Com. v. King, C. , 182 A.3d 449 ( 2018 )

J-A02034-18
2018 Pa. Super. 61
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
CHE DONTE KING,
Appellant No. 680 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered March 29, 2017,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County,
Criminal Division, at No(s): CP-02-CR-0006852-2015
& CP-02-CR-0016587-2014.
BEFORE: BOWES, J. OLSON, J. and KUNSELMAN, J.
OPINION BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED MARCH 19, 2018
Appellant, Che Donte King, appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed at two different dockets, after he pled guilty to various drug charges
and to a car accident involving death/personal injury and related offenses. In
the one case, Appellant struck a pedestrian, Albert Kruszka, on Pittsburgh’s
South Side; after pausing briefly upon impact, Appellant sped away from the
scene. Several days later, Mr. Kruszka died due to the collision. Because the
trial judge did not abuse his discretion or commit an error of law in
resentencing, we affirm.
After Appellant pled guilty to the charges, the trial court originally
imposed an aggregate sentence of 5-10 years of imprisonment, followed by
three years’ probation. Appellant timely appealed. The trial court appointed
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defense counsel to represent Appellant on appeal. In that appeal, defense
counsel argued that one of the individual sentences exceeded the statutory
maximum. We agreed, vacated the sentence, and remanded for a new
sentencing hearing. (Commonwealth v. King, 159 A.3d 600 (Pa. Super.
2016) (unpublished memorandum).
At the resentencing hearing, the trial court notified counsel that it had
received an ex parte letter from the deceased victim’s wife, Mrs. Kruszka. The
court provided a copy to counsel for the parties. Defense counsel objected to
the court considering the letter as a victim impact statement, because it
contained a personal attack on him, which, according to counsel, exceeded
the scope of what a victim impact statement may include. Specifically, the
letter stated:
I will be in your court room on March 29th, along with my sons [],
for the resentencing hearing of Che King, a career criminal who
killed my husband, Albert Kruszka. I have been told that you
sentenced King illegally – considering your knowledge and
expertise, this offends my intelligence. Furthermore, [defense
counsel] is lining his pockets with taxpayer dollars
defending a confessed criminal. Mr. King has waited for March
29, two days after the statute of limitations for further charges.
He has a long history of drug use, drug sales, driving without a
license, and blatant disregard for the law. Only three [days]
before killing my husband, King was stopped in Fayette county.
My sons would still have their father if he had been detained. Our
lives have been permanently changed for the worst due to this
man’s recklessness. The penitentiary system gets its name from
an act of contrition – Mr. King must pay his penance within the
prison system. This is his time to reflect upon the wrongs of his
ways, not plot a way out of punishment, so that he can return to
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a life of crime. He has not been ordered to pay restitution. With
the opioid epidemic costing innocent people their lives, this
convicted, confessed heroin dealer has a drug conviction running
concurrent with his accidental death conviction. I ask that you
consider placing these two sentences consecutively, or for his
original sentencing to stay in place. Myself and my sons
respectfully request that you aid us in our healing and our journey
towards forgiveness by keeping this man off the street as long as
possible – and keeping myself, my family and the community safe.
Letter from Mrs. Kruszka (emphasis added).
The trial court overruled counsel’s objections and admitted the letter
into evidence. The trial court then restructured the sentence to make it legal,
and ultimately imposed the same total sentence on Appellant. This second
timely appeal followed. Appellant argues that the trial judge erred and/or
abused his discretion by considering irrelevant factors during the
resentencing.
Appellant challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence. Such a
challenge is not appealable as of right. Rather, Appellant must petition for
allowance of appeal pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781. Commonwealth v.
Hanson, 856 A.2d 1254 (Pa. Super. 2004). When an Appellant challenges a
discretionary aspect of sentencing, we must conduct a four-part analysis
before we reach the merits of the Appellant’s claim. Commonwealth v.
Allen, 24 A.3d 1059, 1064 (Pa. Super. 2011). In this analysis, we must
determine: (1) whether the present appeal is timely; (2) whether the issue
raised on appeal was properly preserved; (3) whether Appellant has filed a
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statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether Appellant has
raised a substantial question that his sentence is not appropriate under the
Sentencing Code. Id.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, and properly preserved his
claim in a post-sentence motion. Additionally, Appellant has complied with
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). See Appellant’s Brief at 21-22. We must therefore
determine whether Appellant has raised a substantial question for our review.
A substantial question will be found where the defendant advances a
colorable argument that the sentence imposed is either inconsistent with a
specific provision of the Sentencing Code or is contrary to the fundamental
norms underlying the sentencing process. Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975
A.2d 1128, 1133 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citations omitted). Here, within his
2119(f) statement Appellant asserts:
In this case, the sentencing court violated 18 P.S. § 11.201(5)
and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9738 as well as the Sixth Amendment of the
United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 9 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution when the sentencing court considered
irrelevant factors that were stated in a victim impact statement.
See Commonwealth v. Smithton, 631 A.2d 1053, 1057 (Pa.
Super. 1993) (“It is an abuse of discretion, as a denial of due
process of law, for the sentencing court to consider irrelevant
factors during sentencing.”)
In this case, the sentencing court overruled the objections of
defense counsel to permit a victim impact statement into
evidence, which had disparaging remarks against defense
counsel. Disparaging remarks against defense counsel are not,
nor can they ever be, considered proper victim impact statement
material. The acceptance of disparaging remarks against defense
counsel are irrelevant and violative of 18 P.S. §11.201(5) and 42
Pa.C.S. § 9738 as well as the Sixth Amendment of the United
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States Constitution and Article 1, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution. The appeal should be granted in this case. See
Commonwealth v. Penrod, 578 A.2d 486, 490 (Pa. Super.
1990).
Appellant’s Brief at 22-23.
We interpret the arguments in Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement
essentially to assert that in sentencing Appellant, the trial court considered
improper factors. This claim raises a substantial question. Commonwealth
v. Tobin, 89 A.3d 663, 666 (Pa. Super 2014).1
The standard employed when reviewing the discretionary aspects of
sentencing is very narrow. Commonwealth v. Koren, 646 A.2d 1205, 1208
(Pa. Super. 1994). We may reverse only if the sentencing court abused its
discretion or committed an error of law. Id. Merely erring in judgment is
insufficient to constitute abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Smith, 673
A.2d 893, 895 (Pa. 1996). A court has only abused its discretion when “the
record disclosed that the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or
the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.” Id.
Although he stated only one question on appeal, Appellant actually
makes two arguments. First, he argues that the trial court erred in admitting
the victim impact statement of Mrs. Kruszka, the victim’s wife. Additionally,
he argues that the trial court improperly considered this letter when rendering
his sentence. We disagree with both arguments.
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1Appellant does not contend that the trial court’s consideration of the victim’s
wife’s letter rendered his sentence illegal.
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First, Appellant maintains that the entire letter was inadmissible because
it contained one sentence that disparaged defense counsel. Both the
Commonwealth and the trial court agreed that the comment about defense
counsel was inappropriate, but they maintain that this one line did not render
the letter, as a whole, inadmissible. We agree.
“The admissibility of evidence, including victim impact evidence, rests
with the sound discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Bryant,
67 A3d 716, 726 (Pa. 2013). The conduct of a sentencing hearing differs
from the trial of the case. Commonwealth v. Medley, 725 A.2d 1255, 1229
(Pa. Super. 1999). To determine an appropriate penalty, the sentencing court
may consider any evidence it deems relevant. Id. While due process applies,
the sentencing court is neither bound by the same rules of evidence nor
criminal procedure as it is in a criminal trial. Id.
Here, the Appellant objected to the admissibility of the letter as a whole,
under 18 P.S. § 11.201, and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9738. Though not specifically
stated, it appears his objection was based on relevance. The trial judge in
this case properly noted the distinction between the admissibility of evidence
and the weight of the evidence. In ruling on the objection at the sentencing
hearing, the court noted “the writer of the letter is permitted to send a letter.
Whether we take the substance of [the letter] into account at all would be
subject of discussion.” N.T., 3/29/17, at 5.
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The purpose of a victim impact statement is to allow victims of crime to
inform the court of how the crime impacted their lives. In 1998, our General
Assembly promulgated a Bill of Rights for crime victims which provides them
the right:
“to have opportunity to offer prior comment on the sentencing
of a defendant… to include the submission of a written and oral
victim impact statement detailing the physical, psychological
and economic effects of the crime on the victim and the
victim’s family. The written statement shall be included in any
predisposition or presentence report submitted to the court.
Victim-impact statements shall be considered by a court when
determining the… sentence of an adult.”
18 P.S. § 11.201(5) (emphasis added).
The Supreme Court of the United States stated that the purpose of
victim impact evidence is to show the victim’s uniqueness as a human being
and to illustrate that a particular individual’s loss has a distinct effect on
society. Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 824 (1991), Similarly, in
Pennsylvania, this Court has emphasized that crime victims in the
Commonwealth have the “right to breathe life with all its emotion into their
victim impact statements.” Commonwealth v. Penrod, 578 A.2d 486, 491
(Pa. Super. 1989). In other words, the purpose of victim impact statements
is to personalize the crime and to illustrate the human effects of it. Id.
The text of Section 11.201(5) explicitly identifies three types of
information or evidence that the speaker may attest to which are: (1) the
defendant’s sentencing, (2) the physical, psychological and economic effects
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on the victim and (3) the victim’s family. Additionally, the sentencing court
must consider “the gravity of the offense as it relates to the impact on the
life of the victim and on the community.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721 (emphasis
added). Hence, the court should consider the information set forth by the
victim concerning the sentencing, the impact of the crime on himself or his
family, and finally the impact the offense had on the community.
Appellant argues that only sentiments that strictly express “how the
crime has impacted [the victim]” fall within the parameters of victim impact
evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 31. Here, the Appellant challenges the entirety
of Mrs. Kruszka’s letter, contending that “there is nothing in the … letter that
actually expresses anything that could remotely be construed as a statement
of how the crime impacted on the family of victim.” Id. at 31-32. We disagree.
First, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has found that certain victim
impact evidence was admissible even when such evidence was not explicitly
within the four corners of the victim impact statement statute. For example,
evidence of the victim’s good character and community service was
admissible, although the statute does not specifically provide for such
evidence. See, Commonwealth v. Flora, 988 A.2d 606, 635, (Pa. 2010).
The information and evidence presented within a victim impact
statement need not be so restricted to fit squarely within the “physical,
psychological, and economic” impacts of the crime. These statements are
meant to show the way the ripple effects of crimes impact both individual
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lives, and the community as a whole. To appreciate fully the gravity of a
crime, human elements must be considered. Mrs. Kruszka’s letter does just
this, and provides sentiments such as, “My sons would still have their father
if [Appellant] had been detained. Our lives have been permanently changed
for the worst due to this man’s recklessness.”
For the foregoing reasons, this court cannot agree with Appellant that
the content of victim impact is limited to only the most carefully chosen words
that neatly describe the impact of the crime on the family member testifying.
Neither can we agree that the entirety of Mrs. Kruszka’s letter fell outside of
the parameters of 18 P.S. § 11.201. Even if victim impact testimony strays
out of the expressed bounds of the statute, so long as it fulfills the purpose of
victim impact evidence, (i.e. if it details the victim’s uniqueness or shows the
impact of the person’s loss on society), and the presiding judge deems it
relevant, then it falls within the purview of § 11.201(5).
Appellant also contends that the admission of Mrs. Kruszka’s letter
violated Section 42 Pa.C.S. § 9738, titled “Victim Impact Statements.” This
statute serves to “limit the sequestration of crime victims at trial, providing
that victims cannot be ordered sequestered from trial merely because they
may later make victim impact statements at sentencing.” Commonwealth
v. Ali, 149 A.3d 29, 33-34 (Pa. 2016). Although Appellant mentions this
statute, he fails to develop any argument as to how the statute is implicated
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in this case. Thus, we find this argument is waived. See Commonwealth v.
Hardy, 918 A.2d 766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007).
Finally, Appellant argues that the admission of this letter violated his
right to counsel under Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. He states, “There is
nothing in the job description [of defense counsel] under the provisions of the
United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions that mandate counsel be
subjected to harassment and/or derogatory remarks by a family member of a
victim. Such insulting remarks in this case affected the representation that
was due to Appellant [under the Constitution].” Appellant Brief, at 36.
Appellant fails to specify how the representation provided by counsel
was rendered ineffective. A general allegation of harm is insufficient in the
absence of a link to the specific constitutional violation being asserted.
Johnson v. Am. Std., 966 A.2d 573, 578 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citing
Commonwealth v. City of Philadelphia, 838 A.2d 542, 577 (Pa. 2003)).
While counsel was obviously upset about the remark in the letter, we cannot
presume, without specifics, that this negatively affected his ability to provide
competent legal representation so as to warrant another resentencing
hearing. Appellant’s arguments regarding the Constitutions are without merit,
because he failed to explain how the admission of the letter affected his Sixth
Amendment Rights.
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Appellant argues that such comments have no place at a sentencing
hearing and that the inclusion of such a remark should automatically justify a
new sentencing hearing. Appellant maintains that “personal attacks toward
the parties, the lawyers and the court should never be condoned or ignored.”
Appellant’s Brief at 32. The real crux of Appellant’s argument is actually not
with the entire letter, but with the one sentence disparaging defense counsel.2
To support his argument, Appellant relies on Commonwealth v.
Garcia, 712 A.2d 746 (Pa. 1977). In that case, the Commonwealth violated
42 Pa.C.S. § 5918, when it cross-examined a criminal defendant about his
prior criminal record. The defense counsel objected, but the objection was
overruled. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania remanded for a new trial,
finding that the statute clearly prohibited asking a defendant about his prior
crimes, except under limited circumstances, which did not apply. Id. at 749.
The court found that to deem the error harmless would render the statute a
nullity. Id.
Garcia is not analogous here for several reasons. First, the error
complained of in Garcia occurred during the guilt phase of the trial. As we
previously discussed, a criminal trial differs from the sentencing hearing.
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2 The trial judge could have redacted this comment from the letter, but
Appellant did not ask him to do so. In the context of a sentencing hearing,
before a judge as opposed to a jury, such an action would not have made a
difference, other than to formally recognize that such a comment was not
appropriate.
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Second, the error occurred before a jury, not a judge. Third, the statute at
issue in Garcia specifically prohibited such evidence. Here, 18 P.S. § 11.201,
regarding victim impact statements, does not specifically prohibit remarks
about defense counsel. Thus, we do not believe the inclusion of such a
comment automatically warrants a new sentencing hearing.
Appellant seeks a rule that the inclusion of any disparaging remarks
against counsel in a victim impact statement is per se a violation of law. While
we agree that attacks on counsel have no place in a sentencing hearing, and
that trial judges should play an active role in curtailing such comments, we do
not agree that these comments automatically render a sentencing hearing
improper, or that the admission of the letter played a role in this case.
The trial judge is the gatekeeper of information in the courtroom.
Lower Makefield Twp. v. Lands of Dalgewicz, 67 A.3d 772, 778 (Pa.
2013). As such, trial judges need to be mindful of and curtail any attacks on
defense counsel. 3 Although victim impact evidence affords generous leeway
for information regarding the victim and the emotional repercussions of the
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3 Our comments are not meant to criticize the trial judge in this case, but
offered solely to assist trial judges who may face similar attacks on defense
counsel in the future. We also note that, in this case, the letter was sent
directly to the judge and did not go through the district attorney’s office.
Defense counsel noted that the assistant district attorney would never have
submitted the letter to the court as it was written. Appellant Brief, at 26,
n.11. In addition to the trial judge, the district attorney also can play an
important role in curtailing attacks on defense counsel, by similarly instructing
victims not to vent their anger and frustration on the lawyer who is
representing the defendant.
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crime, statements involving attacks on defense counsel are not proper. The
judge can redact disparaging remarks from letters, and redirect victims who
make such statements during live testimony.
When the opportunity arises, the trial judge may want to educate the
public on the important role of defense counsel in a criminal case, and inform
them that the Sixth Amendment affords the right to counsel to all persons,
regardless of the type of crime or the evidence against them. The judge can
remind those in the courtroom that defense lawyers are doing their job to
uphold the Constitution and fulfill their oath as officers of the court.
A trial judge may even instruct the victims and family members, before
they begin to testify, about the purpose of a victim impact statement and
inform them that they may present evidence for the purpose of conveying how
the crime has impacted the victim, their family, and society, and that, while
they are free to speak about the defendant, any disparaging remarks about
the defense lawyer are out-of-bounds and will not be tolerated. A criminal
defendant’s right to a counsel is one of the bedrocks of our Constitution, and
the court plays an important role in protecting that right.
We recognize that court proceedings can be exhausting both physically
and emotionally on the victim and the family. However, these hardships are
not attributable to defense counsel.
We are also mindful of the difficult role of defense attorneys who must
defend their clients vigorously in adversary proceedings. These clients may
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be facing very serious penalties and are often despised by victims, their
families and the general public.
We note that failure to contain disparaging remarks about defense
counsel could implicate their safety.4 During oral argument, defense counsel
emphasized that victim impact statements could potentially inflame the
spectating public. While the defendant is frequently escorted safely out of the
courtroom under the protection of law enforcement, the defense attorney has
no such security, and must leave the courtroom, using the same hallways as
the victims and their families. If disparaging or threatening remarks about
counsel are permitted during emotionally charged sentencing hearings, it
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4
The safety of defense counsel cannot be understated or ignored. For
example, while this appeal was pending, a trial judge in Michigan was
sentencing a physician who sexually abused at least 160 female athletes,
including many Olympic gymnasts. Many of the victims in that case gave
highly emotional victim impact evidence that went viral. One of the victims
rebuked the defense attorney in her statement, implying the attorney was
only representing the defendant for notoriety and money. Following that
remark, that defense attorney and one of her colleagues in the case have
received numerous death threats to themselves and their children. Tresea
Baldas, Larry Nassar’s lawyer gets death threats in MSU sex abuse case: ‘It’s
been insane,’ Detroit Free Press (Jan. 31, 2017).
As a follow-up to this incident, a criminal defense attorney in Michigan
wrote an opinion column, signed by over 300 criminal defense attorneys, in
support of the physician’s lawyer. In this column, the lawyer observed, “The
role of defense attorneys is crucial to our system of justice. Our nation's
founders believed our job was of such importance that it was enshrined in our
Constitution. It is defense attorneys who hold the government and our courts
accountable. Without defense attorneys, there is no rule of law.” Mary
Chartier, Opinion: Larry Nassar’s attorney was criticized – but here’s why I
support her, Detroit Free Press (Feb. 1, 2018).
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could enrage those in attendance and put defense attorneys in harm’s way.
The court has an interest in keeping attorney’s safe in the course of performing
their duty as advocates. Thus, although we find the letter in this case was
admissible, we do not condone the negative comment about defense counsel,
and we encourage trial courts to play an active role in eliminating such
remarks.
Absent an abuse of discretion this Court will not disturb a trial court’s
admission of testimony under 18 P.S. §11.201(5). Commonwealth v. Ali,
112 A.3d 1210, 1213 (Pa. Super. 2015). We cannot conclude that the trial
court abused its discretion by admitting Mrs. Kruszka’s letter into evidence.
The majority of the letter fell well within the parameters of a proper victim
impact statement and served to put a human face on the harm the crime
caused. Therefore, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the letter.
We turn now to the second part of Appellant’s argument, that the trial
court improperly considered the letter in rendering the sentence in this case.
Appellant asserts that the victim impact statement caused the sentencing
court to: (1) contemplate imposing a consecutive sentence in violation of the
plea agreement, and (2) fail to consider reducing Appellant’s sentence due to
his HIV status. The Commonwealth conceded that Mrs. Kruszka’s attack on
defense counsel was “improper.” Commonwealth Brief at 24. However, it
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argues that the trial judge was not improperly influenced in his sentencing
decision by this information.
We are not persuaded that one line about defense counsel contained in
a single victim impact statement, improperly influenced the trial judge in this
case. We have recognized before that “inflammatory statements, while having
a prejudicial effect on lay people such as jurors, are unlikely to have a
significant effect on an experienced trial judge as here.” Commonwealth v.
McLaughlin, 574 A.2d 610, 615 (Pa. Super. 1990).
The trial judge explained his view of the letter as follows:
The third sentence of the letter does criticize defense counsel
unfairly and inappropriately. However, the majority of the letter
contains information commonly set forth in victim impact
statements and somewhat mirrors information set forth in the
presentence report. It should be noted that this Court appointed
defense counsel to this case and, therefore, this Court disregarded
the unfair criticism of defense counsel because it was not
appropriate and because it was contrary to his Court’s opinion of
defense counsel and his role in providing the legal representation
to which the defendant is entitled.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/29/17, at 4, n.2.
In formulating his decision at the resentencing hearing, the trial court
judge stated that he relied on “the circumstances of this case, the information
contained in the presentence report, including the victim impact statements,
information presented at the defendant’s sentencing and resentencing
hearings, and the defendant’s extensive criminal history.” Id. at 5.
When a sentencing court is fully informed by the presentence report,
“its discretion should not be disturbed.” Commonwealth v. Devers, 546
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A.2d 12, 18 (Pa. 1988). In instances where the judge had even the slightest
awareness of the sentencing guidelines, this court must presume that a
meaningful balancing process took place. Id.
In sum, we are confident that the sentencing court was not unduly
prejudiced by Mrs. Kruszka’s attack on defense counsel, but rather imposed a
lawful sentence free from an abuse of discretion. The trial court judge
provided adequate and sound reasoning for the sentence imposed.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/19/2018
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