Com. v. Bean, D. ( 2018 )

J-S16040-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
DAVID CHARLES BEAN :
: No. 1320 MDA 2017
Appellant :
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 15, 2017
in the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-41-CR-0001226-2014
BEFORE: BOWES, J., MURRAY, J., and PLATT*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED JULY 31, 2018
Appellant, David Charles Bean, appeals from the judgment of sentence,
as amended, following his conviction by a jury of rape of an unconscious
person, and numerous related offenses.1 Appellant chiefly challenges the
denial of his motions to suppress evidence of the sexual encounters found on
his cell phone. He also claims his sentence was excessive. Finally, he disputes
his designation as a sexually violent predator (SVP). We vacate the portion
of Appellant’s sentence finding him to be a sexually violent predator and affirm
in all other respects.
____________________________________________
1 The trial court corrected and reduced Appellant’s sentence on August 15,
2017. Therefore, Appellant is appealing from the amended sentence, not the
original sentence imposed on March 20, 2017. We have amended the caption
accordingly.
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S16040-18
The underlying facts of the case are not in substantial dispute. In the
summer of 2013, on or about July 14, 15, August 8, and August 10, 2013,
(see Trial Court Opinion, 8/15/17, at 5-6), Appellant recorded videos on his
cell phone which showed him engaging in graphic, explicit sexual acts with
two female acquaintances, J.D. and L.K. (the Victims), while they were passed
out from the effect of drugs, mainly heroin. Both women were addicted to
heroin.
Both victims admitted that on previous occasions, each had agreed to
engage in sexual acts with Appellant (while they were conscious) in exchange
for his providing them heroin, Xanax, or the money to buy the drugs.
Appellant essentially claimed a kind of boyfriend/girlfriend relationship with
the two women, who had both lived or stayed with him at various times. At
trial, Appellant explained, “[it] kind of evolved into boyfriend/girlfriend, but
like a degree below that.” (N.T. Trial, 9/13/16, at 31). Appellant maintained
that he had shot the videos to show both women the effect the drugs were
having on them. (See id. at 32).
However, both of the women denied a romantic relationship with
Appellant, or more than a casual friendship (other than for the admitted sex,
drugs, and living arrangements). Both women also denied consenting to the
sex acts on the videos. Although accounts varied, the two women eventually
discovered the videos and reported Appellant to the Pennsylvania State Police.
-2-
J-S16040-18
They also informed the State Police of burglaries in which Appellant was
involved.
The state police prepared two affidavits of probable cause in support of
a search warrant for the cell phone. Trooper Jeffrey A. Vilello drafted the first
affidavit of probable cause. (See Affidavit of Probable Cause, 7/15/14, at
unnumbered pages 1-4). Defense counsel filed a motion to suppress the first
search warrant. He alleged that it was constitutionally invalid as insufficiently
particular, stale, and lacking in probable case.
At that point, apparently at the urging of the assigned assistant district
attorney, Pennsylvania State Police Corporal Brad Eisenhower, Trooper
Vilello’s supervisor, drafted a supplemental affidavit of probable cause.
Appellant filed a supplemental motion to suppress, on March 9, 2015. (See
Opinion and Order, 3/25/15, at 1).
At the hearing on the motion, the parties “stipulated that the sole issue,
in light of the subsequent search warrant, related to the taint of said search
warrant.” (Id. at 2). After the hearing, the court denied the second motion
to suppress, and ruled that the first motion to suppress was moot. (See id.
at 6). A State Police expert recovered videos from the cell phone (or from SD
cards, after the women deleted the original videos from the cell phone).2
____________________________________________
2 SD (secure digital) is a memory card developed according to industry
standards for use in portable devices.
-3-
J-S16040-18
At trial, Appellant’s defense was essentially that the sex was consensual,
because both Victims had previously had sex with him for drugs or money.
The jury convicted Appellant on September 13, 2016.3 The jury acquitted
Appellant of two other counts of invasion of privacy.
On March 20, 2017, the trial court sentenced Appellant, a repeat felon
with a long criminal history, to a term of incarceration of not less than nineteen
nor more than thirty-eight years of incarceration. The sentencing court had
the benefit of a pre-sentence investigation report (PSI). (See N.T.
Sentencing, 3/20/17, at 14). Neither party had any objections or corrections
to the contents of the PSI. (See id.). On August 15, 2017, the court amended
the sentence to an aggregate term of not less than eighteen nor more than
thirty-six years of incarceration.4
Appellant timely appealed on August 17, 2017. Appellant filed a court-
ordered statement of errors on August 23, 2017. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The
trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion, referencing its Opinion and Order dated
August 14, 2017 (filed August 15, 2017), disposing of Appellant’s post-
____________________________________________
3 In addition to rape of an unconscious person, the jury convicted him of
involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with an unconscious person, two counts
of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault without consent, aggravated
indecent assault of an unconscious person, four counts of obscene and other
sexual materials and performances, two counts of invasion of privacy, three
counts of indecent assault without consent, and three counts of indecent
assault of an unconscious person.
4 The court vacated Appellant’s convictions of obscene performance on the
ground that that the sex videos had not been presented to the public.
-4-
J-S16040-18
sentence motions. (See Opinion in Support of Order, 8/24/17); see also
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). On the motions to suppress issue, the trial court denied
relief based on the Opinion and Order, 3/25/15, supra at 1-7, previously
authored by the Honorable Marc F. Lovecchio. (See Trial Court Order,
8/15/17, at 2).
Appellant presents four questions for our review:
I. Did the [trial] court err by denying Appellant’s motion to
suppress evidence obtained as a result of the search of his cell
phone?
II. Did the trial court err by denying the Appellant’s
objection to admission of the evidence obtained from his cell
phone based on a break in the chain of custody?
III. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by sentencing the
Appellant to 18 to 36 years for sexual offenses that he videotaped
where the alleged victim acknowledged voluntarily participating in
sexual act [sic] with the Appellant on other occasions for drugs or
money?
IV. Should the trial court’s SVP designation be stricken as
unconstitutional pursuant to this Court’s opinion in
Commonwealth v. Butler, [173 A.3d 1212 (Pa. Super. 2017)]?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 4).5
____________________________________________
5 The Commonwealth declined to file a brief, relying on the trial court’s order
and opinion dated August 14, 2017 (and filed on August 15, 2017). (See
letter from A. Melissa Kalaus, Esq., Assistant District Attorney, to Jennifer
Traxler, Esq., Deputy Prothonotary, Superior Court of Pennsylvania, 2/15/18).
-5-
J-S16040-18
In his first claim, Appellant argues that the video evidence from his cell
phone should have been suppressed.6 He contends that the state police were
slow to serve the search warrant, and the information was stale. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 12, 15). We disagree.
Our standard of review in suppression matters is well-settled:
Our review is limited to determining whether the record
supports the findings of fact of the suppression court and whether
the legal conclusions drawn from those findings are correct. . . .
We are bound by the factual findings of the suppression court,
which are supported by the record, but we are not bound by the
suppression court’s legal rulings, which we review de novo.
Commonwealth v. James, 69 A.3d 180, 186 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted).
Here, preliminarily, we are compelled to note that Appellant has failed
to ensure that the certified record includes the second affidavit of probable
cause, or the search warrant at issue. Only the first affidavit of probable cause
is included.
This Court cannot meaningfully review claims raised on
appeal unless we are provided with a full and complete certified
record. This requirement is not a mere “technicality” nor is this a
question of whether we are empowered to complain sua sponte of
lacunae in the record. In the absence of an adequate certified
record, there is no support for an appellant’s arguments and, thus,
there is no basis on which relief could be granted.
Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied,
916 A.2d 632 (Pa. 2007) (citation omitted). “[T]he ultimate responsibility of
____________________________________________
6 Appellant’s argument is sometimes difficult to follow. E.g., at page fifteen,
two lines from the bottom of the page, the argument ends abruptly mid-
sentence with no apparent conclusion. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15).
-6-
J-S16040-18
ensuring that the transmitted record is complete rests squarely upon the
appellant and not upon the appellate courts.” Id. (citing Pa.R.A.P.1 931).
Without both affidavits of probable cause, and the search warrant, there is no
basis for meaningful independent review of Appellant’s issue. Accordingly,
Appellant’s first claim is waived.
Moreover, on the record before us, and under controlling authority, it
would not merit relief. We agree with Appellant (and apparently the
Commonwealth) that this issue is controlled by Commonwealth v.
Henderson, 47 A.3d 797 (Pa. 2012), cert. denied, 568 U.S. 946 (2012). (See
Trial Ct. Op., 3/25/15, at 3; Appellant’s Brief, at 12).
On the specific issue of a supplemental affidavit of probable cause, our
Supreme Court in Henderson limited the effect of the independent source
rule by holding that suppression was not required on account of a second
affiant’s status as a member of the same police department as the original
affiant. See Henderson, supra at 804-05.
Instead, after discussing the origin and development of the prophylactic
rule articulated in Commonwealth v. Melendez, 676 A.2d 226, 231 (Pa.
1996), and Commonwealth v. Mason, 637 A.2d 251, 257 (Pa. 1993), the
Henderson Court limited it and the independent police team requirement “to
situations in which the rule prevents police from exploiting the fruits of their
own willful misconduct.” Id. at 805 (footnote omitted).
-7-
J-S16040-18
Here, the trial court found that “[i]n this particular case, there is nothing
of the sort.” (Trial Ct. Op., 3/25/15, at 5). 7 We are bound by the factual
findings of the suppression court, unless they find no support in the record.
See James, supra at 186. Moreover, aside from the claims of procedural
irregularities, Appellant fails to develop an argument that he was
impermissibly prejudiced or that the police exploited the fruits of their own
willful misconduct. Appellant’s first issue is waived and would not merit relief.
In Appellant’s second claim, he assigns error to the trial court for
denying his objection to the admission of evidence from his cell phone based
on an alleged break in the chain of custody. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 4).
Appellant baldly asserts that “no evidence established that the cellphone
examined either time was the one seized from the Appellant.” (Id. at 21).
Appellant maintains that he is entitled to a new trial. (See id. at 22). We
disagree.
Our standard of review regarding the admissibility of evidence is
an abuse of discretion. The admissibility of evidence is a matter
addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and . . . an
appellate court may only reverse upon a showing that the trial
court abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not a mere
error in judgment but, rather, involves bias, ill will, partiality,
prejudice, manifest unreasonableness, or misapplication of law.
____________________________________________
7 We note that Melendez involved unauthorized warrantless entry into the
suspect’s home; Mason involved the use of a battering ram.
-8-
J-S16040-18
Commonwealth v. Collins, 70 A.3d 1245, 1251–52 (Pa. Super. 2013),
appeal denied, 80 A.3d 774 (Pa. 2013) (citations, internal quotation marks
and other punctuation omitted).
For evidence to be admissible on chain of custody grounds, “it is
sufficient that the evidence [ ] establish a reasonable inference that the
identity and condition of the exhibits remained unimpaired until they were
surrendered to the court.” Commonwealth v. Pedano, 405 A.2d 525, 528
(Pa. Super. 1979) (citations omitted). Every hypothetical possibility of
tampering or identity need not be eliminated. See id. Any gaps in the chain
of custody go to the weight, not admissibility, of the evidence. See
Commonwealth v. Copenhefer, 719 A.2d 242, 256 (Pa. 1998), cert. denied,
528 U.S. 830 (1999).
Here, Appellant does not dispute, in fact he freely admitted, that the
videos introduced at trial of his having sex with the two Victims, were recorded
by him. (See N.T. Trial, 9/13/16, at 33-34). Nor does Appellant claim
partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will. Appellant fails to establish a break in the
chain of custody. On independent review, we discern no basis to disturb the
discretion of the trial court. Appellant’s second issue does not merit relief.
Appellant’s third issue challenges his sentence on the basis that the
victims acknowledged their voluntary participation, on other occasions, in
sexual acts with Appellant for drugs or money. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 4).
He maintains his sentence was excessive “based on the prior relationship
-9-
J-S16040-18
between the parties[.]” (Id. at 23). Appellant fails to raise a substantial
question. Moreover, his claim of excessiveness would not merit relief.
There is no absolute right to appeal when challenging the
discretionary aspect of a sentence. Rather, an appeal is permitted
only after this Court determines that there is a substantial
question that the sentence was not appropriate under the
sentencing code.
A defendant presents a substantial question when he
sets forth a plausible argument that the sentence violates a
provision of the sentencing code or is contrary to the
fundamental norms of the sentencing process. In order to
properly present a discretionary sentencing claim, a
defendant is required to preserve the issue in either a post-
sentence motion or at sentencing and in a court-ordered
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement. Further, on appeal, a
defendant must provide a separate statement specifying
where the sentence falls in the sentencing guidelines, what
provision of the sentencing code has been violated, what
fundamental norm the sentence violates, and the manner in
which it violates the norm.
Commonwealth v. Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263, 1268–69 (Pa. Super. 2013),
appeal denied, 91 A.3d 161 (Pa. 2014) (citations, internal quotation marks,
footnote, and other punctuation omitted).
Here, aside from the mere bald assertion that the sentence did not
substantially serve the purposes of the sentencing code, as set forth in 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9721, Appellant posits, without reference to any supporting
authority, the novel argument that because he had consensual sex with the
Victims on other occasions, for money or drugs, which he concedes to be
prostitution, he is in effect immunized from criminal liability for non-
- 10 -
J-S16040-18
consensual sex with the Victims later. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 24); 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b).8
Appellant fails to identify what provision of the Sentencing Code is
purportedly violated by sentencing for offenses against a victim (or victims)
who Appellant had previously engaged as a prostitute. Nor does Appellant
identify a fundamental norm underlying the sentencing process which was
violated. See Dodge, supra at 1268.
Therefore, Appellant fails to present a substantial question that the
sentence violates a specific provision of the Sentencing Code or is contrary to
any identified fundamental norm of the sentencing process. Appellant’s third
claim does not merit relief.
____________________________________________
8 In pertinent part, section 9721(b) provides:
In selecting from the [sentencing] alternatives set forth in
subsection (a), the court shall follow the general principle that the
sentence imposed should call for confinement that is consistent
with the protection of the public, the gravity of the offense as it
relates to the impact on the life of the victim and on the
community, and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant. The
court shall also consider any guidelines for sentencing and
resentencing adopted by the Pennsylvania Commission on
Sentencing and taking effect under section 2155 (relating to
publication of guidelines for sentencing, resentencing and parole
and recommitment ranges following revocation).1
42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b) (footnote omitted); see also Sentencing Guidelines,
204 Pa. Code § 303.18.
- 11 -
J-S16040-18
Moreover, we agree with the reasoning of the sentencing court, that
concurrent terms would in essence eliminate punishment for (at least) one of
Appellant’s sexual assaults. (See Trial Ct. Op., 8/15/17, at 7).
Our concern . . . is to avoid giving criminals a “volume
discount” on crime. If multiple acts of criminal violence were
regarded as part of one larger criminal transaction or encounter
which is punishable only as one crime, then there would be no
legally recognized difference between a criminal who robs
someone at gunpoint and a criminal who robs the person and
during the same transaction or encounter pistol whips him in order
to effect the robbery. But in Pennsylvania, there is a legally
recognized difference between these two crimes. The criminal in
the latter case may be convicted of more than one crime and
sentences for each conviction may be imposed where the crimes
are not greater and lesser included offenses.
Commonwealth v. Belsar, 676 A.2d 632, 634 (Pa. 1996) (citation omitted).
Appellant fails to establish a substantial question that his sentence was
excessive. Moreover, he is not entitled to a volume discount. Even if
Appellant’s third claim raised a substantial question, it would not merit relief.
In his fourth and final argument, Appellant challenges his SVP
designation as unconstitutional under Commonwealth v. Butler, 173 A.3d
1212 (Pa. Super. 2017). (See Appellant’s Brief, at 4). Appellant argues that
under Butler, the statutory mechanism for SVP designation is constitutionally
flawed. He asks that this Court vacate the sentencing order and remand for
resentencing without an SVP finding. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 28).
In support of his argument, Appellant posits that under our Supreme
Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189, 1192 (Pa.
2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 925 (2018) (Opinion Announcing the Judgment
- 12 -
J-S16040-18
of the Court), Pennsylvania’s Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act
(SORNA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799.10–9799.42, is punitive, and, as applied
retroactively, is unconstitutional under the ex post facto clauses of the United
States and Pennsylvania Constitutions.
Appellant candidly concedes that he raises this issue for the first time in
this appeal. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 27). Consequently, this is not a
reviewable issue for us. We are an error correcting court. “Issues not raised
in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).
Finally, we note that the Legislature has recently amended, and the
Governor has signed, legislation to reenact the SORNA registration system,
applying to individuals who commit an eligible offense on or after December
20, 2012. See Act 29 of 2018 (H.B. 1952); 42 Pa.C.S.A. Ch. 97. The trial
court did not have the opportunity to decide what, if any, effect the amending
legislation had on Appellant’s claim. Therefore, we are constrained to vacate
that portion of Appellant’s sentence finding him to be an SVP and remand to
the trial court to issue a revised notice to Appellant pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9799.23 (governing reporting requirements of sex offenders). On remand,
we direct the sentencing court to determine whether the new legislation
affects the propriety of Appellant’s SVP designation. Accordingly, we affirm
the judgment of sentence in part but vacate the court’s imposition of SVP
status and remand with instructions.
- 13 -
J-S16040-18
Judgment of sentence affirmed in part. SVP designation vacated. Case
remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Murray joins the Memorandum.
Judge Bowes concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 07/31/2018
- 14 -