Com. v. Lucas, W. ( 2018 )

J-S72027-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
WELDON LUCAS, :
:
Appellant : No. 3011 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence September 9, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0016035-2008
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., MUSMANNO, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JANUARY 26, 2018
Weldon Lucas (“Lucas”) appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed, upon resentencing, for his conviction of criminal conspiracy. See
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a)(1). We affirm.
The trial court concisely summarized the relevant history underlying
this appeal in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, which we incorporate herein by
reference. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/30/16, at 2-4 (hereinafter referred to
as the “Rule 1925(a) Opinion”).
Upon resentencing on September 9, 2016, pursuant to this Court’s
directive in Commonwealth v. Lucas, 46 A.3d 810 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(unpublished memorandum), the trial court imposed a mandatory minimum
sentence of ten to twenty years in prison on Lucas’s criminal conspiracy
conviction, under the “second-strike” statute, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(a)(1).
Lucas thereafter filed a timely Notice of Appeal, followed by a court-ordered
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement of errors complained of on appeal.
The trial court then issued its Rule 1925(a) Opinion.
Lucas now presents the following issues for our review:
1. Did the trial court [] err in instructing the jury that [Lucas]
could be found guilty of criminal conspiracy if the jury found
that the evidence established a criminal conspiracy to
commit aggravated assault, when [Lucas] was only charged
through a bill of information with criminal conspiracy to
commit murder, 18 Pa.C.S[.A.] § 903[(a)(]1[)], when he was
only arraigned prior to trial on the charge of criminal
conspiracy to commit murder, 18 Pa.C.S[.A.]
§ 903[(a)(]1[)], and when criminal conspiracy is a specific
intent crime? Was the recording of the verdict in relation to
the criminal conspiracy charge not similarly in error?
2. Did the trial court [] err by not instructing the jury that[,] in
order to find [Lucas] guilty of criminal conspiracy to commit
murder[,] the jury must find that [Lucas] possessed the
specific intent to kill?
Brief for Appellant at 2 (some capitalization omitted). 1 We will address
Lucas’s issues together, as both challenge the trial court’s jury instructions.
____________________________________________
1 We observe that, concerning Lucas’s second issue, he does not provide a
corresponding discussion of this issue under a separate heading in the
Argument section of his brief, nor any citation to authority. See Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a) (requiring the appellant to divide the argument section into
separate sections for each issue set forth in the statement of questions
presented, and develop an argument with citation to and analysis of relevant
legal authority). Nevertheless, we decline to find waiver on this basis, as (1)
we are able to discern the crux of Lucas’s argument; and (2) Lucas raised
this claim before the trial court, which addressed it in its Rule 1925(a)
Opinion. See Commonwealth v. Levy, 83 A.3d 457, 461 n.2 (Pa. Super.
2013) (declining to find waiver where omissions did not impede review);
Commonwealth v. Rodgers, 605 A.2d 1228, 1233 (Pa. Super. 1992)
(same).
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When reviewing a challenge to a jury instruction, we apply the
following standard of review:
We must review the jury charge as a whole to determine if it is
fair and complete. A trial court has wide discretion in phrasing
its jury instructions, and can choose its own words as long as the
law is clearly, adequately, and accurately presented to the jury
for its consideration. The trial court commits an abuse of
discretion only when there is an inaccurate statement of the law.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 954 A.2d 1194, 1198 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation
omitted).
Lucas argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law when it
instructed the jury that it could find Lucas guilty of criminal conspiracy if it
found that the evidence established a criminal conspiracy to commit
aggravated assault, where Lucas was never charged with that crime, and
thus had no opportunity to defend against it. Brief for Appellant at 9.
According to Lucas, “[t]he trial court’s jury instruction constituted an
improper amendment of the Bills of Information in the absence of a request
[by] the Commonwealth. In so doing, the trial court invaded the
prosecutorial function.” Id. Lucas further argues as follows:
The original [I]nformation charged [Lucas] with criminal
conspiracy to commit murder – a specific intent crime. The
amendment, however, charged [Lucas] with criminal conspiracy
[to commit] aggravated assault. It is clear that there is a
reduced element with the new offense. One must also conclude
that [Lucas] was substantially prejudiced by such amendment[,]
and his right to due process of law … was violated.
Id. at 10-11 (some capitalization omitted). Additionally, Lucas argues that
the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that, in order to convict
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Lucas of criminal conspiracy to commit murder, the jury must find that he
had the specific intent to kill. Id. at 6. Accordingly, Lucas asks that we
vacate his conspiracy conviction, and remand the matter for resentencing on
his remaining convictions. Id. at 11.
In its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court conceded that it had
committed legal error in (1) improperly instructing the jury that it could find
Lucas guilty of criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated assault, where he
was not charged or arraigned on that offense; and (2) failing to properly
instruct the jury on the requisite specific intent necessary for a conviction of
either conspiracy to commit murder or conspiracy to commit aggravated
assault. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/30/16, at 4-5. We incorporate herein
the trial court’s analysis. See id.2 In sum, the trial court urged this panel to
vacate Lucas’s conspiracy conviction, as it is invalid as a matter of law and
“lacks the integrity that justice requires.” Id. at 4.
However, we must determine whether Lucas preserved his challenge
to the trial court’s jury instructions. The record reveals that Lucas’s defense
counsel never objected to the trial court’s (1) initial jury instruction on
criminal conspiracy, see N.T., 5/21/10, at 3, 97-103, 118; (2) failure to give
an instruction concerning the specific intent necessary for a predicate
____________________________________________
2 We also refer the reader to the trial court’s more thorough analysis
concerning this matter advanced in a prior Opinion. See Trial Court Opinion,
4/29/11, at 8-15, 27-41 (hereinafter referred to as the “2011 Trial Court
Opinion”).
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offense of either first-degree murder or aggravated assault, see id.; or (3)
instruction given in response to the jury question as to the predicate offense
for the conspiracy charge, see N.T., 5/24/10, at 9-10.3 Indeed, on this
latter point, the trial transcript reveals that Lucas’s counsel specifically
agreed to the trial court’s instruction. See N.T., 5/24/10, at 9-10.
Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised
for the first time on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). It is well-settled that a
“specific and timely objection must be made to preserve [a] challenge to [a]
particular jury instruction[, and] failure to do so results in waiver[.]”
Commonwealth v. Forbes, 867 A.2d 1268, 1274 (Pa. Super. 2005)
(citation omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Shamsud—Din, 995 A.2d
1224, 1226 (Pa. Super. 2010) (reiterating that failure to object to a jury
instruction constitutes waiver of a challenge to an error in the instruction).
Further, Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 647 provides, in relevant
part, that “[n]o portions of the charge nor omissions from the charge may
be assigned as error, unless specific objections are made thereto before the
jury retires to deliberate.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(C)); see also Commonwealth
v. Pressley, 887 A.2d 220, 225 (Pa. 2005) (stating that Rule 647 requires a
specific objection to a jury charge or exception to the trial court’s ruling on a
proposed point to preserve a challenge to a jury instruction on appeal).
____________________________________________
3 The trial court, in its 2011 Trial Court Opinion, acknowledged these failures
to object. See Trial Court Opinion, 4/29/11, at 8-9, 15.
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Though we are sympathetic to Lucas’s plight, based on his counsel’s
failure to object to the jury instructions, we are constrained to rule that
Lucas has waived his claims in the instant appeal.4 See Forbes, 867 A.2d
at 1274 (finding that the appellant waived his challenge to the court’s jury
instruction on the elements of burglary where he did not object to that
charge); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(C).
Accordingly, we affirm Lucas’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/26/18
____________________________________________
4 In so holding, however, we emphasize Lucas’s right to seek collateral
review, under the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), see 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§§ 9541-9546, alleging that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to the jury instructions. Should Lucas file a timely PCRA petition, the
PCRA court will, naturally, have the discretion to afford any relief permissible
under the PCRA, including a new trial, consistent with the court’s reasoning
in its Rule 1925(a) Opinion and 2011 Trial Court Opinion.
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Circulated 01/18/2018 12:59 PM
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTY
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH OF CP-51-CR-0016035-2008
PENNSYLVANIA
PID: 0743516
V
CP-51-CR-0016035-2008 Comm. v. Lucas,
Opinion
Weldon FILED
DEC 30'2016
WELDON LUCAS
Criminai Appaali.J unit
111111E1111,1111111l First jurlieial District of PA
OPINION
RAU, J.
I. Introduction
In compliance with the Superior Court's reversal and remand instructions, this Court
resentenced Appellant Weldon Lucas to a mandatory 10-20 year sentence under
Pennsylvania's Second Strike Statute on September 9, 2016. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714; See
Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. 368 EDA 2011, 2012 WL 1890994, at *9 (Pa. Super. Ct.
Feb. 8, 2012). On September 20, 2016, Appellant Weldon Lucas' new counsel appealed
this Court's September 9, 2016 sentence alleging that this Court erroneously instructed the
jury that they could find Mr. Lucas guilty of criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated
assault when he was not charged or arraigned on that charge, and that the Court failed to
instruct the jury on the requisite specific intent necessary for a criminal conspiracy
conviction. This Court did err in both of these ways. The Court's April 29, 2011 Opinion
described these legal errors. (See Attachment A, April 29, 2011 Opinion). When the
Superior Court reversed this Court, finding that the Commonwealth did meet its burden to
impose a Second Strike sentence, the Superior Court did not address these issues finding
1
that this Court raised the issues sua sponte. Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. 368 EDA 2011,
2012 WL 1890994, at 6 n.12 (Pa. Super. Ct. Feb. 8, 2012). Accordingly, this Court
complied with the Superior Court's directive to impose the mandatory minimum of 10-20
years on the criminal conspiracy charge.
II. Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant Lucas was the lone defendant charged in a shooting that caused injuries
to Mr. Alvin Morris. After a trial, the jury found Appellant Lucas was not guilty of attempted
murder, not guilty of aggravated assault, and not guilty of possessing an instrument of
crime with the intent to use it criminally to commit either murder or aggravated assault.'
The jury found Mr. Lucas guilty of criminal conspiracy, recklessly endangering another
person, and possession of a firearm. Even though the jury found Mr. Lucas guilty of
criminal conspiracy, the Verdict Form did not specify what predicate offense the jury
believed Mr. Lucas conspired to commit, murder or aggravated assault. (See Attachment
A, April 29, 2011 Opinion, Verdict Form).
At sentencing, the Commonwealth sought to impose a mandatory 10-20 year
sentence on the criminal conspiracy charge under Pennsylvania's Second Strike Statute.
Transcript of Sentencing at 19:6-16, Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. CP-51-CR-0016035-
2008 (Phila. Cnty. Ct. C.P. Jan. 3, 2011). After hearing argument, this Court found that the
Commonwealth had not met its burden of proving that the Second Strike Statute applied
because of an ambiguous verdict on the criminal conspiracy charge. On January 3, 2011,
1The Court subsequently found Mr. Lucas guilty of violating the Uniform Firearms Act Section §6105 (relating
to possession of a firearm by prohibited person) pursuant to the pretrial agreement between the parties that
the Court would render a verdict consistent with the jury's finding on possession of the gun. (Trial Tr. 17:3-
17:12, May 27, 2010.) Offenses under § 6105 of the Uniform Firearms Act are possessory crimes that do not
trigger the mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of Pennsylvania's Second Strike statute, 42 Pa.C.S §
9714 (a)(1), because these offenses are not defined as a "crime of violence" in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714 (g). This
conviction is not relevant to the issue presented on appeal.
2
this Court sentenced Mr. Lucas to 111/2 to 23 months on the criminal conspiracy charge
followed by 5 years of probation,
The Commonwealth appealed this Court's decision on the applicability of the
Second Strike Statute. This Court wrote an Opinion stating that the Commonwealth failed
to meet its burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, what predicate offense
was the basis of Appellee Lucas' criminal conspiracy conviction, or that conspiracy to
commit either offense would constitute a legally valid conviction subject to the Second
Strike statute. Having found that the Commonwealth did not meet its burden, this Court did
not subject Appellee to the Second Strike statute. The Court's Opinion also stated that the
convictions for both conspiracy to commit murder and conspiracy to commit aggravated
assault were invalid as a matter of law due to incomplete jury instructions on the requisite
specific intent for either predicate offense.
The Superior Court disagreed with this Court's analysis and reversed, stating:
"Because a conviction for conspiracy to commit murder and conspiracy to
commit aggravated assault both qualify as `crimes of violence' under 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9714, the trial court was obligated to impose upon Lucas a
mandatory minimum sentence of at least ten years' total confinement. The
court did not do so and, thus, we vacate Lucas' sentence and remand for
resentencing in accordance with the dictates of this memorandum."
Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. 368 EDA 2011, 2012 WL 1890994, at *9 (Pa. Super. Ct.
Feb. 8, 2012). In its Opinion, the Superior Court stated that it did not address whether the
incomplete jury instructions constituted legal error because this Court, not counsel for
either party, raised the issues. Id. at 6 n.12.
The Superior Court remanded the case with instructions to sentence Mr. Lucas to a
mandatory 10-20 year sentence under the Second Strike Statute. This Court immediately
scheduled Mr. Lucas' resentencing on November 13, 2012 in order to carry out the
3
Superior Court's directive. However, the Court was unable to sentence Mr. Lucas on that
date because he fled the jurisdiction.
On September 9, 2016, after Mr. Lucas was arrested in Maryland on new charges
and returned to Philadelphia for sentencing and this Court resentenced him.
111. This Court Sentenced. Appellant Lucas According to the Superior Court's
Remand Instructions
This Court carried out the Superior Court's directive and sentenced Appellant Lucas
to a mandatory 10-20 years on the criminal conspiracy conviction. Though this Court
sentenced Appellant Lucas as instructed by the Superior Court, this Court was ultimately
responsible for failing to fully instruct the jury on criminal conspiracy, including the specific
intent requirement for the predicate offense, in a case where proper instructions may have
changed the outcome of the case. The jury of citizens unschooled in the law rendered a
verdict on criminal conspiracy based on incomplete instructions on what the law mandates
on the element of intent. Thus, the verdict in this case lacks the integrity that justice
requires. The weight of responsibility for committing this error sits heavy with this Court.
However, at this stage only the Superior Court can undo this Court's error. True to this
Court's fidelity to the Superior Court and its legal obligations, this Court carried out the
Superior Court's directive, sentencing Mr. Lucas to the mandatory 10-20 years.
IV. This Court Already Addressed the Issues Raised by Weldon Lucas on Appeal
Now, on appeal, Appellant Weldon Lucas challenges this Court's jury instructions
and the recording of the verdict as they relate to the criminal conspiracy conviction. This
Court's earlier opinion on the law on these issues that were not addressed by the Superior
Court remains the same. This Court erred when instructing the jury that Mr. Lucas could be
found guilty of conspiracy to commit aggravated assault when he was never charged or
4
arraigned on that crime,2 the Court failed to properly instruct the jury on the specific intent
required to find the Defendant guilty of either conspiracy to commit murder or conspiracy to
commit aggravated assault,3 and the Court erred in recording the verdict when the jury did
not specify the underlying crime that Mr. Lucas conspired to commit.4
2 "The facts of this case demonstrate that there was lack of clarity about the charges underlying the
conspiracy charge from the outset. First, Mr. Lucas was only charged with conspiracy to commit murder.
Next, he was only arraigned on, and pled not guilty to, that conspiracy charge. (Trial Tr. 4:12-5:22, May 18,
2010.) Prior to deliberations, the jury was initially instructed orally and in writing that the charge was for
conspiracy to commit murder. (Trial Tr. 99:17-103:15, May 21, 2010, Hearing Volume 1; Ex. C, Written Jury
Materials.) The jury showed that it was confused as to the underlying charges and asked what the underlying
charge for conspiracy was. They were then instructed that Mr. Lucas was being charged with "conspiracy to
commit murder and/or aggravated assault." (Trial Tr. 12:6-12:19, May 24, 2010.) They were never instructed
that they must specify which underlying charge they believed he conspired to commit." Commonwealth v.
Lucas, No. 368 EDA 2011, CP-51-CR-0016035-2008, at *24 (Phila. Cnty. Ct. C.P. April 29, 2011).
3 -
"In this case, the Court did not give a full first degree murder instruction only an instruction on attempted
murder. This was not enough to sufficiently apprise the jury of the need to find Mr. Lucas possessed the
specific intent to kill ['a willful, deliberate and premeditated killing' under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(d)] at the time
of the events at issue. Furthermore, it is undisputed that the jury in this case was never instructed on the
need to find Mr. Lucas possessed the specific intent to commit murder either orally or in writing. When the
jury in this case asked a question about the predicate offense of the conspiracy charge, the specific intent
requirement was never clarified. Even when viewed as a whole, the jury instructions issued at trial were
inadequate to secure a valid conviction for criminal conspiracy to commit murder and, thus, cannot properly
serve as the basis for applying the Second Strike statute in this case." Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. 368
EDA 2011, CP-51-CR-0016035-2008, at *33 (Phila. Cnty. Ct. C.P. April 29, 2011).
..[C]onspiracy is a specific intent crime requiring that the defendant intend to commit the named underlying
crime, not just a generalized intent to commit crime. See Corn. v. Weimer, 602 Pa. 33, 48 (2009). Again, the
Court's general conspiracy charge did not instruct the jury as to the intent required to commit conspiracy to
commit aggravated assault....Additionally, since the initial jury instructions focused on a murder conspiracy
and the aggravated assault conspiracy charge was only added after the jury began their deliberations, the
absence of a clear instruction on intent was compounded. (Trial Tr. 9:5-12:19, May 24, 2010.) Without being
told of the essential intent element for aggravated assault in the conspiracy charge, we cannot know whether
the jury just believed Mr. Lucas conspired to act in some general criminal way or whether he conspired with
[co -Defendant] with the specific goal and intention to cause serious bodily injury to [the victim]. Such a vague
conviction would be insufficient under the law." Commonwealth v. Lucas, No. 368 EDA 2011, CP-51-CR-
0016035-2008, at *35 (Phila. Cnty. Ct. C.P. April 29, 2011).
4 The jury's conviction for criminal conspiracy was ambiguous: the jury was not instructed to specify, nor did
the Verdict Form require the jury to agree to, or indicate what predicate offense was the basis of the criminal
conspiracy conviction... In addition, the jury was not clearly informed of the intent element for the respective
predicate crimes, during the criminal conspiracy instruction. Commonwealth v. Lucas, No, 368 EDA 2011,
CP-51-CR-0016035-2008, at *6 (Phila. Cnty. Ct. C.P. April 29, 2011).
5
V. Conclusion
This Court carried out the Superior Court's remand instructions and sentenced Mr.
Lucas to the mandatory 10-20 years. This Court's earlier Opinion already addressed trial
errors relating to the criminal conspiracy conviction including faulty jury instructions that
Appellant raises on appeal. (See Attachment A, April 29, 2011 Opinion). There is nothing
further to add to this earlier Opinion.
BY THE COURT:
Lisa M Rau, J.
DATED: December 30, 2016
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