Com. v. Parker, J. ( 2022 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JAMES D. PARKER, SR. :
:
Appellant : No. 947 WDA 2021
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 6, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-43-CR-0000076-2020
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: FEBRUARY 24, 2022
James D. Parker, Sr. (Parker) appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County (trial court) after his
conviction of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of Alcohol or Controlled
Substance (fourth offense in ten years), 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1), and related
charges.1 Parker argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress evidence because the township police officers were outside their
jurisdiction when they made the arrest. We affirm.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1The related charges included Driving While Operating Privilege is Suspended
or Revoked—DUI Related, 75 Pa.C.S. § 1543(b)(1); Accidents Involving
Damage to Attended Vehicle or Property, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3743(a); and Duty to
Give Information and Render Aid, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3744(a).
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We take the following factual background from the trial court’s February
10, 2021 opinion and an independent review of the certified record, including
the parties’ May 28, 2021 stipulated facts.
I.
The underlying facts of this case are not in dispute. At approximately
8:00 P.M. on December 3, 2019, Hempfield Township Police Officer Ryan
Polichena was dispatched to the Wendy’s Restaurant at 43 Hadley Road,
Greenville, Pennsylvania, for the report of a hit-and-run. He spoke with the
victim upon his arrival at the restaurant and observed severe damage to the
back of her vehicle as if it had been forcefully hit. The victim advised that she
was stopped at the drive-through window when the rear of her vehicle was
struck by a blue truck that fled the scene. The officer also spoke to a Wendy’s
employee who advised the incident was captured on video. He immediately
viewed the video footage, which showed a blue Ford pickup truck with license
plate number ZNZ3318 being operated by an elderly male with grey hair when
it struck the victim’s vehicle. The officer ran the license plate number and it
came back to Suzanne Kincaid, who resided at 3792 Hadley Road, Clarks Mill,
Pennsylvania, which is right outside Hempfield Township’s jurisdiction and
covered by the Pennsylvania State Police. He requested Officer Ian Kelly to
assist him, and they immediately proceeded to the Hadley Road address.
Officer Polichena notified the Pennsylvania State Police that he was going to
the address on the registration for follow-up as part of the active investigation,
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and they confirmed that no assistance would be rendered unless the officer
requested it.
At the Hadley Road address, Officer Polichena observed the blue Ford
pickup truck from the video with front-end damage consistent with the
damage to the victim’s vehicle. In full uniform and with a marked police
vehicle, the officer knocked on the front door and Kincaid answered,
attempting to close the door behind her. While speaking with her, the officer
observed Parker, whom he recognized from the surveillance video, sitting on
a couch inside. The officer explained to Kincaid that there was an accident
and Parker was requested to come to the door. Officer Polichena did not see
an alcoholic beverage near Parker on the couch but as he spoke to him from
the door, he noticed that Parker had trouble putting on his shoes and when
he stood up, he was stumbling severely toward the officers, hitting the walls
multiple times and mumbling, “I wasn’t driving and you can’t prove shit.”
(Stipulated Facts, 5/28/21, at ¶ 18). Once Parker came outside, the officer
observed that he was extremely intoxicated and detected the extreme odor of
alcoholic beverages on Parker’s breath. Kincaid said she had gotten home an
hour ago and Parker arrived shortly thereafter.
Officer Polichena arrested Parker for DUI and transported him to
Greenville UPMC for a legal blood draw. While in transport, Officer Polichena
read Parker his rights from the DL-27 form. Upon arriving at UPMC Greenville,
Officer Polichena opened the door for Parker, waking him. Officer Polichena
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again read the DL-27 form to him and Parker began cursing at the officer and
refused chemical testing. Parker became irate, stating, “fuck you it don’t
matter, I’ll be driving before I even get to court.” (Id. at ¶ 33). As the result
of running Parker’s driver’s license, the officer discovered it was suspended
for a previous DUI. (See N.T. Hearing, 1/05/21, at 5-15); (Stipulated Facts,
at ¶¶ 1-33).
The Commonwealth filed a criminal information against Parker charging
him with the aforesaid crimes. Parker then filed an omnibus motion for pre-
trial relief (Omnibus Motion) seeking to suppress the evidence on the basis
that the arresting officer could not legally effectuate his arrest because he was
performing his official duties outside of his jurisdiction. (See Omnibus Motion,
12/10/20, at 1-2) (pagination provided). A hearing was held on the Omnibus
Motion, at which the only testimony introduced was that of Officer Polichena
on behalf of the Commonwealth. The officer testified consistent with the
above facts.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered an order directing
the parties to submit proposed findings of fact and memoranda of law. The
Commonwealth filed its findings of fact and conclusions of law on January 22,
2021, in which it asserted that Officer Polichena had jurisdiction pursuant to
the “hot and fresh pursuit” exception to the Municipal Police Jurisdiction Act
(MPJA), 42 Pa.C.S. § 8951-8955. Parker did not file either findings of fact or
a memorandum. On February 10, 2021, the trial court entered a
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memorandum opinion and order denying the Omnibus Motion on the basis
that Officer Polichena had jurisdiction to perform his duties pursuant to the
“officer on official business” exception of the MPJA. (See Trial Court Opinion,
2/20/21, at 3) (pagination provided).
On May 28, 2021, the case was submitted to the trial court for
consideration based on the parties’ stipulated facts. The court convicted
Parker of the DUI and related charges contained in the criminal information.
On August 6, 2021, Parker was sentenced to an aggregate term of
incarceration of not less than eighteen nor more than thirty-six months, plus
four years’ probation. (See Sentence, 8/06/21). Parker timely appealed and
complied with Rule 1925(b). See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, Parker raises one issue for this Court’s review: Whether the
trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained from the
arrest where Officer Polichena lacked jurisdiction.2 (See Parker’s Brief, at 7,
12-15).
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2 In considering a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion:
[We] consider only the evidence from the defendant’s
witnesses together with the evidence of the prosecution that,
when read in the context of the entire record, remains
uncontradicted. The suppression court’s findings of fact bind an
appellate court if the record supports those findings. The
suppression court’s conclusions of law, however, are not binding
on an appellate court, whose duty is to determine if the
suppression court properly applied the law to the facts.
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II.
Parker argues that Officer Polichena lacked jurisdiction to arrest him
because he was outside of his jurisdiction and the arresting officer should have
either obtained a warrant or called the Pennsylvania State Police to make the
arrest, since it was their jurisdiction. (See Parker’s Brief, at 12). He maintains
that neither the hot pursuit exception argued by the Commonwealth nor the
official business exception found by the trial court are applicable. (See id. at
13-18).
“[The MPJA] authorizes arrests, execution of search warrants and other
official police conduct outside of an officer’s primary jurisdiction in six specific
circumstances.” Commonwealth v. O’Shea, 567 A.2d 1023, 1029 (Pa.
1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 881 (1990). “The MPJA is intended to promote
public safety while maintaining police accountability to local authority; it is not
intended to erect impenetrable jurisdictional walls benefiting only
criminals hidden in their shadows.” Commonwealth v. Lehman, 870
A.2d 818, 820 (Pa. 2005) (emphasis in original; brackets, internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). It does not prohibit police officers from going
“into other jurisdictions to ask questions therein, or to enter a residence
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We therefore apply a de novo review over the suppression
court’s legal conclusions.
Commonwealth v. Gurung, 239 A.3d 187, 190 (Pa. Super. 2020) (internal
citations omitted).
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therein upon the consent of its owners (and full disclosure of the officers’
purpose) and observe what they observe therein. Such unobtrusive police
conduct is outside the scope of section 8953, and is not illegal.” O’Shea,
supra at 1029 (Pa. 1989). It provides, in pertinent part, that:
(a) General rule. Any duly employed municipal police officer
who is within this Commonwealth, but beyond the territorial limits
of his primary jurisdiction, shall have the power and authority to
enforce the laws of this Commonwealth or otherwise perform the
functions of that office as if enforcing those laws or performing
those functions within the territorial limits of his primary
jurisdiction in the following cases:
(2) Where the officer is in hot pursuit of any person for any
offense which was committed, or which he has probable cause to
believe was committed, within his primary jurisdiction and for
which offense the officer continues in fresh pursuit of the person
after the commission of the offense.
42 Pa.C.S. § 8953(a)(2).3, 4
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3 “The Statutory Construction Act of 1972 provides that the MPJA is not within
the class of statutes to be strictly construed; rather, courts must construe the
MPJA liberally to promote the interests of justice. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)[.]”
O’Shea, supra at 1029 (case citation omitted).
4 The trial court declined to apply the hot pursuit exception contained in the
MPJA, instead choosing to apply the official business exception, which
provides:
Where the officer is on official business and views an offense, or
has probable cause to believe that an offense has been
committed, and makes a reasonable effort to identify himself as a
police officer and which offense is a felony, misdemeanor, breach
of the peace or other act which presents an immediate clear and
present danger to persons or property.
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Parker argues that the hot pursuit exception does not apply because the
chase was not immediate where the officers did not witness the hit-and-run
and initiate pursuit, but instead “had to respond, view video, and then run a
check of the registration and went to where the vehicle was found an hour
later outside of their jurisdiction. Under Parker’s view, an officer would have
to view the incident but also have the vehicle or person under observation
until the arrest is effectuated.
To satisfy the requirements of the exception at Section 8953(a)(2), the
police officer must have probable cause to believe that the defendant
committed a crime in his jurisdiction, and there must be “some sort of
investigation and tracking of the perpetrator and that pursuit be immediate,
continuous and uninterrupted.” Commonwealth v. Peters, 965 A.2d 222,
225 (Pa. 2009). “Hot pursuit simply requires a chase. … [B]y its terms [it]
does not require police observation of the criminal activity nor does it negate
pursuits based on witness information as to the location of the suspect.”
Commonwealth v. McPeak, 708 A.2d 1263, 1266 (Pa. Super. 1998).
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42 Pa.C.S. § 8953(a)(5). However, as noted by the Commonwealth, this
Court may affirm the court’s decision on any basis apparent from the record.
In re A.J.R.-H, 188 A.3d 1157, 1175-1176 (Pa. 2018) (“The ‘right for any
reason’ doctrine allows an appellate court to affirm the trial court’s decision
on any basis that is supported by the record.”); (Commonwealth’s Brief, at
17-18). Because we agree with the Commonwealth that the hot and fresh
pursuit exception applied, we decline to address whether the trial court
properly found that official business exception was applicable.
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Not only does it not require the officers to observe the incident, they
also do not have to be in continuous contact to be engaged in “hot pursuit;”
all that is required is the investigation be continuous from the time in incident.
In Peters, a township police officer, after arriving on scene to investigate a
report of a vehicle striking a telephone pole and leaving the scene of the
accident, observed the broken telephone pole and spoke with witnesses, who
described the vehicle as a white, compact pickup truck. After the vehicle was
located in an adjacent municipality, the officer arrived on scene and observed
the vehicle, which had damage consistent to what he observed at the accident
scene and arrested the driver of the vehicle. The defendant driver moved to
suppress his arrest based on a violation of the MPJA, which the trial court
denied, and he was subsequently convicted of DUI. On appeal, our Supreme
Court, supplementing the opinion of this Court5 stated, “that ‘hot pursuit’ and
‘fresh pursuit’ [as used in Section 8953(a)(2)], require some sort of
investigation and tracking of the perpetrator and that that pursuit be
immediate, continuous and uninterrupted.” Peters, supra at 225 (footnote
omitted). In other words, all that is required for an officer to be in hot pursuit
and fresh pursuit is that he be continuously investigating the crime when the
defendant is apprehended in another jurisdiction. Parker provides no
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5 915 A.2d 1213 (Pa. Super. 2007).
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argument distinguishing the materially identical situation in this case from that
of Peters to support a claim that we should reach the opposite result here.
In this case, the township police officers were continuously engaged,
investigated the incident and arrested Parker a short time after it had
occurred, as Kincaid told the police that at the time the officers arrived at her
residence, she had only been home an hour and Parker arrived sometime after
that. (See Stipulated Facts, at ¶ 23). Therefore, we conclude that the officers’
pursuit was “immediate, continuous and uninterrupted” where they responded
to the scene, investigated the crime by speaking to witnesses, viewed the
video, ran the license plate and immediately went to the registered address
in furtherance of their pursuit of the blue pickup truck involved in the collision,
arriving at the home less than an hour after the hit-and-run occurred. See
Peters, supra at 225.6 Accordingly, the officer complied with the MPJA. See
id.; McPeak, supra at 1266.
Moreover, even if Officer Polichena violated the MPJA, suppression was
not automatically appropriate. See O’Shea, supra at 1030 (“a technical
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6 Parker also assumes that the purpose of the hot pursuit exception is to
preserve evidence. (See Parker’s Brief, at 14). However, he provides no legal
authority for his assumption, and we are not aware of any, as the purpose of
the MPJA is “to promote public safety while placing a general limitation on
extraterritorial police patrols.” Commonwealth v. Merchant, 595 A.2d
1135, 1138 (Pa. 1991); see also Lehman, supra at 820 (“The MPJA is
intended to promote public safety while maintaining police accountability to
local authority; it is not intended to erect impenetrable jurisdictional walls
benefiting only criminals hidden in their shadows.”) (emphasis in
original; brackets, internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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violation of MPJA does not always warrant suppression of evidence.”). “In
noting the public safety purpose of the MPJA, our Supreme Court has held that
a technical violation of MPJA does not always warrant suppression of evidence.
Rather, when determining whether suppression is the appropriate remedy, a
court should consider the totality of the circumstances of the case.”
Commonwealth v. Borovichka, 18 A.3d 1242, 1249 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(citing O’Shea, supra at 1030); see also Commonwealth v. Henry, 943
A.2d 967, 972 (Pa.Super. 2008) (when deciding suppression issues based on
MPJA violations, a reviewing court must engage in a case-by-case analysis,
based on the totality of the circumstances).
Here, based upon the totality of the circumstances, Parker would not be
entitled to suppression, where Officer Polichena’s conduct was reasonable
under the circumstances and any violation merely technical. He had probable
cause to believe that a hit-and-run had occurred and immediately obtained
the offending vehicle’s registered address, contacted the Pennsylvania State
Police and went to the home. Had the Pennsylvania State Police arrested
Parker, the result would have been the same, except for the possibility that
the blood alcohol level could have been lost due to the passage of time. To
conclude that such a minor violation warrants suppression would run afoul of
the legislative intent behind the MPJA, which is to promote public safety, not
to hinder law enforcement and shield criminal behavior. See Lehman, supra
at 820.
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Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Parker’s motion to suppress,
and we affirm his judgment of sentence. See Gurung, supra at 190.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/24/2022
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