In the Interest of: B.C., a Minor ( 2018 )

J-S70037-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: B.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.C., IV :
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: No. 712 MDA 2017
Appeal from the Decree March 24, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
Orphans' Court at No(s): A-8497
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and OTT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED MAY 15, 2018
A.C., IV, (“Father”) appeals from the March 24, 2017 decree in the Court
of Common Pleas of Luzerne County involuntarily terminating his parental
rights to his daughter, B.C. (“Child”), born in January of 2006.1 Upon review,
we affirm.
On November 3, 2016, Luzerne County Children and Youth Services
(“CYS”) filed a petition for the involuntary termination of Father’s parental
rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b). By order
the same date, the orphans’ court appointed counsel to represent Father, and
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1M.J.F. a/k/a M.J.S. (“Mother”) voluntarily relinquished her parental rights,
and the court issued a decree to that effect on March 13, 2017. Mother did
not file a notice of appeal, and she is not a party to this appeal.
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it appointed Paul Delaney, Esquire, to represent Child as her Guardian Ad
Litem (“GAL”) and legal counsel.2 The hearing on the petition occurred on
March 3, 2017, at which time Child was eleven years old. Prior to the
testimonial evidence, CYS’s counsel made a motion in open court to amend
its petition by requesting termination under Section 2511(a)(1) and (b) only.
N.T., 3/3/17, at 5. Neither Father’s counsel nor Attorney Delaney objected.
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2 At the commencement of the subject proceedings, Attorney Delaney
introduced himself to the court as Child’s court appointed GAL in the adoption
and dependency matters. See N.T., 3/3/17, at 3. This Court has recently
held that we will address sua sponte the failure of an orphans’ court to appoint
counsel pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a). See In re K.J.H., 2018 PA Super
37 *2 (Pa. Super. filed February 20, 2018). Our Supreme Court, in In re
Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017) (plurality), held that Section
2313(a) requires that counsel be appointed to represent the legal interests of
any child involved in a contested involuntary termination proceeding. The
Court defined a child’s legal interest as synonymous with his or her preferred
outcome. With respect to this Court’s holding in In re K.M., 53 A.3d 781 (Pa.
Super. 2012), that a GAL who is an attorney may act as counsel pursuant to
Section 2313(a) so long as the dual roles do not create a conflict between the
child’s best interest and legal interest, the L.B.M. Court did not overrule it.
In this case, the orphans’ court appointed Attorney Delaney to represent
Child as her GAL and legal counsel in the November 3, 2016 order. Further,
the order provided, “Said attorney shall make an immediate determination if
a conflict of interest exists between these two roles and, if it is determined,
then said attorney shall petition this [c]ourt within ten (10) days of this
[o]rder, seeking appointment of a separate Guardian Ad Litem for the minor
child.” Order, 11/3/16. Attorney Delaney did not seek the appointment of a
separate GAL. Likewise, our review of the record, discussed infra, reveals
there is no conflict between Child’s legal and best interests. Therefore, we do
not remand this matter. Cf. In re T.M.L.M., 2018 PA Super 87 (filed April
13, 2018) (remand for further proceedings when six-year-old child’s
preference was equivocal and the attorney neglected to interview the child to
determine whether legal and best interest were in conflict).
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Id. The court granted CYS’s motion and amended the involuntary termination
petition accordingly. Id. at 5-6.
DHS presented the testimony of its caseworker, Lynn Lesh, and Father
testified on his own behalf. The testimonial evidence revealed that Child was
removed from Mother on March 27, 2015, when she was nine years old. N.T.,
3/3/17, at 7. Father was last involved with Child when she was one and a half
years old. Id. at 12. Father was incarcerated at the time of her placement.3
Id. at 24-25. Father wrote one letter to Child on November 19, 2015,
pursuant to a court order, but he never contacted Child again during her
placement or inquired of CYS as to her well-being. Id. at 8-12.
Child resides in kinship care with her step-grandparents, whom she has
known since she was two years old, the approximate time when Mother
married their son. Id. at 50. Child has considered them her grandparents
since that time. Id. Ms. Lesh testified on direct examination that Child “has
voiced to me several times when I meet with her that she just wants to be
adopted and have a better life with her grandma and grandpa than she’s had
because she did not have a good life growing up.” Id. at 55. Child is
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3 At the time of the termination hearing, Father was serving a sentence at
State Correctional Institution Forest for crimes that Father testified involved
theft. N.T., 3/3/17, at 31-32. The certified record does not include the date
or length of Father’s sentence. Ms. Lesh testified that Father would be eligible
for parole in 2019. Id. at 25.
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diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (“PTSD”) for reasons not
specified in the record, and she receives counseling. Id. at 14.
By decree dated March 13, 2017, and filed on March 24, 2017, the
orphans’ court involuntarily terminated Father’s parental rights. Thereafter,
on April 20, 2017, the court appointed new counsel, Keith Hunter, Esquire, to
represent Father. On April 24, 2017, Father, through counsel, filed a timely
notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). The orphans’ court filed its Rule
1925(a) opinion on May 24, 2017.
On August 29, 2017, Attorney Hunter filed a petition for leave to
withdraw as counsel and an Anders brief. A panel of this Court denied
counsel’s petition for leave to withdraw and remanded the case. See In the
Interest of B.C., 712 MDA 2017 (Pa. Super. Dec. 28, 2017) (unpublished
memorandum). On remand, this Court directed the orphans’ court to either
appoint new counsel or direct Attorney Hunter to continue on the case. We
also directed the court to issue an order directing Father’s counsel to file a
Rule 1925(b) statement that properly preserved all issues to be raised before
this Court.
As such, on January 4, 2018, the court appointed new counsel for
Father. On January 9, 2018, new counsel filed in the orphans’ court a petition
for leave to withdraw, due to a conflict of interest. On that same date, January
9, 2018, the court granted counsel’s petition to withdraw and appointed
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Robert Kobilinski, Esquire, as counsel for Father. Further, the court directed
Attorney Kobilinski to file a Rule 1925(b) statement within ten days of the
date of the order. Attorney Kobilinski filed the required statement on January
31, 2018,4 wherein he raises one issue concerning 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1).
On February 6, 2018, the orphans’ court filed a supplemental Rule 1925(a)
opinion in which it incorporates its May 24, 2017 opinion.
Father raises one issue for our review:
A. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion, committed
an error of law, and/or there was insufficient evidentiary support
for the [c]ourt’s decision in terminating [Father’s] parental rights
with regard to the Adoption Act of 1980, specifically Section
2511(a)(1) and 2511(b)?
Father’s brief at 3.
We review Father’s issue according to the following standard.
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse
of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
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4 The order directing counsel to file a Rule 1925(b) statement within ten days
was not entered on the docket pursuant to Rule 108(b), providing that “the
day on which the clerk makes the notation in the docket that notice of entry
of the order has been given as required by Pa.R.C.P. 236(b).” Pa.R.A.P.
108(b). Therefore, Father’s untimely filing of the Rule 1925(b) statement
does not result in waiver of the issue raised. See Forest Highlands
Community Ass'n v. Hammer, 879 A.2d 223, 227 (Pa. Super. 2005)
(stating that, if any one of the procedural steps set forth in Pa.R.C.P. 236 is
missing, the appellant’s failure to comply with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) will not result
in waiver of the issues raised).
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court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have previously
emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the
Adoption Act, which requires a bifurcated analysis.
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for
termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if the court
determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his
or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of
the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the
needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests
of the child. One major aspect of the needs and welfare analysis
concerns the nature and status of the emotional bond between
parent and child, with close attention paid to the effect on the child
of permanently severing any such bond.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
Instantly, the orphans’ court terminated Father’s parental rights
pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1) and (b), which provide as follows:
(a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at
least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
failed to perform parental duties.
. . .
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(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (b).
This Court has stated, with respect to Section 2511(a)(1), that “the
moving party must produce clear and convincing evidence of conduct,
sustained for at least the six months prior to the filing of the termination
petition, which reveals a settled intent to relinquish parental claim to a child
or a refusal or failure to perform parental duties.” In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d
726, 730 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citing In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502,
510 (Pa. Super. 2006)). We have explained,
The court should consider the entire background of the case and
not simply:
. . . mechanically apply the six-month statutory provision.
The court must examine the individual circumstances of
each case and consider all explanations offered by the
parent facing termination of his . . . parental rights, to
determine if the evidence, in light of the totality of the
circumstances, clearly warrants the involuntary
termination.
In re A.S., 11 A.3d 473, 482 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations omitted). Further,
Once the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental duties
or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights, the court
must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the parent’s explanation
for his or her conduct; (2) the post-abandonment contact between
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parent and child; and (3) consideration of the effect of termination
of parental rights on the child pursuant to Section 2511(b).
In re Z.S.W., supra (quoting In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708 A.2d
88, 92 (Pa. 1998)).
In In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817 (Pa. 2012), our Supreme Court
discussed In re Adoption of McCray, 331 A.2d 652 (Pa. 1975), a case
wherein the Court considered the issue of the termination of parental rights
of incarcerated persons involving abandonment, which is currently codified at
Section 2511(a)(1). The S.P. Court stated:
Applying in McCray the provision for termination of parental
rights based upon abandonment, now codified as § 2511(a)(1),
we noted that a parent “has an affirmative duty to love, protect
and support his child and to make an effort to maintain
communication and association with that child.” Id. at 655. We
observed that the father’s incarceration made his performance of
this duty “more difficult.” Id.
In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 828. The S.P. Court continued:
[A] parent’s absence and/or failure to support due to
incarceration is not conclusive on the issue of
abandonment. Nevertheless, we are not willing to
completely toll a parent’s responsibilities during his or her
incarceration. Rather, we must inquire whether the parent
has utilized those resources at his or her command while
in prison in continuing a close relationship with the child.
Where the parent does not exercise reasonable firmness in
declining to yield to obstacles, his other rights may be
forfeited.
[McCray] at 655 (footnotes and internal quotation marks
omitted). . . .
In re Adoption of S.P., supra (emphasis added); see also In re B.,N.M.,
856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations omitted) (stating that
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a parent does not perform his or her parental duties by displaying a “merely
passive interest in the development of the child”).
With respect to Section 2511(b), this Court has explained that the
requisite inquiry into the “needs and welfare” of the child involves intangibles
of the parent-child relationship “such as love, comfort, security, and stability.
. . .” In re C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted).
Further, the trial court “must also discern the nature and status of the parent-
child bond, with utmost attention to the effect on the child of permanently
severing that bond.” Id. (citation omitted). However, “[i]n cases where there
is no evidence of any bond between the parent and child, it is reasonable to
infer that no bond exists. The extent of any bond analysis, therefore,
necessarily depends on the circumstances of the particular case.” In re
K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 762-763 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation omitted).
Moreover, we have explained:
While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child is a major
aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is
nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the
court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.
In re K.K.R.S., 958 A.2d 529, 533-536 (Pa. Super. 2008). The
mere existence of an emotional bond does not preclude the
termination of parental rights. See In re T.D., 949 A.2d 910 (Pa.
Super. 2008) (trial court’s decision to terminate parents’ parental
rights was affirmed where court balanced strong emotional bond
against parents’ inability to serve needs of child). Rather, the
orphans’ court must examine the status of the bond to determine
whether its termination “would destroy an existing, necessary and
beneficial relationship.” In re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387,
397 (Pa. Super. 2003). As we explained in In re A.S., 11 A.3d
473, 483 (Pa. Super. 2010),
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[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can
equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, and should
also consider the intangibles, such as the love, comfort,
security, and stability the child might have with the foster
parent. Additionally, this Court stated that the trial court
should consider the importance of continuity of
relationships and whether any existing parent-child bond
can be severed without detrimental effects on the child.
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011).
On appeal, Father argues that CYS failed to meet its burden by clear
and convincing evidence pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1). Specifically, Father
asserts that his parental rights may not be terminated solely because he was
incarcerated during the six months immediately preceding the filing of the
involuntary termination petition. Moreover, he asserts that he was directed
by CYS not to have direct contact with Child. Father’s brief at 15. Father
continues,
[H]e was directed by [CYS] to write a letter to his daughter in
hopes of reintegrating his Child into his life and re-establishing his
father-daughter relationship. He complied with this directive and
did write a letter.
...
[Father] never then heard back from [CYS] in regards to what his
next move was to be.
Father’s brief at 15-16. Father baldly asserts, “It should have been [CYS’s]
responsibility to re-establish [Child’s] relationship with her father before
settling on placing her with the foster resource permanently.” Father’s brief
at 16-17. Father’s claims are meritless.
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During the involuntary termination proceeding, Ms. Lesh, the CYS
caseworker, testified on direct examination as follows.
Q. Was [Father] afforded visitation with his minor child in this
case?
A. In September of 2015, at the disposition hearing, visitation was
discussed, and he was ordered to write a letter to [Child] to
introduce himself back into her life because he hasn’t been part of
her life since she was around one half years old.
...
Q. And can you tell the [c]ourt whether or not [Father] did . . .
write a letter to reintroduce himself to [Child]?
A. He did. He wrote a letter in November of 2015. It was dated
for November 15, 2015. The agency received it on November 19[,
2015]. [It] was a letter written to myself and to [Child]. I
delivered the letter to [Child] that day to have her read the letter.
N.T., 3/3/17, at 8-9.
On cross-examination by Father’s counsel, Ms. Lesh acknowledged that
the master’s recommendation for disposition5 stated as follows.
[N]atural father will [write] a letter to the minor child. This letter
will be shared with the [GAL] and the minor child. If the letter
has a negative effect upon the minor child, a referral to individual
counseling through Children’s Service Center will be made in an
attempt to reintroduce the minor child to the natural father
through a therapeutic setting. The natural father then may
petition the [c]ourt to review the visitation issue.
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5 Father’s attorney introduced the master’s recommendation for disposition
into the record as Exhibit A, which he indicated is dated October 7, 2015.
N.T., 3/3/17, at 29. The orphans’ court admitted Exhibit A, but it is not a part
of the certified record. Id. at 30.
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Id. at 14-15 (emphasis added). Ms. Lesh explained that CYS made a referral
to Children’s Service Center, but “it was taking forever for them to make an
appointment, so we opted to go to the Friendship House in Scranton. And
that is where [Child] still receives her counseling.” Id. at 15. Ms. Lesh stated
that CYS received reports from the Friendship House regarding Child’s
counseling, which she believed were provided to Father’s counsel, but she
does not have any documentation from Friendship House that recommended
a visit occur between Father and Child at the prison.6 Id. at 16, 20.
Importantly, Ms. Lesh testified that Father never petitioned the court for
visitation with Child. Id. at 9.
Pursuant to the master’s recommendation for a permanency review
hearing,7 Ms. Lesh acknowledged on cross-examination by Father’s counsel
that the master recommended that Child’s therapist “shall review if contact
with birth father is appropriate, and that determination shall be reduced to
writing within 45 days. If an oral report is also given by the therapist, the
agency shall advise all parties. If recommended, the agency shall have the
authority to start visits.” Id. at 18-19. Ms. Lesh testified that CYS
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6Father’s trial counsel did not represent him during the dependency matter.
N.T., 3/3/17, at 16.
7Father’s attorney introduced this recommendation into the record as Exhibit
C, which he indicated is dated October 3, 2016. N.T., 3/3/17, at 29. The
orphans’ court admitted Exhibit C, but it is not a part of the certified record.
Id. at 30.
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subsequently received a report from Child’s therapist, on a date unspecified
in the record, which stated as follows.
Within this time span, [Child] has shown notable determination
and compliance with working towards therapeutic goals and
processing emotions towards her natural mother and father.
It is our hope that [Child] will continue to progress through past
experiences [and] autonomously utilize therapeutic tools beyond
Friendship House.
That’s all they have written.
Id. at 20. She continued on cross-examination:
Q. Now, anywhere in that letter, does it make any
recommendation that the therapist is recommending a visit
between [Father] and his child?
A. No.
Id. at 20.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that there is no record evidence
that CYS directed Father not to have direct contact with Child. Rather, Father’s
counsel cross-examined Ms. Lesh about the disposition order requiring Father
to write a letter to Child, which also expressly permitted him to petition the
court for visitation with Child. Father wrote a letter to Child on November 19,
2015, when she was nine years old, but he never again contacted her up to
and including the time of the termination hearing on March 3, 2017, when she
was eleven years old, nor did he petition the court for visitation. In addition,
the orphans’ court found as follows, which Ms. Lesh’s testimony supports:
Despite Father’s rationale, communicating with the child directly
is only one method of performing parental duties for the child.
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There are many other methods through which the Father could
have cared for the child. Father knew how to contact the
caseworker. He never asked the caseworker how the child was
doing even when he had the opportunity to speak directly to the
caseworker in person on two occasions. Furthermore, . . . Father
did not send any cards or letters for the child’s birthdays or
holidays. He did not send any financial support. He did not
telephone the caseworker and inquire on how his child was doing.
He never performed any parental duties except to write one letter
to the child in November of 2015.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/24/17, at 7; see also N.T., 3/3/17, at 10-12; 26-28.
Thus, we reject Father’s claim that the court involuntarily terminated his
parental rights solely because he was incarcerated during the six months
immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition.
To the extent that Father asserts his conduct does not warrant
termination because CYS “did not take any steps to reintroduce” Child to him,
his assertion is misplaced. See Father’s brief at 16. In In the Interest of
D.C.D., 105 A.3d 662, 671 (Pa. 2014) our Supreme Court rejected this Court’s
holding that “Section 2511 of the Adoption Act, when read in conjunction with
Section 6351 of the Juvenile Act, requires that an agency must provide a
parent with reasonable efforts aimed at reunifying the parent with his or her
children prior to petitioning for termination of parental rights and that
termination cannot be granted absent the provision of reasonable efforts.”
Rather, the D.C.D. Court held that nothing in Section 6351 of the Juvenile Act
“forbids the granting of a petition to terminate parental rights, under Section
2511, as a consequence of the agency’s failure to provide reasonable efforts
to a parent.” Id. at 675. In any event, the foregoing testimonial evidence
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demonstrates that CYS provided reasonable efforts to reunify Father with Child
by referring Child to Friendship House for counseling and receiving reports
from Child’s therapist, none of which recommended that Child visit with Father
in prison.
The record evidence supports the orphans’ court’s conclusion that
Father’s conduct warranted termination pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1) in that
he failed to perform his parental duties during the twenty months between
her placement and the filing of the termination petition. In fact, other than
the letter he wrote to Child in November of 2015, there is no record evidence
that Father had any contact with Child since she was one and a half years old,
far in excess of the statutory six-month minimum.
In his Rule 1925(b) statement, Father did not assert an error with
respect to Section 2511(b). See Dietrich v. Dietrich, 923 A.2d 461, 463
(Pa. Super. 2007) (stating that when an appellant filed a Rule 1925(b)
statement, any issues not raised in that statement are waived on appeal).
However, based on the statutorily required bifurcated analysis in termination
cases, we review the decree pursuant to Section 2511(b).
Our Supreme Court has stated that, “[c]ommon sense dictates that
courts considering termination must also consider whether the children are in
a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond with their foster parents.”
In re T.S.M., supra at 268. The Court directed that, in weighing the bond
considerations pursuant to Section 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking
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clock of childhood ever in mind.” Id. at 269. The T.S.M. Court observed that,
“[c]hildren are young for a scant number of years, and we have an obligation
to see to their healthy development quickly. When courts fail . . . the result,
all too often, is catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id.
In his brief, Father baldly asserts that the court abused its discretion in
terminating his parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(b) because CYS did
not reintegrate Child into his life. See Father’s brief at 19-20. Father’s claim
is misplaced based on our Supreme Court’s holding in D.C.D., supra at 672,
that neither Section 2511(a) nor (b) “requires a court to consider the
reasonable efforts provided to a parent prior to termination of parental rights.”
Therefore, Father’s claim fails.
The testimonial evidence supports the court’s conclusion that
terminating Father’s parental rights would serve Child’s needs and welfare
pursuant to Section 2511(b). Ms. Lesh testified that no bond exists between
Child and Father. N.T., 3/3/17, at 52. On cross-examination by Father’s
counsel, Ms. Lesh testified:
Q. What was [Child’s] reaction to the letter [from Father], if you
were present for the reading of it?
A. I was there. [Child] read the letter, and she didn’t really have
any emotion or reaction to it other than that she doesn’t really
remember [Father]. She stated that the person that she
remembers as her father growing up was her stepfather. That’s
who she called dad, and that she did not want to write back to
[Father].
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Id. at 13. Ms. Lesh testified that a bond exists between Child and her kinship
care parents, who are a pre-adoptive resource. Id. at 51-53. She testified
that Child wishes to be adopted. Id. at 55. As such, Ms. Lesh testified that
Child would not suffer any detrimental effects if Father’s parental rights are
terminated. Id. at 54-55. Accordingly, we affirm the decree pursuant to
Section 2511(a)(1) and (b).
Decree affirmed.
Judge Shogan joins the memorandum.
President Judge Gantman concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/15/18
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