Com. v. Smith, J. ( 2022 )

J-A29006-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JAHNEE JAHBRIL SMITH :
:
Appellant : No. 1239 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 8, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-02-CR-0008570-2019
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: JANUARY 25, 2022
Appellant, Jahnee Jahbril Smith, appeals from the judgment of sentence
of 3 to 6 months’ incarceration, followed by 24 months’ probation, imposed
after he was convicted, following a non-jury trial, of possession of a controlled
substance (35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16)), possession of drug paraphernalia (35
P.S. § 780-113(a)(32)), and escape (18 Pa.C.S. § 5121(a)). Appellant solely
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his escape conviction.
After careful review, we reverse Appellant’s conviction for that offense, vacate
his probationary sentence, and affirm his judgment of sentence in all other
respects.
The trial court summarized the facts established at trial, as follows:
The evidence presented at trial established that between 6:00-
7:00 am on June 19, 2019, City of Pittsburgh [P]olice[, including
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Officer Phillip Szalla,] were dispatched to 2524 Park Hill Drive after
[Appellant’s] father called 911 to report a domestic violence
incident between [Appellant] and his girlfriend. The report was
that the two had argued throughout the night into the morning,
and that [Appellant] was in possession [of a] firearm. When
officers arrived at the scene[, Appellant’s] father was out in front
of the residence and [Appellant] was at an unknown location
speaking to 911 on his cell phone. The 911 [o]perator was able
to ping [Appellant’s] location and advise[d] officers where he was.
The [o]fficers realized that [Appellant] was in the rear of the
residence, proceeded to that location[,] and observed [Appellant]
there. Officer Szalla could see [Appellant] and heard him speaking
with the 911 operator. He told [Appellant] to stop and [Appellant]
ignored the command and ran off while holding his waistband.
[Appellant] ran through the area until he reached Amani Christian
Academy[,] … where he eventually decided to lie down in the
playground area. He was then taken into custody by police.
Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 5/27/21, at 3. After being taken into custody,
Appellant was searched by officers, leading to their discovery of drugs and
drug paraphernalia. See N.T. Trial, 10/8/20, at 37.
Based on this evidence, the court convicted Appellant of the above-
stated offenses on October 8, 2020. That same day, the court sentenced
Appellant to the term set forth, supra. He filed a timely post-sentence motion,
which was denied. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal. On
November 16, 2020, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. In the order,
the court notified Appellant that his concise statement was due on December
7, 2020, and that “[a]ny extension of time for the filing and service of the
statement … shall only be by an [o]rder entered pursuant to a motion for
extension setting forth the specific grounds for the request for extension.”
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Order, 11/16/20 (single page). The court also informed Appellant that “[a]ny
issue not properly included shall be deemed waived.” Id.
On December 4, 2020, Appellant’s counsel filed a motion for an
extension of time within which to file Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement. The
court did not issue an order ruling on that motion. Nevertheless, counsel did
not file Appellant’s concise statement until February 17, 2021. On May 27,
2021, the court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion, making no mention of the
untimeliness of Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement, and addressing the merits
of his sufficiency issue. Based on these facts, we will address Appellant’s
claim. See Commonwealth v. Burton, 973 A.2d 428, 433 (Pa. Super. 2009)
(holding that where an appellant files an untimely Rule 1925(b) statement,
“this Court may decide the appeal on the merits if the trial court had adequate
opportunity to prepare an opinion addressing the issues being raised on
appeal”).
Appellant states his single issue as follows: “Was the evidence
insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Appellant] ‘escaped’
since there was no evidence he was in ‘official detention’ when Officer Szalla
testified he was in official detention when they made ‘visual contact?’”
Appellant’s Brief at 4.
To begin, we note our standard of review of a challenge to the sufficiency
of the evidence:
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
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most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Commonwealth v. Moreno, 14 A.3d
133 (Pa. Super. 2011). Additionally, we may not reweigh the
evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
finder. Commonwealth v. Hartzell, 988 A.2d 141 (Pa. Super.
2009). The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Moreno, supra at 136.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Here, Appellant challenges his conviction of escape, which is defined as
follows:
(a) Escape.--A person commits an offense if he unlawfully
removes himself from official detention or fails to return to official
detention following temporary leave granted for a specific purpose
or limited period.
18 Pa.C.S. § 5121(a). Additionally, the statute states:
(e) Definition.--As used in this section the phrase “official
detention” means arrest, detention in any facility for custody of
persons under charge or conviction of crime or alleged or found to
be delinquent, detention for extradition or deportation, or any
other detention for law enforcement purposes; but the phrase
does not include supervision of probation or parole, or constraint
incidental to release on bail.
18 Pa.C.S. § 5121(e) (emphasis omitted).
Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he was in
‘official detention’ when he fled from police and, thus, his escape conviction
must be reversed. At the outset, Appellant explains:
This Court has previously determined that official detention,
in the context of escape, means “a seizure in which the police have
restrained the liberty of a person by show of authority or physical
force.” See Commonwealth v. Santana, 959 A.2d 450, 452
(Pa. Super. 2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
“Official detention” has also been interpreted to mean a seizure in
which “the police have restrained the liberty of a person by show
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of authority or physical force.” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 648
A.2d 797, 798 (Pa. Super. 1994). The determination of whether
or not a seizure has occurred is based on the totality of the
circumstances and “whether a reasonable person would have
believed he or she was free to leave.” Id. “Not all interactions
between the police and citizens involve seizure of persons. Only
when the police have restrained the liberty of a person by show of
authority or physical force may we conclude that a seizure has
occurred.” Commonwealth v. Jackson, 630 A.2d 1231, 1236
(Pa. Super. 1993).
Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.
Applying this definition of ‘official detention’ to the present facts,
Appellant argues that the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient. In
support, he relies primarily on two cases, Stewart and Commonwealth v.
Woody, 974 A.2d 1163 (Pa. Super. 2009). Appellant explains:
In … Stewart, … a police officer responded to a domestic
disturbance call of a person with a possible weapon. [Stewart,
648 A.2d] at 797. The police officer pulled behind the defendant’s
vehicle, approached with his gun drawn, and ordered the
defendant to place his hands on the dashboard. The defendant
drove off and was apprehended approximately twenty minutes
later. Id. In upholding his conviction for escape, this Honorable
Court reasoned that no “reasonable person would believe he or
she is free to leave when a uniformed officer with a gun drawn has
requested that person to turn the car off and to place his or her
hands on the dashboard. We conclude, therefore, that [the
o]fficer[’s] … show of authority was sufficient to place Stewart in
official detention.” Id. at 798.
In … Woody, … this Court[] vacat[ed] the conviction for escape,
… noting that in Stewart[,] there was a “momentary period in
which the officer was able to demonstrate a show of authority to
the appellant” as to suggest to him that he was officially detained.
[Woody,] 939 A.2d … at 362. In reversing the appellant’s
conviction for escape, the Superior Court in Woody stressed that,
unlike in Stewart, the charge of escape was based solely on
[Woody’s] failure to comply with instructions to stop and get on
the ground. Id. at 363. This command, without an additional
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show of authority or force, was insufficient to establish that
[Woody] had been detained. Id.
Similarly, in the case sub judice, there was a lack of evidence
establishing that [Appellant] had been detained. While several
police officers responded to the 911 call, the Commonwealth
cannot claim that this show of force resulted in [Appellant’s]
official detention, as it is uncontradicted that he left his father’s
residence before the police arrived. Shortly after arriving, Officer
Szalla began searching for [Appellant] so he could “get his side of
the story.” While determining whether a seizure occurred is based
upon the totality of circumstances and whether a reasonable
person would have believed he was free to leave, since [Appellant]
was not home when the police arrived, he would not have seen
the number of police officers responding to his father’s emergency
call. Hence, he would be unaware that he was “not free to leave.”
Additionally, without some other show of authority, the
Commonwealth cannot establish that [Appellant] was officially
detained. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Colon, 719 A.2d 1099,
1101 (Pa. Super. 1998) (noting that a warrant for arrest
completes a required element of official detention); see also
Santana, 959 A.2d at 453 (noting that the warrant to detain [the]
appellant, officers[’] ordering [the] appellant to stop running, and
officers[’] informing [the] appellant he was under arrest were
sufficient to establish detention). Once Officer Szalla spotted a
grey clothed figure some distance in front of him going into a tree
line – he assumed it was [Appellant] - he began a foot pursuit.
He yelled[,] “Jahnee[,]” and ordered him to “stop.” Officer Szalla
did not yell that [Appellant] was under arrest, nor did he yell that
he had a warrant for his arrest. [Appellant] did not acquiesce to
Officer[] Szalla’s commands. As in Woody, a defendant who
ignores a police officer’s commands, cannot be in “official
detention.” Therefore, his conviction for escape should be
vacated.
Appellant’s Brief at 17-19 (citations to the record omitted).
Having carefully reviewed the record, and the case law cited by
Appellant, we agree that his escape conviction must be reversed. Initially, in
explaining why the evidence was sufficient to convict Appellant, the trial court
merely states that, “[f]rom the time that officers located [Appellant] behind
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the residence, until he was taken into custody[,] he was repeatedly told to
stop after running from the scene of the investigatory detention.” TCO at 3.
However, the evidence demonstrates that Appellant was not detained at his
father’s home, as Officer Szalla testified that Appellant “had left the residence”
before police responded to the 911 call. N.T. Trial at 23. Moreover, under
Woody, Officer Szalla’s yelling for Appellant to stop does not amount to an
‘official detention’ for purposes of escape. There, a police officer pursued
Woody in a marked patrol car with its emergency lights on, yet Woody failed
to stop his vehicle. See Woody, 939 A.2d at 361. Woody then abandoned
his car and fled on foot, continuing to run even when the pursuing officer was
“yelling for him to stop and … get on the ground.” Id. (citation to the record
omitted). In concluding that Woody’s flight from police was not sufficient to
prove the crime of escape, we explained:
Our decision in Stewart was based on an evaluation of the
specific circumstances therein. Based on the specific
circumstances of the instant case, we cannot reach the same
conclusion. As noted above, in Stewart, we found that the
officer’s actions, namely, his approach of the appellant’s stopped
vehicle, with his weapon drawn, and his instructions that the
appellant turn off his car and place his hands on the dashboard,
constituted an official detention of the appellant. In Stewart,
there existed a momentary period in which the officer was able to
demonstrate a show of authority to the appellant, namely, when
the appellant’s vehicle was stopped with the appellant inside, so
as to suggest to the appellant that he was being officially detained.
In the instant case, however, the charge of escape was based
entirely on [Woody’s] failure to comply with [the o]fficer[’s]
instructions to “stop and get on the ground[,]” … which were
uttered by the officer from his vehicle when [Woody] exited his
own vehicle to flee on foot. At no time was [Woody] actually
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detained by the officer; indeed, the facts suggest exactly the
opposite. Based on our conclusion that [Woody] was never
officially detained, we hold that the evidence was insufficient to
support [his] conviction for escape….
Id. at 362-63 (citations to the record omitted).
Here, as in Woody, Appellant was never actually detained by Officer
Szalla, and his escape conviction is premised entirely on his failure to comply
with Officer Szalla’s commands to “stop.” Unlike in Stewart, Appellant was
not standing still with Officer Szalla’s holding him at gunpoint before he fled.
Instead, the officer first saw Appellant across “an open field” behind his
father’s house, and then yelled for Appellant to stop as the foot chase ensued.
See N.T. Trial at 28. There was no warrant for Appellant’s arrest, and Officer
Szalla never yelled that Appellant was under arrest. See Colon, 719 A.2d at
1101 (concluding that, “[a]t the point [Colon] had been informed [that] the
officers had a warrant for his arrest and that he was under arrest, [he] was
detained by a show of authority whereby he could not reasonably believe he
was free to leave”).
Moreover, we reject the Commonwealth’s position that Appellant was
detained simply because he knew the police wanted him to stop so they could
speak to him. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 19. Clearly, the appellant in
Woody knew that the police officer wanted him to stop when the officer
activated his lights and sirens and then yelled for Woody to stop and get on
the ground. Nevertheless, we held that no official detention had actually
occurred.
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We also reject Officer Szalla’s testimony that Appellant was “detained”
when the officer “first made visual contact” with Appellant. N.T. Trial at 34-
35. Neither Woody nor Stewart, or any other case reviewed by this Court,
supports the position that an official detention is effectuated upon an officer’s
mere sight of, or eye contact with, a suspect.
For all of these reasons, we agree with Appellant that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he was under ‘official detention’ when he fled from
police. Thus, we reverse his conviction for escape, and vacate his
probationary sentence for that offense. As our disposition does not upset the
court’s overall sentencing scheme, we affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence
in all other respects.
Judgment of sentence vacated in part, affirmed in part. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/25/2022
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