the sole responsibility and obligation of Lund-Ross. Lund-
    Ross argues that any judgment against it—as opposed to
    the surety per § 52-142(3)—was error. We disagree for sev-
    eral reasons.
    First, we reject Lund-Ross’ assertion that judgment could
    not be entered against it because “Echo’s pleadings are entirely
    devoid of any claims asserted against Lund-Ross.” 36 In case
    No. S-21-770, Echo sued the property owner and two corpora-
    tions having an interest in the property, seeking to foreclose
    on its construction lien. Subsequently, Lund-Ross deposited a
    surety bond and moved to intervene. As Lund-Ross recognized
    in its motion—and as set forth in the discussion above—upon
    release of the construction lien, Echo’s rights were transferred
    from the property to the surety bond. The bond to release the
    35
    See § 52-151(1).
    36
    Brief for appellant at 30.
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    lien identified Lund-Ross as “Principal” and Western Surety
    Company as “Surety,” and they bound themselves “jointly
    and severally” to Echo. Lund-Ross cites no authority for the
    proposition that the liability of the principal on a surety bond
    is limited to the penal sum.
    [11] Second, Lund-Ross is obligated by its stipulation. The
    general rule is that parties are bound by stipulations voluntarily
    made. 37 Lund-Ross stipulated that the property owner should
    be dismissed as a party and that “to the extent [Echo] obtains
    a final judgment, it will be satisfied by Lund[-]Ross and/or
    its bond.”
    [12] Third, a surety generally cannot be held liable for an
    amount greater than the bond. “[I]n the absence of a condition
    extending his or her liability, a surety cannot be held liable for
    more than the penal sum named.” 38 Although this bond was not
    a surety bond meeting the requirements of § 52-141, that stat-
    ute conveys the same general rule: “The bond must obligate the
    surety company, to the extent of the penal sum of the bond” 39
    and “the total liability of the surety may not exceed the penal
    sum of the bond.” 40 This means that liability for any amount in
    excess of the bond falls to Lund-Ross.
    For all these reasons, we find no error by the court in assess-
    ing the judgment in excess of the posted surety bond directly
    against Lund-Ross.
    2. Prejudgment Interest
    (a) Standard of Review
    [13] Awards of prejudgment interest are reviewed de novo. 41
    37
    Lincoln Lumber Co. v. Lancaster, 
    supra note 8
    .
    38
    11 C.J.S. Bonds § 55 at 43 (2019).
    39
    § 52-141(2).
    40
    § 52-141(7).
    41
    McGill Restoration v. Lion Place Condo. Assn., 
    309 Neb. 202
    , 
    959 N.W.2d 251
     (2021).
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    (b) Additional Facts and Findings
    In all three cases, Echo requested prejudgment interest under
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104
     (Reissue 2021) only. In case No.
    S-21-729, the court did not explicitly rule on Echo’s request
    for prejudgment interest. In case No. S-21-730, the court dis-
    agreed that Echo’s construction lien was an instrument in writ-
    ing envisioned by § 45-104. Thus, it denied Echo’s request for
    prejudgment interest under that statute.
    In case No. S-21-770, the court found that Echo was entitled
    to prejudgment interest under § 45-104. It determined that the
    construction lien itself qualified under § 45-104 as “‘money
    due on an instrument in writing.’” The court further found that
    Echo was entitled to prejudgment interest under the provision
    of § 45-104 allowing interest on “‘money loaned or due and
    withheld by unreasonable delay of payment.’” Accordingly, the
    court determined that Echo was entitled to prejudgment inter-
    est of $71,910.72, for the period beginning on the date Echo
    recorded the construction lien.
    (c) Discussion
    Both parties assign error with respect to prejudgment inter-
    est. Lund-Ross claims that the court erred by awarding Echo
    prejudgment interest in case No. S-21-770. On cross-appeal,
    Echo assigns that the court erred by denying it prejudgment
    interest in cases Nos. S-21-729 and S-21-730.
    [14-16] On appeal, Echo contends that in addition to
    § 45-104, 
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-103.02
    (2) (Reissue 2021)
    also authorized an award of prejudgment interest. Sections
    45-103.02 and 45-104 provide alternate and independent means
    of recovering prejudgment interest. 42 Section 45-103.02(2)
    authorizes the recovery of prejudgment interest on liquidated
    claims. 43 When a claim is of the types enumerated in § 45-104,
    then prejudgment interest may be recovered without regard to
    42
    Id.
    43
    See Weyh v. Gottsch, 
    303 Neb. 280
    , 
    929 N.W.2d 40
     (2019).
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    whether the claim is liquidated. 44 Although Echo did not iden-
    tify § 45-103.02(2) as a basis for prejudgment interest before
    the district court, the issue of prejudgment interest “as provided
    in [§] 45-104” 45 was clearly raised. We look to both statutes.
    (i) § 45-103.02(2)
    [17] As noted, the record from the district court proceed-
    ings does not reflect that Echo ever mentioned § 45-103.02(2)
    as a basis for prejudgment interest. The district court cannot
    commit error in resolving an issue never presented and submit-
    ted to it for disposition. 46 Thus, in cases Nos. S-21-729 and
    S-21-730—where the court found no entitlement to prejudg-
    ment interest—we find no error in failing to award interest
    under § 45-103.02(2).
    As to case No. S-21-770, where the court awarded pre-
    judgment interest under § 45-104, we merely observe that
    § 45-103.02(2) supplies another basis for such an award.
    Section 45-103.02(2) states that “[e]xcept as provided in sec-
    tion 45-103.04, interest as provided in section 45-104 shall
    accrue on the unpaid balance of liquidated claims from the date
    the cause of action arose until the entry of judgment.”
    Here, Echo’s claim was liquidated. For a claim to be liq-
    uidated, a dispute must not exist either to the amount due or
    to the plaintiff’s right to recover. 47 Lund-Ross admitted each
    of Echo’s statements of undisputed fact. Thus, it admitted
    the balances that Echo asserted remained unpaid. We note
    that in three cases involving the foreclosure of a mechanic’s
    lien, terminology predating the Act, 48 our opinion referenced
    § 45-103.02 but disallowed interest because the claim was
    44
    Id.
    45
    § 45-103.02(2).
    46
    Walsh v. State, 
    276 Neb. 1034
    , 
    759 N.W.2d 100
     (2009).
    47
    See Gerhold Concrete Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins., 
    269 Neb. 692
    ,
    
    695 N.W.2d 665
     (2005).
    48
    See § 52-159 (substituting “construction lien” for “mechanic’s lien”).
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    unliquidated. 49 That is not the case here. Thus, it appears that
    § 45-103.02(2) would have provided a perhaps clearer basis for
    prejudgment interest.
    (ii) § 45-104
    [18] We now turn to § 45-104, which the court in case No.
    S-21-770 used as the statutory basis for its award of prejudg-
    ment interest. Section 45-104 applies to four types of judg-
    ments: (1) money due on any instrument in writing; (2) settle-
    ment of the account from the day the balance shall be agreed
    upon; (3) money received to the use of another and retained
    without the owner’s consent, express or implied, from the
    receipt thereof; and (4) money loaned or due and withheld by
    unreasonable delay of payment. 50
    Lund-Ross advances several reasons in support of its belief
    that prejudgment interest is unavailable. It argues that the only
    relevant instrument in writing would be the material contract
    between Echo and Signature, but that no such contract is in
    evidence and that Echo did not sue Signature. Lund-Ross also
    points to the lack of any instrument in writing between Echo
    and the project owners. It further argues that the construction
    lien itself does not create the obligation to the claimant; rather,
    the lien provides a remedy.
    The plain language of the statute provides insight. As set
    forth above, interest shall be allowed “on money due on
    any instrument in writing.” 51 An “instrument” is “[a]n object,
    device, or apparatus designed or used for a particular purpose
    or task.” 52 An alternative definition, specific to the legal realm,
    49
    See, Payless Bldg. Ctr. v. Wilmoth, 
    254 Neb. 998
    , 
    581 N.W.2d 420
     (1998);
    Blue Tee Corp. v. CDI Contractors, Inc., 
    247 Neb. 397
    , 
    529 N.W.2d 16
    (1995); Lange Indus. v. Hallam Grain Co., 
    244 Neb. 465
    , 
    507 N.W.2d 465
    (1993).
    50
    AVG Partners I v. Genesis Health Clubs, 
    307 Neb. 47
    , 
    948 N.W.2d 212
    (2020).
    51
    § 45-104.
    52
    See “Instrument,” Oxford English Dictionary Online, https://www.oed.
    com/view/Entry/97158 (last visited Oct. 24, 2022).
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    is “[a] formal legal document entailing rights and obligations,
    such as a contract, deed, legislative act, etc.; any document
    formally drawn up so as to have legal effect.” 53 A construction
    lien fits within these definitions. That leads to the next ques-
    tion: Is money due on the lien? Because the right to recover
    money that was due on an underlying contract has essentially
    transferred to the lien, the answer is yes.
    Further, this court has previously allowed prejudgment inter-
    est under § 45-104 in connection with mechanics’ liens. In
    Walker v. Collins Construction Co., 54 we cited Comp. Stat.
    § 45-104 (1929) and stated that “where a lien is claimed for an
    account for material and labor furnished for the construction
    of a building, in the absence of an agreement to the contrary,
    interest may be reckoned only from a date six months after
    the last item.” 55 We thus allowed prejudgment interest to the
    extent that lienors were entitled to liens. In O’Keefe Elevator
    v. Second Ave. Properties, 56 we determined that a party who
    brought an action to foreclose its mechanic’s lien was entitled
    to prejudgment interest under § 45-104 because money was
    “‘due and withheld by unreasonable delay of payment.’”
    [19] We conclude an award of prejudgment interest in an
    action to foreclose a construction lien is authorized under
    § 45-104. At oral argument, counsel for Echo provided no
    rationale for interest to begin running before the filing of the
    lien. We agree that any prejudgment interest would begin run-
    ning on the date of recording the construction lien. That is the
    date used by the district court in case No. S-21-770, and we
    affirm its award of prejudgment interest.
    [20] In connection with Echo’s cross-appeal, we conclude
    that the court in cases Nos. S-21-729 and S-21-730 erred by
    53
    Id.
    54
    Walker v. Collins Construction Co., 
    121 Neb. 157
    , 
    236 N.W. 334
     (1931).
    55
    
    Id. at 160
    , 236 N.W. at 336.
    56
    O’Keefe Elevator v. Second Ave. Properties, 
    216 Neb. 170
    , 175, 
    343 N.W.2d 54
    , 57 (1984), disapproved in part on other grounds, Weyh v.
    Gottsch, supra note 43.
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    denying prejudgment interest. Section 45-104 specifies that
    “interest shall be allowed.” As a general rule, the word “shall”
    in a statute is considered mandatory and is inconsistent with
    the idea of discretion. 57 We therefore reverse the denial of
    prejudgment interest and remand cases Nos. S-21-729 and
    S-21-730 to the district court with direction to award such
    interest in conformity with this opinion.
    3. Attorney Fees
    (a) Standard of Review
    [21] On appeal, a trial court’s decision awarding or denying
    attorney fees will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. 58
    We turn to the issues raised by the parties in cases Nos.
    S-21-729 and S-21-770.
    (b) Case No. S-21-729
    [22] In case No. S-21-729, the court overruled Echo’s
    request for attorney fees. On cross-appeal, Echo assigns error
    to that denial. As a general rule, attorney fees and expenses
    may be recovered in a civil action only where provided for
    by statute or when a recognized and accepted uniform course
    of procedure has been to allow recovery of attorney fees. 59
    Echo claims attorney fees were appropriate under two statutes,
    one—§ 52-157(3)—contained within the Act, and the other—
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 44-359
     (Reissue 2021)—found in the chapter
    of the Nebraska Revised Statutes addressing insurance. We
    examine each statute.
    (i) § 52-157
    Echo contends that § 52-157(3) permitted an award of attor-
    ney fees. After recalling principles of statutory construction,
    we examine the language of the statute.
    57
    Signal 88 v. Lyconic, 
    310 Neb. 824
    , 
    969 N.W.2d 651
     (2022).
    58
    McGill Restoration v. Lion Place Condo. Assn., 
    supra note 41
    .
    59
    North Star Mut. Ins. Co. v. Miller, 
    311 Neb. 941
    , 
    977 N.W.2d 195
     (2022).
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    [23,24] When construing a statute, a court must determine
    and give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature
    as ascertained from the entire language of the statute consid-
    ered in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense. 60 In construing
    a statute, the court must look at the statutory objective to be
    accomplished, the problem to be remedied, or the purpose to
    be served, and then place on the statute a reasonable construc-
    tion which best achieves the purpose of the statute, rather than
    a construction defeating the statutory purpose. 61
    Section 52-157 is titled “Remedies for wrongful conduct.”
    Although a section head or title does not constitute any part of
    the law, 62 the title fits the statutory language. The first subsec-
    tion authorizes damages “[i]f a person is wrongfully deprived
    of benefits to which he or she is entitled under [the Act] by
    conduct other than that described in section 52-156.” 63 The sec-
    ond subsection authorizes damages “[i]f in bad faith a claimant
    records a lien, overstates the amount for which he or she is
    entitled to a lien, or refuses to execute a release of a lien.” 64
    The third and final subsection specifies that damages awarded
    under § 52-157 “may include the costs of correcting the record
    and reasonable attorney’s fees.” 65
    We do not interpret § 52-157 as authorizing attorney fees
    in every action involving foreclosure of a construction lien.
    Notably, the statute authorizes fees as part of “[d]amages
    awarded under this section.” 66 We do not read this language
    as authorizing a fee award to a prevailing party for any action
    under the Act.
    60
    Ag Valley Co-op v. Servinsky Engr., 
    supra note 5
    .
    61
    
    Id.
    62
    
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 49-802
    (8) (Reissue 2021).
    63
    § 52-157(1) (emphasis supplied).
    64
    § 52-157(2) (emphasis supplied).
    65
    § 52-157(3).
    66
    Id. (emphasis supplied).
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    This reading of the statute is consistent with the comments
    to a uniform act. Nebraska’s Act is based on the Uniform
    Simplification of Land Transfers Act. 67 A comment to the sec-
    tion of that uniform act which corresponds to § 52-157 pro-
    vides examples of wrongful deprivation which would lead to
    liability under the section:
    (1) owner contracts under incorrect name so that claim-
    ants are misled as to name in which real estate is held
    which causes them to record under incorrect name with
    resulting failure to secure priority against a third party;
    (2) prime contractor furnishes incorrect owner name with
    same result; (3) owner or prime contractor furnishes
    incorrect description of real estate with resultant mis-
    taken recording by claimant; (4) misstatement by prime
    contractor as to amount of contract price or payment
    thereof which induces claimants not to record lien; (5)
    false or bad faith determination of damages from a
    prime contractor’s breach which reduces the owner’s lien
    liability. 68
    The comment demonstrates that wrongful deprivation requires
    something more than merely having to foreclose on a construc-
    tion lien. And here, Echo has not alleged conduct similar to
    that set forth in the comment. Instead, Echo highlights that
    there was no genuine dispute as to the amount of its claim or
    its right of recovery.
    We cannot say that Echo was wrongfully deprived of benefits
    under the Act. The Act authorized Echo to obtain a construc-
    tion lien, which Echo obtained. The Act authorized foreclosure
    of a lien, which Echo pursued. Echo alleged no wrongful con-
    duct by Lund-Ross. In a case where a contractor successfully
    foreclosed a construction lien, we stated that the contractor
    received all of the benefits to which it was entitled under the
    67
    See Lincoln Lumber Co. v. Lancaster, 
    supra note 8
    .
    68
    Unif. Simplification of Land Transfers Act § 5-403, comment 1, 14 U.L.A.
    564 (2021).
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    Act and, thus, was not entitled to relief under § 52-157. 69 To
    the extent a decision by the Nebraska Court of Appeals 70 can
    be read as authorization for attorney fees under § 52-157 wher-
    ever a party prevails on a construction lien claim and foreclo-
    sure, we disapprove it.
    Accordingly, we find no error by the court in failing to
    award attorney fees under § 52-157 in case No. S-21-729.
    Next, we turn to the other statute that Echo contends autho-
    rized an award of attorney fees.
    (ii) § 44-359
    Echo argues that attorney fees were mandated under
    § 44-359. That statute states:
    In all cases when the beneficiary or other person
    entitled thereto brings an action upon any type of insur-
    ance policy, except workers’ compensation insurance, or
    upon any certificate issued by a fraternal benefit soci-
    ety, against any company, person, or association doing
    business in this state, the court, upon rendering judg-
    ment against such company, person, or association, shall
    allow the plaintiff a reasonable sum as an attorney’s fee
    in addition to the amount of his or her recovery, to be
    taxed as part of the costs. If such cause is appealed, the
    appellate court shall likewise allow a reasonable sum as
    an attorney’s fee for the appellate proceedings, except
    that if the plaintiff fails to obtain judgment for more
    than may have been offered by such company, person, or
    association in accordance with section 25-901, then the
    plaintiff shall not recover the attorney’s fee provided by
    this section. 71
    69
    See Tilt-Up Concrete v. Star City/Federal, 
    261 Neb. 64
    , 
    621 N.W.2d 502
    (2001).
    70
    See Model Interiors v. 2566 Leavenworth, LLC, 
    19 Neb. App. 56
    , 
    809 N.W.2d 775
     (2011).
    71
    § 44-359 (emphasis supplied).
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    Echo argues that a surety bond is an insurance policy for pur-
    poses of § 44-359. We need not decide that issue here. There is
    a fatal flaw to Echo’s argument.
    The flaw is that Echo did not “bring[] an action upon”
    the surety bond. Echo brought an action to foreclose its con-
    struction lien. It was not until 2 months later that Lund-Ross
    obtained the surety bond to substitute as collateral. And the
    surety company was never brought in as a party in these
    proceedings.
    Echo argues that once it posted the lien release bond, thereby
    transferring its claims from the property to the bond, the action
    became one on the bond. We disagree. Had Lund-Ross instead
    deposited “a sum of money in cash, certified check, or other
    bank obligation” 72 to release the real estate from the lien, we
    would not term the action as one on a deposit. The shifting of
    the lien from the property to the collateral substitute does not
    create an entitlement to attorney fees that would not other-
    wise exist.
    Cases involving bonds where we have allowed attorney fees
    under § 44-359 demonstrate the contrast in circumstances.
    We allowed attorney fees under a predecessor statute 73 to
    § 44-359 when a plaintiff sued a surety company which was
    the surety on a bond. 74 In other words, the plaintiff brought an
    action upon the surety bond. Similarly, we allowed fees under
    § 44-359 in a suit against an insurance company for recovery
    under a motor vehicle dealer’s bond where the insurance com-
    pany was the surety. 75 In a case where a drilling company sued
    a subcontractor and the bonding companies for the general
    contractor, we determined that attorney fees were authorized
    72
    § 52-142(1)(a).
    73
    See Comp. Stat. § 44-346 (1929).
    74
    See City of Scottsbluff v. Southern Surety Co., 
    124 Neb. 260
    , 
    246 N.W. 346
    (1933).
    75
    See Adams Bank & Trust v. Empire Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 
    244 Neb. 262
    ,
    
    506 N.W.2d 52
     (1993).
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    under § 44-359. 76 We explained, “It is clear in this case that
    [the drilling company] did sue the bonding companies of the
    principal contractor, and recovered judgment against them.” 77
    But that is not the situation before us. We conclude that fees
    are not authorized under § 44-359.
    As an aside, we note that similar to § 44-359, a statute
    within the Act 78 mandates attorney fees for a judicial pro-
    ceeding brought on a surety bond. When the requirements of
    § 52-141 are met, no construction lien attaches to the real
    estate and a claimant may proceed directly against the surety.
    But no one contends that § 52-141 has application here, and we
    conclude that it is not implicated.
    In case No. S-21-729, we find no error by the court in not
    awarding attorney fees.
    (c) Case No. S-21-770
    (i) Additional Facts and Findings
    With respect to attorney fees, an attorney representing Echo
    submitted an affidavit stating that a significant portion of the
    work performed was applicable in all three cases, particularly
    briefing, discovery, and a deposition. The attorney proposed
    “accumulat[ing] all time and apply[ing] it to each based on the
    pro rata share of the demand.” Echo set forth a table show-
    ing the demand in each case and the corresponding pro rata
    share of the demand. It showed that in case No. S-21-770,
    the demand was $296,407.73 and the pro rata share was 87
    percent. In case No. S-21-730, the demand was $32,781.03,
    so the pro rata share was 9.6 percent. In case No. S-21-729,
    the demand was $11,604.46, making the pro rata share 3.4
    percent. According to the affidavit, the total fees incurred for
    all three cases against Lund-Ross amounted to $41,607.50;
    76
    Rieschick Drilling Co. v. American Cas. Co., 
    208 Neb. 142
    , 
    303 N.W.2d 264
     (1981).
    77
    
    Id. at 154
    , 
    303 N.W.2d at 271
    .
    78
    § 52-141(6).
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    thus, the pro rata share of fees for case No. S-21-770 totaled
    $36,198.53. A document showing all time entries incurred in
    the three cases was attached to the affidavit.
    The court found Echo’s methodology to be appropriate and
    awarded Echo attorney fees pursuant to § 52-157(3). The court
    agreed with Echo that § 44-359 provided an additional legal
    basis for attorney fees, reasoning that the surety bond qualified
    as an insurance policy under § 44-359 and that Echo was a
    beneficiary to that surety bond. Although the court stated that
    it awarded Echo $36,198.53 in attorney fees, when it specifi-
    cally set forth the final judgment, the court awarded attorney
    fees of $41,607.50—the total for all three cases.
    (ii) Discussion
    On appeal, Lund-Ross argues that the court erred in case
    No. S-21-770 by awarding fees because (1) it awarded the fees
    incurred in all three cases rather than the proportionate share
    requested and (2) it awarded fees incurred entirely in separate
    matters. Echo does not dispute that the court’s order contained
    the errors alleged.
    [25,26] Lund-Ross does not allege or argue that the attorney
    fee award was not statutorily authorized. Absent plain error,
    an appellate court considers only an appellant’s claimed errors
    that the appellant specifically assigns in a separate “assign-
    ment of error” section of the brief and correspondingly argues
    in the argument section. 79 But because we above concluded
    that neither § 44-359 nor § 52-157 authorized the award of
    attorney fees under the circumstances, allowing the award to
    stand would constitute plain error. Plain error is error plainly
    evident from the record and of such a nature that to leave it
    uncorrected would result in damage to the integrity, reputation,
    or fairness of the judicial process. 80 We therefore reverse the
    award of attorney fees in case No. S-21-770.
    79
    In re Estate of Graham, 
    301 Neb. 594
    , 
    919 N.W.2d 714
     (2018).
    80
    North Star Mut. Ins. Co. v. Miller, 
    supra note 59
    .
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    (d) Case No. S-21-730
    In case No. S-21-730, the district court awarded attorney
    fees of $3,994.32 under § 52-157(3). Although neither party
    challenged the award on appeal, we must reverse it. For the
    same reasons discussed above, the award under § 52-157(3)
    was erroneous and allowing it to stand would be plain error.
    Accordingly, we reverse the award of attorney fees in case
    No. S-21-730.
    VI. CONCLUSION
    In all three appeals, we find no abuse of discretion by the
    court in entering summary judgment and not granting equitable
    relief. In cases Nos. S-21-730 and S-21-770, we find no error
    by the court in entering judgment in an amount greater than the
    amount of the surety bond. And in case No. S-21-770, we con-
    clude that the court did not err in assessing judgment in excess
    of the posted surety bond against Lund-Ross.
    We conclude that prejudgment interest in an action to fore-
    close a construction lien is authorized under § 45-104. Thus, in
    cases Nos. S-21-729 and S-21-730, we reverse the denial and
    remand with direction to award prejudgment interest in con­
    formity with this opinion.
    Finally, we determine that neither § 44-359 nor § 52-157
    authorize attorney fees under the circumstances presented in
    these cases. We therefore reverse the award of such fees in
    cases Nos. S-21-730 and S-21-770.
    Judgment in No. S-21-729 affirmed in part
    and in part reversed, and cause
    remanded with direction.
    Judgment in No. S-21-730 affirmed in part
    and in part reversed, and cause
    remanded with direction.
    Judgment in No. S-21-770 affirmed in part
    and in part reversed.