Com. v. Taylor, S. ( 2019 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
STEVEN WARREN TAYLOR, :
:
Appellant. : No. 796 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence, April 10, 2018,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0002021-2016.
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 14, 2019
Steven Taylor appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed after jury
convicted him of the attempted delivery of a controlled substance and criminal
use of a communication facility.1 Although we affirm Taylor’s convictions, we
vacate his sentence and remand with instructions.
The trial court summarized the pertinent facts and procedural history as
follows:
The testimony at trial revealed that on March 7, 2016,
Detective Nicholas Licata, a 10-year veteran with the
Harrisburg City Police Department, arranged for a
confidential informant (“CI”) to buy drugs from [Taylor].
Detective Licata met with the CI and arranged for the CI to
call a drug dealer in order to arrange a drug buy of two
bundles worth $130. The drug dealer had the CI meet him
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A §§ 901 and 780-113(a)(30), and 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a),
respectively.
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at 13th and Vernon in Harrisburg, PA. [Detective Licata was
able to listen to the phone conversation between the CI and
the drug dealer and wrote down the number that was
called.] The CI was searched, given money to purchase the
drugs, and driven to the meeting location by Detective
Licata. [Detective Licata took a photograph of the marked
money prior to handing it to the CI. The Commonwealth
introduced as Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 photographs of the
money.] When Detective Licata and the CI arrived at the
meeting location, Detective Licata watched the CI dial the
same number that was used to set up the drug buy. An
individual wearing a red t-shirt and blue jeans answered the
call and indicated that he was at the location.
At this time, the CI walked to meet the male in the red
shirt. After a few minutes, they walked back towards where
Detective Licata was parked and walked out of his view.
Roughly two to five minutes later, the CI and [Taylor]
[walked] back to Detective Licata’s view. However, at this
time, surveillance had been blown/compromised and
[Taylor] was arrested for attempt to deliver a controlled
substance. [The CI was also arrested at this time.] Both
the CI and [Taylor] were searched. There was nothing
found on the CI. [Taylor] had on his person a cell phone,
pocket knife, and $53. Some of the bills had the same serial
numbers as previously photographed by Detective Licata.
On cross-examination, Detective Licata indicated that no
drugs or drug paraphernalia was found on [Taylor] when
arrested.
The Commonwealth also introduced the testimony of
Donald Heffner (“Heffner”), employed by the Pennsylvania
Office of the Attorney General in the Bureau of Narcotics
Investigation. At the time of the incident, Heffner was
employed in the vice unit with the Harrisburg City Police
Department. Heffner was part of the surveillance team on
March 7, 2016 and testified to the events that occurred that
day. Through Heffner, the Commonwealth introduced a
[seven-second] video of the CI and [Taylor]. Much of the
testimony provided by Heffner was the same testimony
presented by Detective Licata. . . . On cross-examination,
Heffner indicated that [Taylor] was a known drug addict.
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Trial Court Opinion, 6/25/18, at 2-4 (citations and footnotes omitted).
Additionally, we note that once both men were arrested, Detective Licata
dialed the same number used by the CI to set up the drug deal and Taylor’s
cell phone began ringing. See N.T., 3/13/18, at 90-91.
At the conclusion of a two-day jury trial, Taylor was convicted of the
aforementioned charges. Thereafter, the trial court sentenced him to an
aggregate term of two to four years of imprisonment. This timely appeal
follows the trial court’s denial of Taylor’s post-sentence motion. Both Taylor
and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Within his brief, Taylor raises the following issues:
I. Whether the trial court erred when it denied Taylor’s
post-sentence motion because the verdict was so
contrary to the weight of the evidence as to shock
one’s sense of justice?
II. Did the trial court err in refusing to make Taylor
eligible for RRRI when he was an eligible offender
under 61 Pa.C.S.A. § 4503, and the court was
required by 61 Pa.C.S.A. § 4505 and 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9756 to impose a RRRI minimum sentence in addition
to the minimum and maximum sentence?
See Taylor’s Brief at 6.2
Although Taylor has phrased his first issue in terms of the weight of the
evidence, in support he asserts that “the evidence failed to show that [he]
took a substantial step toward the commission of a delivery of a controlled
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2 The Commonwealth did not file a brief.
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substance,” and that the evidence “failed to show that [he] used a
communication facility in order to commit, cause or facilitate the commission
of a crime which constitutes a felony.” Taylor’s Brief at 10. In making these
arguments, Taylor actually challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his convictions. See generally Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744
A.2d 745 (Pa. 2000). Thus, we will consider his challenge using sufficiency
standards.
Initially, we set forth our standard of review:
The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
applying [the above] test, we may not weigh the evidence
and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition,
we note that the facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
[trier] of fact while passing upon the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free
to believe all, part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 416 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation
omitted).
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Taylor argues that the Commonwealth did not prove that he took a
substantial step toward delivering the drugs. The Crimes Code defines
“criminal attempt” as follows:
§ 901. Criminal attempt
(a) Definition of attempt.—A person commits an
attempt when with intent to commit a specific crime,
he does any act which constitutes a substantial step
toward the commission of that crime.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901.
“Although the Crimes Code does not define “substantial step,” our courts
have focused on what measures the actor has already undertaken in
pursuance of the crime which indicate his or her resolve toward the
commission of that crime.” Commonwealth v. Bolden, 532 A.2d 1172 (Pa.
Super. 1987) (citations omitted). Stated differently, “[t]he substantial step
test broadens the scope of attempt liability by concentrating on the acts the
defendant has done and does not . . . focus on the acts remaining to be done
before the actual commission of the crime.” Commonwealth v. Zingarelli,
839 A.2d 1064, 1069 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted). “The defendant
need not actually be in the process of the crime when arrested in order to be
guilty of criminal attempt.” Id.The trial court found no merit to Taylor’s claim:
In the instant matter, [Taylor] made a substantial step
towards the commission of the crime prior to arrest by
police. Detective Licata was with a CI at the time the CI
called a phone number and arranged a drug buy for two
bundles of heroin. Detective Licata listened to the phone
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conversation and observed the phone number that was
dialed. Once Detective Licata and the CI [arrived] at the
pre-determined location of the drug transaction, they
noticed [Taylor] already at the location. Again, the CI calls
the exact phone number that was used to set up the drug
transaction and Detective Licata notices that [Taylor] picks
up the telephone. The CI proceeds to meet with [Taylor].
The Commonwealth submitted video evidence of the CI
meeting with [Taylor]. Next, the surveillance team loses
sight of the CI and [Taylor] at this moment, the surveillance
team’s cover is blown. Both the CI and [Taylor] are arrested
and marked money was found on [Taylor]. Once arrested,
Detective Licata [dialed] the number that was used to set
up the drug transaction and the phone that was found on
[Taylor] began ringing.
***
After reviewing the evidence submitted, a jury could
reasonably conclude that [Taylor] had the necessary intent
to sell a controlled substance to the CI and took a
substantial step in setting up the drug transaction ( i.e.,
arriving at the exact location the CI had mentioned on the
phone, meeting with the CI, and having marked money on
his person). Accordingly, this issue is without merit.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/5/18, at 5-7.
Our review of the record supports the trial court’s rejection of Appellant’s
claim. Taylor claims that the Commonwealth failed to prove his intent beyond
a reasonable doubt because the Commonwealth failed to call the CI to testify.
According to Taylor, the CI was the “only person who could testify to the actual
events and conversation that occurred regarding the incident. The evidence
shows [he] was attempting to steal the money from the CI and walk away
with him in the process.” Taylor’s Brief at 13-14 (citations omitted). We
disagree. As noted above, as with any other element of a crime, intent may
be established by circumstantial evidence. Hansley, supra. The
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Commonwealth had more than ample circumstantial evidence that Taylor took
substantial steps to commit the crimes charged.
Finally, Taylor raises an actual weight claim when he argues certain
evidence, i.e., that no drugs or all of the marked money was found on his
person, is entitled to greater weight than the testimony of the officers.
Appellate courts in Pennsylvania review a weight-of-the-evidence claim for an
abuse of discretion:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise
of discretion, not the underlying question of whether the
verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because the
trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the
evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest
consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the
trial judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination [of
whether] the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (citing Widmer,
supra).
In rejecting this aspect of Taylor’s claim, the trial court stated:
The jury properly determined the credibility of the
witnesses and there was more than enough evidence
presented by the Commonwealth to properly find [Taylor]
guilty of an attempt at delivery of a controlled substance.
The verdict here does not shock one’s sense of justice.
Accordingly, the verdict was not against the weight of the
evidence.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/25/18, at 6. Once again, we agree with the trial court’s
conclusion. See Commonwealth v. Graham, 109 A.3d 733, 736 (Pa. Super.
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2015) (explaining that the weight to be accorded conflicting evidence is
exclusively for the fact finder).
Taylor also argues that the Commonwealth did not sufficiently establish
that he used a communication facility. He argues that “Detective Licata did
not see [him] use his cell phone to set up the drug deal. Detective Licata
claimed [Taylor] answered his cell phone at the same time the CI was directed
to call the number to the drug dealer but he did not testify he heard [Taylor]
answer.” Taylor’s Brief at 13. Detective Licata testified that he observed
Taylor answer a phone right after the CI dialed the number. See N.T.,
3/13/18, at 83. Detective Licata further testified that, once both the CI and
Taylor were arrested, the detective dialed the same number again and Taylor’s
cell phone began to ring. See id. at 90-91. As noted above, a criminal
conviction may rest wholly on circumstantial evidence. Hansley, supra.Thus, the fact that Detective Licata did not hear and/or observe the entire set
up of the drug deal, does not render the evidence insufficient to support the
communication facility conviction.
In his second issue, Taylor argues that the trial court failed to impose
an RRRI (Recidivism Risk Reduction Incentive) minimum sentence according
to 61 Pa.C.S.A. section 4505. By order dated August 16, 2018 the trial court
acknowledges that when “the trial court fails to make a statutorily required
determination regarding a defendant’s eligibility for an RRRI minimum
sentence, as required, the sentence is illegal.” Order, 8/16/18, at 1 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 7 A.3d 868, 871 (Pa. Super. 2010)). The trial
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court then asked this Court to “remand for the limited purpose of Taylor’s
eligibility for the RRRI program. We therefore vacate Taylor’s judgment of
sentence and remand for resentencing to include a determination of Taylor’s
eligibility and, if applicable, the imposition of a new sentence which includes
an RRRI minimum.
Convictions affirmed. Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded
with instructions. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 02/14/2019
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