Com. v. Goldsborough, C. ( 2023 )

J-S41043-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHAD GOLDSBOROUGH :
:
Appellant : No. 768 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 20, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-06-CR-0001286-2021
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: FEBRUARY 3, 2023
Appellant, Chad Goldsborough, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County after a jury found him
guilty of robbery and the trial court found him guilty of summary harassment.
Herein, Appellant raises claims challenging the sufficiency and weight of the
evidence, and he argues that the trial court erred in failing to provide notice
and the opportunity to be heard when it entered an order amending his
original sentencing order to correct a mistaken Recidivism Risk Reduction
Incentive (“RRRI”) program1 eligibility designation. After careful review, we
affirm.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 61 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4501-4512.
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The trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion sets forth the pertinent facts
and procedural history, as follows:
Chad Goldsborough (“Appellant”) was charged [by Information
filed on May 6, 2021] with Robbery, Theft by Unlawful Taking or
Disposition, and a summary charge of Harassment. The charges
stemmed from a February 26, 2021, incident alleged to have
occurred at 931 North 8th Street, in Reading, Berks County.
The case went to trial on March 9, 2022, at which the
Commonwealth first called Officer Eric Koller of the Reading Police
Department, who testified that on February 29, 2020, he was on
patrol when he was dispatched to 931 North 8th Street . . . where
a notary shop was located (“the Notary Shop”) to assist another
officer—Officer Sanchez—with downloading video from a
surveillance system. Id. at 55-56. Officer Koller stated that he
had to verify the correct date and time stamp on the video
because it was incorrect on the system, but that he was able to
determine the correct time and date of the video surveillance
footage and reviewed and collected the footage for evidence. Id.
at 56-57. On cross-examination, Officer Koller acknowledged that
the video footage that was collected did not include any audio from
the surveillance camera. Id. at 58.
Officer Sandy Enrique Sanchez, also of the Reading Police
Department, testified that on the same day, he was dispatched to
the Notary Shop where he spoke with Bayron Soto-Lucha, (“[Soto-
Lucha]”). Id. at 59. Officer Sanchez was present when Officer
Koller downloaded the video footage from the surveillance system
and reviewed the footage from the five cameras stationed inside
and outside of the Notary Shop from the date of the incident,
which occurred on February 26, 2021. Id. at 61-62.
[Soto-Lucha] next testified that in February of 2021, he was living
in Reading . . . with his wife and two children. Id. at 64. On the
morning of February 26, 2021, [Soto-Lucha], who worked in
construction, went to a job installing a door, where he received
$675.00 in currency. Id. at 65. At the time, [Soto-Lucha] owned
a 1992 Toyota Celica (“the Vehicle”) . . . that [he kept at a garage
and advertised for sale for $1,200.00] through Facebook. . . . Id.
at 66.
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At approximately 11:30 a.m. on February 26, [[Soto-Lucha]]
received a phone call from a prospective buyer, who told [Soto-
Lucha] that he wanted to see the Vehicle but that he did not have
a ride to get there. Id. at 67. [Soto-Lucha] said that he was
already out in his truck, and he offered to pick up the prospective
buyer. Id. [Soto-Lucha] then drove to a house on Orange Street,
which was the address he was provided, and picked up the
prospective buyer, later identified as Appellant, and his wife. Id.
They then drove to the garage where Appellant test-drive [sic] the
Vehicle, and [they] came to an agreement for Appellant to
purchase the Vehicle for $900.00. Id. [Soto-Lucha] note[d] that
Appellant took his cell phone out and said that he was going to
purchase insurance for the Vehicle. Id. at 68. [Soto-Lucha]
further mentioned that Appellant did not show him any cash. Id.
[Soto-Lucha], Appellant, and Appellant’s wife then traveled to the
Notary Shop on 8th Street for the title transfer, during which
[Soto-Lucha] told Appellant that he would need to have the money
in exchange for the title transfer at the Notary Shop. Id. Upon
arriving at the Notary Shop, Appellant showed the notary his cell
phone, which he alleged displayed insurance information;
however, the notary would not accept the insurance. Id. at 69-
70. [Soto-Lucha] likewise reaffirmed to Appellant that he would
not transfer the title until he had the money for the Vehicle. Id.
at 70.
[Soto-Lucha] described Appellant as becoming “very annoyed and
. . . moving around from here to there and saying that he
[Appellant] didn’t understand and that [Soto-Lucha] had to do it.”
Id. Appellant then began to argue with [Soto-Lucha], but [Soto
Lucha] became embarrassed and left, walking to a nearby
garage/gas station. Id. [Soto-Lucha] testified that he was afraid
that Appellant “might want to assault [him].” Id.
[Soto-Lucha] returned to the Notary Shop, because the title was
still inside, where Appellant continued to argue with him. Id. at
71, 73. As they left the Notary Shop and went outside, Appellant
continued to argue. Id. at 71. Appellant, described as still being
“very upset”, then told [Soto-Lucha] that if he would not transfer
the title, then [Soto-Lucha] would have to pay Appellant “for the
day’s work that he had lost for him and his wife and for the
insurance as well.” Id.
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[Soto-Lucha] stated that he wanted to leave, but that he could
not do so because Appellant’s belongings were still in [Soto-
Lucha’s] truck. Id. at 72. Appellant told [Soto-Lucha], “I know
where you live, you have to give me this money or you’re going
to see what’s going to happen.” Id. [Soto-Lucha] testified that
Appellant then took out his cell phone, showed [Soto-Lucha] a
photograph of [Soto-Lucha’s] uncle on Facebook, stating that
“he’s going to pay, too,” and continued saying “I’m going to kill
you, kill you.” Id. at 72, 90. [Soto-Lucha] stated that he was
afraid that Appellant was going to kill him, and possibly his wife
and kids. Id. at 75.
Appellant made a phone call and a black car pulled up to the
parking lot and another man step[ped] out of the car, walked over
to [Soto-Lucha], and told [Soto-Lucha] that he had to give
Appellant the money. Id. [Soto-Lucha] described this third
person as a taller white male with a teardrop tattoo near his eye.
Id. at 77. Both Appellant and this third person moved ever closer
to [Soto-Lucha]. Id. at 73-74. Fearing that harm might come to
him or his family, [Soto-Lucha] pulled out his wallet and gave the
money inside to Appellant, which, according to [Soto-Lucha], was
approximately $700.00. Id. at 72-75.
Appellant continued to follow [Soto-Lucha] back to his truck and
demanded more money. Id. at 76. [Soto-Lucha] then drove off
in his truck and Appellant got into the third person’s car and
followed [Soto-Lucha] for about three blocks. Id. at 76-77.
[Soto-Lucha] was scared and did not initially report the incident
to law enforcement, but a friend convinced him to do so two days
later. Id. at 78.
During [Soto-Lucha’s] testimony, the Commonwealth played the
video recording extracted by Officer Koller from the surveillance
cameras at the Notary Shop. Id. at 79-84; Comm.’s Ex. 2. [Soto-
Lucha] provide some narration of the events depicted in the video
through questions from the assistant district attorney. Id.
On cross-examination, [Soto-Lucha], who was using the services
of an interpreter at trial, acknowledged that he was a native
Spanish-speaker and that he only spoke limited English. Id. at
85. [Soto-Lucha] clarified that he was paid $675 for the door job
earlier in the day, but that he had some money already in his
wallet. Id. [Soto-Lucha] further admitted that he did not provide
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a receipt, or have a copy of such, for the work that he performed.
Id. at 86.
[Soto-Lucha] indicated that he and Appellant had agreed that
Appellant would pay [Soto-Lucha] the money for the vehicle prior
to the title transfer. Id. at 88-89. However, they would record
the transaction as a free transfer, so that [Soto-Lucha] would not
have to pay taxes on the transaction. Id.
When asked about the vehicle and its title, [Soto-Lucha] admitted
that his name was not on the title but testified that he had been
given the vehicle in exchange for some work that he had
performed. Id. at 86-87. Moreover, the transfer between the
previous owner and [Soto-Lucha] was a recorded transaction
through a notary. Id. at 92. [Soto-Lucha] further stated that he
had disclosed this fact to Appellant. Id. at 87.
The Commonwealth recalled Officer Sanchez who reviewed some
still screenshots from the surveillance video. Id. at 94. Officer
Sanchez testified that law enforcement had attempted to identify
the third person who arrived in the black car, but that they could
not because the license plate was too blurry to identify the
number. Id. at 95.
On cross-examination, and upon reviewing his report, Officer
Sanchez noted that [Soto-Lucha] told him that Appellant
threatened to kill him, but that he did not include that detail in his
report. Id. at 97-98. The Commonwealth then entered video
footage from officer Sanchez’s body-worn camera of the interview
he conducted with [Soto-Lucha]. Id. at 99-100; Comm.’s Ex. 6.
During a review of the body-worn camera footage, Officer Sanchez
explained that [Soto-Lucha] used language in Spanish that Officer
Sanchez interpreted as meaning that Appellant threatened [Soto-
Lucha]’s life. Id. at 100. On recross-examination, Officer
Sanchez admitted that [Soto-Lucha] had stated, in English, that
Appellant threatened to “kick” [[Soto-Lucha]’s] ass.” Id. at 100-
01. Officer Sanchez further conceded that [Soto-Lucha] initially
provided him a value of money in his wallet to be between
$600.00 and $1,000.00, but that [Soto-Lucha] later gave the
$700.00 figure after giving it some thought. Id. at 101.
Christa Johnson, Appellant’s fiancé, testified that on February 26,
2021, Appellant contacted a person selling the vehicle through
Facebook, and then he and [Soto-Lucha] exchanged text
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messages and spoke on the phone once or twice before [Soto-
Lucha] arrived to pick Appellant and Ms. Johnson up to see the
vehicle. Id. at 106-07. They first traveled to an alleyway in a
garage where Appellant looked at the vehicle and decided that he
wanted to purchase it. Id. at 108. They then traveled to a Wawa,
where Appellant got the money for the Vehicle, and Ms. Johnson
ordered insurance for the vehicle on her cell phone. Id. Ms.
Johnson described purchasing the insurance through the
Progressive Insurance website, which the cost came to about
$80.00, and then receiving a confirmation via email. Id. at 108-
09, 114. She stated that she believed Appellant later received
documentation in the regular mail for the insurance. Id. at 109.
Defense Counsel, Sean Fitzgerald, Esq., then entered an insurance
document into evidence, which Ms. Johnson identified as the
declarations page from Progressive Insurance indicating that
Appellant had to remove the vehicle from the insurance because
Appellant did not purchase the vehicle. Id. at 109-10; Def.’s Ex.
1. Ms. Johnson testified that because Appellant did not purchase
the vehicle, he had to switch the insurance to another vehicle that
was purchased from Ms. Johnson’s mother. Id. at 110.
Ms. Johnson then described arriving at the Notary Shop, and while
they were still in [Soto-Lucha]’s truck, [Soto-Lucha] was asking
for the money for the vehicle. Id. at 111. When they entered the
Notary Shop, Ms. Johnson showed the employee her phone, which
had the insurance information displayed. Id. at 113. Ms. Johnson
stated that the Notary Shop employee did not speak English, so
[Soto-Lucha] told Appellant that he could not do the title transfer
until after Appellant paid [Soto-Lucha]. Id. at 113. As Appellant
and [Soto-Lucha] continued to debate, Ms. Johnson told Appellant
that she did not think that they should go through with the
transaction because she felt “like we’re going to get ripped off,”
and that “[i]t all just seems sketchy.” Id. at 114.
When Appellant, Ms. Johnson, and [Soto-Lucha] left the Notary
Shop, they continued to talk in the parking lot. Id. at 115. Ms.
Johnson testified that she did not hear Appellant make any threats
to [Soto-Lucha], but that she left during the conversation to give
them space. Id. at 116. At some point, Appellant called his friend
for another ride, and a black vehicle arrived. Id. According to
Ms. Johnson, when the friend arrived, he did not make any threats
or act in an intimidating manner. Id. at 117.
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On cross-examination, Ms. Johnson identified Appellant’s friend as
Jay Antonini, who came in the black vehicle to pick the couple up
after the failed transaction. Id. at 118. Ms. Johnson stated that
[Soto-Lucha] had agreed to reimburse Appellant for the insurance
costs and that was what he was handing over to Appellant in the
video footage. Id. at 118-119.
At the conclusion of the trial on March 10, 2022, the jury found
Appellant guilty of Robbery and not guilty of Theft by Unlawful
Taking or Disposition. [The trial] court likewise found Appellant
guilty of the summary charge of harassment. The same day, [the
trial] court sentenced Appellant on the robbery conviction to a
term of five to ten years of incarceration in a state correctional
facility, with a $300.00 fine for the harassment conviction. At the
time, we found that Appellant was eligible for the Recidivism Risk
Reduction Incentive (RRRI) program.
On March 11, 2022, the Commonwealth filed a post-sentence
motion seeking to modify the sentencing order [] to make
Appellant not RRRI eligible because of the robbery conviction. On
March 21, 2022, Appellant, through Defense Counsel, filed post-
sentence motions challenging both the sufficiency and weight of
the evidence. By order dated March 23, 2022, [the trial court]
directed that the parties file briefs in support of their respective
positions as to Appellant’s RRRI eligibility. Both Defense Counsel
and the Commonwealth agreed in their filed briefs that Appellant
was not RRRI eligible. No hearing was thereafter held. On April
19, 2022, [the trial court] entered two separate orders—one
granting the Commonwealth’s motion and the other denying
Appellant’s motion. [The trial court, therefore,] entered an
amended sentencing order indicating that Appellant was not RRRI
eligible by statute.
On May 17, 2022, Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal with the
Superior Court. [The trial] court, on May 19, 2022, entered an
order directing Appellant to file a Concise Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal on June 1, 2022, in which he sought
review on the following issues:
1. The Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
evidence to establish a conviction for Robbery
when no threat was made.
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2. The Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
evidence to establish a conviction for Robbery
when no theft was attempted or committed.
3. [Appellant]’s conviction for Robbery was against
the weight of the evidence when no credible
testimony was presented that [Appellant]
threatened the Victim with or intentionally put the
Victim in fear of immediate serious bodily injury.
4. [Appellant]’s conviction for Robbery was against
the weight of the evidence when no credible
testimony was presented that there was an
attempt to take any money or that any money was
taken in the course of committing a theft.
5. The trial court erred when it entered an amended
sentencing order making [Appellant] RRRI
ineligible without [Appellant] being present to the
hearing.
Appellant’s Concise [Statement of Matters Complained of on
Appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)].
Trial Court Opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), filed July 18, 2022, at 1-7.
In Appellant’s brief, which largely tracks his Rule 1925(b) statement, he
begins by challenging the sufficiency of the evidence offered to prove he
committed the crime of robbery as defined under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701, infra.
We set forth our standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, as follows:
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Commonwealth v. Moreno, 14 A.3d
133 (Pa. Super. 2011). Additionally, we may not reweigh the
evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
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finder. Commonwealth v. Hartzell, 988 A.2d 141 (Pa. Super.
2009). The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. Moreno, supra at 136.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011).
In Appellant’s first sufficiency issue, he argues that he neither
threatened Soto-Lucha with, nor placed him in fear of, immediate serious
bodily injury, while in his second issue, he maintains that the Commonwealth
failed to prove he directed such alleged threats and actions as part of a course
of committing a theft. After careful review, we find no merit to his arguments.
Appellant challenges his conviction for robbery under 18 Pa.C.S. §
3701(a)(1)(ii).
To sustain a conviction for first-degree robbery under [s]ection
3701(a)(1)(ii), the Commonwealth must establish that “in the
course of committing a theft,” the defendant “threatens another
with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate serious bodily
injury.” 18 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 3701(a)(1)(ii). “An act shall be deemed
‘in the course of committing a theft’ if it occurs in an attempt to
commit theft or in flight after the attempt or commission.” 18
Pa.C.S.[ ] § 3701(a)(2).
A conviction under [s]ection 3701(a)(1)(ii) is contingent upon the
type of bodily harm threatened. See Commonwealth v. Ross,
570 A.2d 86, 87 ([Pa. Super.] 1990) (evidence sufficient to show
appellant, by the use of an upraised knife, threatened the victim
with serious bodily injury), appeal denied, 593 A.2d 417 ([Pa.]
1990). The Commonwealth need not prove a verbal utterance or
threat to sustain a conviction under [s]ection 3701(a)(1)(ii).
Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 747 A.2d 910, 914 (Pa. Super.
2000) (citations and quotation marks omitted). It is sufficient if
the evidence demonstrates aggressive actions that threatened the
victim's safety. Id. For the purposes of [s]ection 3701(a)(1)(ii),
the proper focus is on the nature of the threat posed by an
assailant and whether he reasonably placed a victim in fear of
“immediate serious bodily injury.” Id. (citations omitted). Thus,
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a reviewing court will consider the defendant's intent and actions
and not necessarily the subjective state of mind of the
victim. Commonwealth v. Rodriquez, 673 A.2d 962, 966 ([Pa.
Super.] 1996); see Commonwealth v. Nelson, 582 A.2d 1115,
1118 ([Pa. Super.] 1990) (“The fact that the threat may not have
produced the intended fear is irrelevant.”), appeal denied, 593
A.2d 840 ([Pa.] 1991); see also Commonwealth v. Mays, 375
A.2d 116, 117-18 ([Pa. Super.] 1977) (noting that it is irrelevant
that the victim may not have taken the threat seriously).
Commonwealth v. Ouch, 199 A.3d 918, 923–24 (Pa. Super. 2018).
As discussed above, the Commonwealth introduced evidence that
Appellant reacted to both the notary’s rejection of his insurance proffer and
Soto-Lucha’s consequential refusal to transfer title by threatening Soto-Lucha
with immediate bodily harm if Soto-Lucha did not compensate him for his and
his wife’s alleged lost wages and auto insurance costs. According to Soto-
Lucha, a “very upset” Appellant said he knew Soto-Lucha’s address, displayed
a cell phone photograph to show he also knew where Soto-Lucha’s uncle lived,
and promised that both Soto-Lucha and his uncle “would see what’s going to
happen” unless he received payment as demanded. N.T. at 71-72. Soto-
Lucha asked why Appellant could not do what was necessary to complete the
transfer of title, but Appellant, while placing a call on his cell phone, insisted
he would kill Soto-Lucha if the cash payment was not made. N.T. at 72, 90.
Just moments after Appellant completed the cell phone call, an apparent
associate of his, described by Soto-Lucha as a tall, white man with a teardrop
tattoo near his eye, arrived by car. N.T. at 72-74, 77. This other man joined
Appellant, and the two walked right up to Soto-Lucha and positioned
themselves “very close” to him, where the other man warned, “you have to
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do what he’s [Appellant’s] telling you, you have to give [Appellant] the
money.” N.T. at 72. At this point, Soto-Lucha testified, “I felt like they were
going to kill me.” N.T. at 75. Fearing imminent serious harm, Soto-Lucha
paid Appellant approximately $700 cash, and shortly thereafter handed over
the remainder of what he possessed in his wallet after Appellant demanded
he do so. N.T. at 72-74, 76. Soto-Lucha testified, “People like that, you know,
bad people, you feel like you almost have to pay.” N.T. at 76.
Officer Sandy Enrique Sanchez of the Reading Police Department
testified that he interviewed Soto-Lucha and took down his statement two
days later outside of the Notary Shop. N.T. at 97. The officer indicated Soto-
Lucha was nervous and “jumping around” when recounting the incident
between himself and Appellant, and the officer described making “many
attempts to try to calm [Soto-Lucha] down[]” during the interview. Id.On cross-examination, Officer Sanchez testified that Soto-Lucha
reported Appellant had threated to kill him during their February 26 th
encounter, even though the officer acknowledged he failed to include this
accusation in his written report. N.T. at 98. On redirect, the Commonwealth
played a 25-minute-long video of the interview recorded on Officer Sanchez’s
body-worn camera, after which Officer Sanchez underscored that Soto-Lucha
had used the Spanish word, “dano”, during the interview to refer to how
Appellant allegedly had threatened him. N.T. at 99-100. According to the
officer, “dano” is a vague term meaning “I want to do harm to a person, he
wants to do harm to me.” The officer testified that he understood the term
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as Soto-Lucha used it to mean Appellant had threatened his life. N.T. 100.
On cross-examination, Officer Sanchez acknowledged that Soto-Lucha also
said that Appellant threatened to “kick my [Soto-Lucha’s] ass.” N.T. 100-101.
The instant facts as presented by the Commonwealth and accepted by
the finder of fact were sufficient to prove that Appellant threatened, or
intended to put Soto-Lucha in reasonable fear of, immediate serious bodily
injury as required to prove robbery under section 3701(a)(1)(ii). Soto-Lucha
testified that Appellant angrily demanded money and said to him, “I’m gonna
kill you”, as he was dialing someone on his cell phone. Just a moment after
the call, an associate of Appellant’s arrived and joined Appellant in a unified
show of force, as the two walked right up to Soto-Lucha and told him that he
needed to pay Appellant immediately. Soto-Lucha believed at that moment
that he was in danger of serious bodily harm or worse unless he met
Appellant’s demands. Officer Sanchez testified that he understood Soto-Lucha
to mean as much during their interview two days later when Soto-Lucha used
the Spanish language term “dano” to describe what Appellant had said to him.
Any show of force directed to a person while committing a theft, whether
actual or constructive, brings that act within the scope of the Crimes Code's
robbery provision. Commonwealth v. Duffey, 548 A.2d 1178, 1182 (Pa.
1988). Threats to kill a victim support a fact-finder’s conclusion that a
defendant intentionally placed a victim in fear of immediate serious bodily
injury. Commonwealth v. Matthew, 909 A.2d 1254, 1259 (Pa. 2006).
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The evidence introduced at Appellant’s criminal trial demonstrated that
he employed both intimidating actions and threats to seriously harm or kill
Soto-Lucha. When viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
as verdict winner, such evidence was sufficient to prove the necessary element
of Section 3701(a)(1)(ii) that the defendant had placed the victim in
reasonable fear of immediate serious bodily injury to accomplish the
underlying theft. See also Commonwealth v. Mullen, No. 640 MDA 2022,
2022 WL 17588521, at *5 (Pa. Super. Ct. Dec. 13, 2022) (holding evidence
of defendant’s threats to kill victim sufficed to establish element that theft was
enabled by placing victim in fear of immediate bodily injury).2
Appellant’s closely related, second sufficiency claim challenges the
Commonwealth’s evidence offered to prove that he committed the underlying
theft against Soto-Lucha. To support his argument that he neither committed
nor attempted a theft of Soto-Lucha, Appellant points to the trial testimony of
his girlfriend, eyewitness Christa Johnson, who maintained that Mr. Soto-
Lucha willingly paid Appellant to cover the costs associated with both the
insurance Appellant had secured in vain and the lost wages for that day. N.T.
at 108-09. However, this portion of Appellant’s argument pitting Johnson’s
testimony against Soto-Lucha’s testimony goes to the weight, rather than to
____________________________________________
2 While Mullen is not controlling because it is a non-published memorandum,
it nevertheless provides persuasive authority to this Court. See Pa.R.A.P.
126(b) (providing that unpublished nonprecedential memorandum decisions
of the Superior Court filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for
their persuasive value).
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the sufficiency, of the evidence and is therefore of no avail to him in arguing
this issue. See Commonwealth v. Edwards, 229 A.3d 298, 306 (Pa. Super.
2020) (citation omitted) (recognizing that “a challenge to the weight of the
evidence is distinct from a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in that
the former concedes that the Commonwealth has produced sufficient evidence
of each element of the crime, but questions which evidence is to be
believed.”).
The remainder of Appellant’s sufficiency argument is appropriately
directed and is two-fold. First, Appellant contends that because the jury
acquitted him of the separate charge of theft by unlawful taking, his robbery
conviction, which depends upon proof of an underlying theft, cannot stand. It
is well-settled, however, that the occurrence of an inconsistent verdict, alone,
provides no ground for overturning a conviction because the inconsistency is
simply understood as an act of the jury’s lenity:
Consistency in verdicts in criminal cases is not
necessary. Commonwealth v. Strand, 464 Pa. 544, 347 A.2d
675 (1975). This Court has stated, “When an acquittal on one
count in an indictment is inconsistent with a conviction on a
second count, the court looks upon [the] acquittal as no more than
the jury's assumption of a power which they had no right to
exercise, but to which they were disposed through lenity.”
Commonwealth v. Lloyd, 376 Pa.Super. 188, 191, 545 A.2d
890, 892 (1988), appeal denied, 522 Pa. 602, 562 A.2d 825(1989) (quoting Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 279 Pa.Super 18,
420 A.2d 722 (1980) (citations omitted)) (jury's acquittal of
appellant of theft charge and conviction of robbery charge did not
entitle appellant to any relief). Thus, this Court will not disturb
guilty verdicts on the basis of apparent inconsistencies as long as
there is evidence to support the verdict. Commonwealth v.
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Boyles, 407 Pa.Super. 343, 595 A.2d 1180 (1991), appeal
denied, 531 Pa. 651, 613 A.2d 556 (1992).
Commonwealth v. Swann, 128, 635 A.2d 1103, 1104–05 (Pa. Super.
1994).
Second, Appellant asserts that the surveillance video played at trial
proved that no theft occurred, as it depicted Soto-Lucha pulling money out of
his wallet and handing it to Appellant without either physical contact between
them or any “struggle” over the contents of the wallet. Brief for Appellant at
30. This argument fails to address, let alone disprove, the Commonwealth’s
case that what occurred was a robbery accomplished not by the physical
taking of Soto-Lucha’s money but by threatening, or intending to place Soto-
Lucha in immediate fear of incurring, immediate serious bodily harm.
At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence that Appellant
threatened and intimidated Soto-Lucha for the sole purpose of unlawfully
confiscating all the money Soto-Lucha carried on his person. Indeed, the facts
recounted supra established that Appellant’s demand for reimbursement of
alleged lost wages and auto insurance expenses was made not in earnest but,
instead, as the planned culmination of a con.
It was undisputed that Appellant, alone, frustrated the sale of and
transfer of title to the vehicle by presenting invalid auto insurance to the
notary and making no attempt thereafter to remedy the matter and complete
the transaction as Soto-Lucha was asking him to do. Instead, he turned on
Soto-Lucha, aggressively insisted Soto-Lucha “reimburse” him, and
eventually, with the aid of an accomplice who arrived right when summoned,
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extracted money from Soto-Lucha with the aid of death threats and acts of
intimidation.
The testimony of Soto-Lucha in this regard, therefore, was entirely
consistent with, and hardly disproven by, the surveillance video depiction of a
transfer of money completed without a physical struggle. Accordingly, we
discern no merit to Appellant’s sufficiency argument.
In Appellant’s next issue, he challenges the weight of the evidence
admitted on the robbery charge. Our standard of review for such a claim is
as follows:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has
had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an
appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings
and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
court's determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
denying a new trial is the lower court's conviction that the verdict
was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new
trial should be granted in the interest of justice.
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (emphasis and
citations omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1270
(Pa. 2016) (stating that “in reviewing a challenge to the weight of the
evidence, a verdict will be overturned only if it is so contrary to the evidence
as to shock one's sense of justice.”) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Additionally, the finder of fact, while passing upon the credibility of
witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part,
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or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Rivera, 983 A.2d 767, 771 (Pa.
Super. 2009).
Appellant contends that evidence of Soto-Lucha’s statements made
during his interview with Officer Sanchez undermined the credibility of his trial
testimony regarding the level of threat made and the amount of money taken.
Specifically, he alludes to Soto-Lucha’s use of the broad term “dano” to
describe to Officer Sanchez what Appellant had threatened, and he declares
the term is too imprecise to prove that immediate serious bodily injury was
implicated. He also argues that the conflict between Soto-Lucha’s initial loss
estimate of between $600 and $1,000 cash and the final figure of $700
reached after giving it more thought further shows the unreliability of Soto-
Lucha’s accusation.
Also bearing negatively on Soto-Lucha’s veracity, Appellant continues,
were Soto-Lucha’s two-day delay in calling authorities about his alleged
robbery and his inability to recall for Officer Sanchez where he performed the
carpentry work for which he received this cash payment just two days earlier.
In the trial court’s responsive Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, it sets forth
relevant evidence and legal authority, and it explains that it denied Appellant’s
post-sentence motion raising this claim after having determined the jury
reached a sound guilty verdict based on a finding of fact that Soto-Lucha
credibly testified about his encounter with Appellant. See Trial Court Opinion,
7/18/22, at 9-11. Specifically, the trial court observes that the jury viewed
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all Commonwealth and Defense witnesses testify under direct examination
and rigorous cross-examination,3 watched both the surveillance video
depicting the actions leading up to Soto-Lucha’s relinquishment of $700 cash
to Appellant and the video of Soto-Lucha’s interview taken from Officer
Sanchez’s body-worn camera, and considered Appellant’s arguments offered
in impeachment of Soto-Lucha before it deemed credible Soto-Lucha’s account
of the alleged robbery.
Under our standard of review, it is not the function of this Court to
substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact on matters of witness
credibility and weight of the evidence, and we will not grant a new trial absent
a verdict that is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.
Presented with no such verdict in the instant case, we discern no abuse of the
trial court's discretion in denying Appellant’s weight of the evidence
challenge. See, e.g., In the Interest of C.S., 63 A.3d 351, 358 (Pa. Super.
2013) (holding that the juvenile court properly exercised its discretion in
rejecting the juvenile's weight of the evidence challenge to her adjudication
of delinquency for robbery, where (1) the victim, a convenience store clerk,
testified that the juvenile stole items from the store after threatening the clerk
that a nearby friend of the juvenile possessed a gun; and (2) the juvenile
____________________________________________
3 During the testimony of Defense witness Christa Johnson, the jury learned
that she had two prior convictions for retail theft and received instruction that
it could consider this criminal history as bearing on her credibility as a witness.
N.T. at 122-23.
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court found the clerk's testimony to be credible); see also Commonwealth
v. Brawner, 553 A.2d 458, 462 (Pa. Super. 1989) (stating that the trial court
properly rejected the defendant's weight of the evidence challenge to his
robbery conviction, where the purported contradictions in the testimony of the
victim alleged by defendant were minor and did not undermine the propriety
of the jury's guilty verdict).
In Appellant’s final issue, he contends the trial court erred when it filed
an amended sentencing order to correct the original sentencing order’s
patently mistaken designation of Appellant as RRRI-eligible without first
scheduling a hearing “to afford [Appellant] the opportunity to respond to the
amended sentencing [and] be informed of the basis for the change, the impact
on his minimum sentence, and his eligibility for parole.” Brief of Appellant at
32. We disagree.
The failure to conduct a hearing, Appellant posits, violated the notice
requirements of Section 5505 of the Judicial Code, “Modification of Orders”,
which provides as follows:
Except as otherwise provided or prescribed by law, a court upon
notice to the parties may modify or rescind any order within 30
days after its entry, notwithstanding the prior termination of any
term of court, if no appeal from such order has been taken or
allowed.
42 Pa.C.S. § 5505.
Appellant devotes the remainder of his argument claiming that his case
comes squarely under this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Blair, 230
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A.3d 1274 (Pa. Super. 2020), in which we discussed both the notice
requirement of Section 5505 and a defendant’s due process rights of notice
and the opportunity to respond during the sentencing phase:
Even if there is a clear mistake [in the trial court’s sentencing
order], that does not relieve the court of its obligation to give
notice as required by 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505 to both the defendant and
the district attorney of the proposed changes and an opportunity
to respond to those changes. Not only is such a notice required
by 42 Pa.C.S. § 5505, the sentencing process must also satisfy
due process, which similarly requires a notice and opportunity to
respond.
Blair, 230 A.3d at 1277.
The present facts are distinguishable from those in Blair. In Blair, the
trial court received a letter from the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections
(DOC) advising that Blair was not entitled to the entire time credit that the
court applied to his sentence because the DOC had already applied a portion
of the credit to a different sentence. Without giving to Blair either notice or
an opportunity to respond, the trial court entered an order amending its
sentence to reduce the amount of credit awarded for time served. The order
directed that all other provisions of the sentencing disposition remained in full
force and effect.
Accordingly, Blair argued in his nunc pro tunc direct appeal that the trial
court erred in amending judgment of sentence to reduce his time credit
without first providing notice and holding a hearing in his presence on the time
credit issue. Id. at 1276. Determining that Blair had been denied both
Section 5505 notice and his due process right to be afforded the opportunity
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to respond, we vacated Blair’s sentence and remanded for further
proceedings. Id. at 1277.
Here, in contrast, Appellant received both notice of, and an opportunity
to be heard on, the proposed change to the original sentencing order’s
incorrect designation of RRRI eligibility. Indeed, the trial court ordered the
submission of briefs on the parties’ respective post-sentence motions, and
Appellant submitted a counseled brief in which he conceded the need for an
amended sentencing order that properly categorized him as RRRI-ineligible.
Afterward, the trial court entered the amended sentencing order that changed
only Appellant’s RRRI eligibility designation.
The record establishes that the trial court’s amended sentencing order
effected no change other than that which both parties in their court-ordered
briefs had agreed was necessary—the entering of a new sentencing order that
changed the patently mistaken RRRI categorization of Appellant from eligible
to ineligible. Considering Appellant thus received notice of the proposed
change and informed the trial court that he agreed with the proposal, we
distinguish the present facts from those at issue in Blair and conclude that
Appellant was afforded the due process protections of notice and the
opportunity to respond. Accordingly, we discern no merit to his final issue.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/03/2023
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