Com. v. Jackson, A. ( 2018 )

J-S26039-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
ANTHONY JACKSON, :
:
Appellant : No. 1612 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence June 20, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-67-CR-0001174-2016
BEFORE: BOWES, J., DUBOW, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED MARCH 23, 2018
Appellant, Anthony Jackson, appeals from the June 20, 2016 Judgment
of Sentence entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas after he
entered a negotiated guilty plea to one count of Driving Under the Influence
(“DUI”) (combined influence).1 After careful review, we affirm.
In January 2016, a police officer pulled Appellant over for making an
illegal turn at a red light. The officer arrested Appellant based on his
suspicion that Appellant was driving while intoxicated. Police gave Appellant
implied consent warnings pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 1547(b)(2) (describing
officer’s duty to inform individuals about the mandatory penalties and
consequences of refusing chemical testing). Appellant consented to a blood
*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(3).
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draw, from which his blood alcohol concentration (“BAC”) was determined to
be 0.123% and positive for marijuana.
Based on Appellant’s BAC and the presence of marijuana, he was
charged with, inter alia, the above-stated DUI offense. Notably, Appellant
did not file any pre-trial motions.
On June 20, 2016, Appellant entered a negotiated guilty plea to DUI
(combined influence).2 That same day, the trial court imposed a term of 5
days to 6 months’ incarceration.3
Three days after Appellant’s sentencing hearing, the United States
Supreme Court decided Birchfield v. North Dakota, ___ U.S. ___, 136
S.Ct. 2160, 195 L.Ed.2d 560 (2016), holding that warrantless blood tests
taken pursuant to implied consent laws are an unconstitutional invasion of
privacy. Id. at 2186. The Supreme Court stated that “motorists cannot be
deemed to have consented to submit to a blood test on pain of committing a
criminal offense[,]” and concluded that Birchfield could not be convicted of
refusing a warrantless blood draw following his DUI arrest. Id.
On June 30, 2016, Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion in which he
requested to withdraw his guilty plea based on the Birchfield decision. On
2 The Commonwealth nolle prossed several charges.
3 For clarity, we note that our review of the certified record indicates that the
trial court did not impose a mandatory minimum sentence based on
Appellant’s refusal to consent to a warrantless blood test, and Appellant does
not claim that it did.
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August 30, 2016, the trial court denied Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion,
concluding that Appellant failed to demonstrate a manifest injustice
warranting the withdrawal of his negotiated guilty plea.
Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal on September 28, 2016. Both
Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents one issue for our review:
The trial court erred when it denied Appellant’s Post–Sentence
Motion to Withdraw Plea... [sic] denying his request constitutes a
manifest injustice because the evidence against him was
obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment of the United States
Constitution, and... [sic] the Birchfield decision makes
Appellant’s plea unknowing and involuntary under the
circumstances.
Appellant’s Brief at 4 (footnote omitted).
After the imposition of sentence, a trial court may grant a motion to
withdraw a guilty plea only to correct a manifest injustice. Commonwealth
v. Baez, 169 A.3d 35, 39 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2017). A defendant can establish
manifest injustice if, based on the totality of circumstances surrounding the
plea, “the plea was not tendered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.”
Commonwealth v. Broaden, 980 A.2d 124, 129 (Pa. Super. 2009). This
Court has held that even “[a] deficient plea does not per se establish
prejudice on the order of manifest injustice.” Id.This Court will not disturb the decision of the trial court absent an
abuse of discretion, which we have often described as instances where “the
law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
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unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown
by the evidence or the record[.]” Id. at 128.
In Pennsylvania, it has long been the rule that criminal defendants are
not entitled to retroactive application of a new constitutional rule unless they
raise and preserve the issue at all stages of adjudication. Commonwealth
v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 90 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc). See also
Commonwealth v. Moyer, 171 A.3d 849, 855 (Pa. Super. 2017) (denying
retroactive application of Birchfield to defendant sentenced two days before
Birchfield decision where defendant did not challenge the voluntariness of
his consent to a warrantless blood draw in the lower court until Post-
Sentence Motion); Commonwealth v. Kehr, ___ A.3d ___, 2018 PA Super
44 (Pa. Super. filed Feb. 28, 2018) (same, where defendant sentenced three
days before Birchfield decision).
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to permit him to
withdraw his guilty plea given the Birchfield decision, which Appellant
claims rendered his guilty plea “unknowing and involuntary.” Appellant’s
Brief at 11.
As explained above, the United States Supreme Court handed down
Birchfield three days after Appellant entered his guilty plea and secured his
negotiated sentence. Appellant never challenged the voluntariness of his
consent to the warrantless blood draw in a pre-trial motion, and he did not
raise any issue implicated by the Birchfield decision until his Post-Sentence
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Motion.4 Thus, he is not entitled to retroactive application of Birchfield and
the trial court properly denied Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion seeking
permission to withdraw his guilty plea.5 Kehr, supra; Moyer, supra at
855.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Justice Fitzgerald did not participate in the consideration or decision of
this case.
4 We reject Appellant’s assertion that he raised this issue at the earliest
possible opportunity since it would have been “frivolous” prior to the
Birchfield decision. See Appellant’s Brief at 14. Such challenges were not
frivolous to the attorneys representing the consolidated defendants in the
Birchfield case; they presented those arguments and, in part, succeeded
before the United States Supreme Court despite failing to persuade many
state courts. Moreover, defendants have filed pre-trial motions to suppress
evidence of non-consensual and warrantless blood tests for decades—dating
back nearly to the imposition of the federal exclusionary rule on states itself.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Murray, 271 A.2d 500 (Pa. 1970) (reversing
denial of pre-trial motion to suppress blood test results, obtained without a
warrant or consent, and granting a new trial where police obtained blood on
the night of accident but not incident to the defendant’s arrest 13 days
later).
5 Appellant’s challenge to his guilty plea solely focuses on the Birchfield
decision. Appellant does not otherwise attack his plea. Accordingly, we
agree with the trial court’s reasoning that Appellant freely entered his plea
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. See Trial Court Opinion, 1/11/17,
at 3-7.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/23/2018
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