Trivitt, R. v. Serfass, L. ( 2015 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
RICKY A. TRIVITT AND APRIL TRIVITT, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellants
v.
LAURA SERFASS, WILLIAM P. SERFASS,
JR. AND KATHY J. SERFASS,
Appellees No. 1596 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Order September 3, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Adams County
Civil Division at No(s): 2013-S-873
BEFORE: BOWES, DONOHUE AND ALLEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED AUGUST 21, 2015
Ricky A. and April Trivitt appeal from the September 3, 2014 order
dismissing this negligence action filed against Appellees, Laura, Kathy J. and
William P., Jr., Serfass (sometimes referred to as the Serfass family). We
affirm.
On July 15, 2013, Appellants instituted this action by filing a
complaint. Service was not effectuated within the time constraints of
Pa.R.C.P. 401, which states, “Original process shall be served within the
Commonwealth within thirty days after the issuance of the writ or the filing
of the complaint.” Nor was a return of no service filed, as provided by
Pa.R.C.P. 405(a) (“If service has not been made and the writ has not been
reissued or the complaint reinstated, a return of no service shall be made
upon the expiration of the period allowed for service.”).
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On September 30, 2013, ten weeks after the complaint was filed,
Appellants praeciped to reinstate it, as permitted by Pa.R.C.P. 401, which
allows reissuance of original process at any time. Pa.R.C.P. 401 (b)(1) (if
service is not made within thirty days, the “prothonotary upon praecipe and
upon presentation of the original process, shall continue its validity by
reissuing the writ or reinstating the complaint[.]”).
Service was thereafter effectuated and a return of service then was
filed. See Pa.R.C.P. 405(a) (when service of “original process has been
made, the sheriff or other person making service shall make a return of
service forthwith.”). The sheriff’s return of service indicates that at 2:00
p.m. on October 24, 2013, Deputy John Smith served the complaint upon
Laura Serfass, William P. Serfass, Jr. and Kathy J. Serfass by personally
handing a copy of the complaint to Kathy Serfass at 271 Table Rock Road,
Gettysburg. The return also reported that Kathy is William’s wife and
Laura’s mother and was the adult in charge of the residence when service
was achieved.
The complaint indicated the following. The lawsuit arose from a July
15, 2011 motor vehicle accident. On the day in question, Mr. Trivitt was
driving his motorcycle westbound on York Road in Straban Township near
the intersection of Hunterstown Road, when Laura Serfass, who was
traveling eastbound on York Road in her parents’ motor vehicle, made a left
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hand turn into Mr. Trivitt’s right of way and struck his motorcycle. As a
result of the collision, Mr. Trivitt suffered debilitating and permanent injuries.
Appellants averred that Laura negligently operated her vehicle
resulting in the accident and that her parents negligently entrusted their
vehicle to her and supervised her use of it. It was further averred that Mr.
and Mrs. Serfass either knew or should have known that Laura’s driving
presented a risk of danger to the public.
On November 1, 2013, Scott D. McCarroll, Esquire, entered his
appearance in this action on behalf of Appellees. Appellees then filed
preliminary objections asserting, inter alia, that the statute of limitations had
expired since Appellants failed to make a timely good faith attempt to
effectuate service after filing the complaint. Appellees noted that the
complaint was filed on the last day of the applicable statute of limitations, it
was reinstated on September 30, 2013, well after the thirty days required
for service, and no effort was made to effectuate service until October 18,
2013, when the complaint was mailed to the sheriff’s office.
Appellants filed an amended complaint and an answer to the
preliminary objections. The amended complaint did not materially alter the
allegations of negligence against Appellees. On November 27, 2013, the
court dismissed the first set of preliminary objections based upon the filing
of the amended complaint, and Appellees filed preliminary objections again
contending that the statute of limitations had expired due to Appellants’
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failure to make any effort to serve the complaint from July 15, 2013, to
October 18, 2013.
The following is uncontested. Appellees were insured by Penn National
Mutual Casualty Insurance Company (“Penn National”). After the accident,
Penn National retained Mr. McCarroll to represent it while Appellants
retained Ramsay Whitworth, Esquire. From November 22, 2011, until July
15, 2013, Mr. Whitworth and Mr. McCarroll engaged in communications
regarding damages, the collision, and the settlement of the potential lawsuit
that Appellants intended to file against Appellees. Mr. Whitworth was aware
that Penn National retained Mr. McCarroll.
On July 15, 2013, the day the complaint was filed and the penultimate
date for purposes of the statute of limitations, Mr. Whitworth sent an email
to Mr. McCarroll telling him that the complaint against Appellees had been
filed and asking him to confirm that he was authorized to accept service.
Mr. McCarroll immediately responded by email that he would talk to his
client. The next day, Mr. McCarroll informed Mr. Whitworth that he would
not accept service on behalf of Appellees. Thereafter, on July 23, 2013, Mr.
Whitworth asked Mr. McCarroll whether Appellees would meet with him for
purposes of service. Mr. McCarroll did not respond to the July 23, 2013
email.
On July 30, 2013, Mr. Whitworth prepared a cover letter to send a
copy of the complaint to the Serfass family. This mailing would not have
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satisfied the service requirements outlined in the rules of civil procedure.
Pa.R.C.P. 400(a) (with exceptions inapplicable herein, “original process shall
be served within the Commonwealth only by the sheriff”); Pa.R.C.P. 4024.
(governing manner of service and requiring personal service on an individual
by handing original process to that defendant or to an adult member of the
family with whom the defendant resides at the defendant’s residence).
In affidavits, Appellees denied receiving the July 30, 2013 letter. Mr.
Whitworth later admitted that he did not believe that the July 30, 2013 letter
was mailed since, on August 1, 2013, Mr. McCarroll asked for a copy of the
complaint. Mr. McCarroll received a faxed copy on August 8, 2013. The
same day that Mr. McCarroll asked for a copy of the complaint from Mr.
Whitworth, August 1, 2013, Mr. McCarroll also sent a letter to the Adams
County Prothonotary requesting a copy of the complaint and indicating that
his clients were the members of the Serfass family.
After a hearing, the trial court sustained the preliminary objections and
dismissed this case based upon the principles enunciated by our Supreme
Court in Lamp v. Heyman, 366 A.2d 882 (Pa. 1976), and its progeny. The
trial court determined that Appellants failed to make a good faith effort to
properly serve the complaint after it was filed.
This appeal followed. Appellants raise the following issues in this
appeal:
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A. Does actual notice of the filing of a suit given to the insurance
company or to the defense lawyer appointed by the insurance
company before the expiration of the summons under
Pa.R.Civ.P. No. 401 toll the statute of limitations until service of
the summons and complaint upon the defendant-insured has
occurred where the defendant has not been prejudiced by any
delay?
B. Should the August 1, 2013 letter sent to the Prothonotary by
Scott McCarroll, counsel for the Defendants, on behalf of "our
clients, the Serfass family" be treated as an entry of appearance
under Pa.R.Civ.P. No. 1012(a) that eliminated the need for
service of the summons and complaint under Pa.R.Civ.P. No.
401?
C. Was Defendants' assertion of attorney-client privilege as to
communications with Scott McCarroll and Thomas, Thomas &
Hafer, LLP between July 15, 2011 and October 24, 2013 a
judicial admission that Scott McCarroll and Thomas, Thomas &
Hafer, LLP were their attorneys between July 15, 2013 and
August 15, 2013?
Appellants’ brief at 3-4.
Initially, we observe that our “standard of review of an order of the
trial court overruling or granting preliminary objections is to determine
whether the trial court committed an error of law. When considering the
appropriateness of a ruling on preliminary objections, the appellate court
must apply the same standard as the trial court.” Richmond v. McHale, 35
A.3d 779, 783 (Pa.Super. 2012).
In their first issue on appeal, Appellants suggest that the trial court
“mistakenly conflated the purposes and requirements of the statute of
limitations and of service of process and incorrectly ruled that the statute of
limitations is tolled only by a good faith attempt to serve process.”
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Appellant’s brief at 26. They assert that the statute of limitations is tolled by
a good-faith attempt to give notice of a timely-filed lawsuit rather than a
good-faith attempt to serve process. Additionally, Appellants claim that the
trial court erred in determining that notice of an action given to counsel for
the defendant’s insurance company was not notice to the actual party to the
lawsuit.
The law is to the contrary. Standard Pennsylvania Practice aptly
summarizes the applicable principles involved in this appeal:
A writ of summons or complaint remains effective to
commence an action and toll the statute of limitations only if the
plaintiff refrains from a course of conduct that serves to stall in
its tracks the legal machinery the plaintiff has just set in motion.
In order to toll the statute of limitations, the plaintiff must make
a good-faith effort to serve the complaint in a timely manner.
The tolling for the statute of limitations occurs when there is
proper, prompt service of a timely filed writ of summons. Once
an action is commenced by writ of summons or complaint,
the statute of limitations is tolled only if the plaintiff then
makes a good faith effort to effectuate service of process
on the opposing party. When a plaintiff successfully tolls the
applicable statute of limitations on an action by timely issuance
and delivery of a complaint for service, the action is kept alive
for a period equal to the original statute of limitations.
Standard Pennsylvania Practice § 8:15 (footnotes omitted; emphasis added).
The key facts are as follows. Appellants filed their lawsuit on July 15,
2013, the last day of the applicable statute of limitations. They did nothing
to effectuate service until October 18, 2013, when they mailed the complaint
to the sheriff for service. On July 16, 2013, Mr. Whitworth was expressly
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informed that Mr. McCarroll would not accept service of process on behalf of
the Serfass family. Mr. McCarroll, the insurer’s lawyer, was the only person
whom Appellants actually notified about the filing of the complaint.
We begin with a discussion of the seminal case in this area of the law,
Lamp, supra. Therein, the action was timely instituted by writ of summons
on the last day of the applicable statute of limitations. The plaintiff’s
attorney did not forward the writ of summons to the sheriff’s office for filing.
Instead, the lawyer issued instructions to the prothonotary to issue the writ
but then to hold it. The defendants were not served with original process
until well after the statute of limitations had expired. Our Supreme Court
noted that it was a “relatively common practice throughout the
Commonwealth for attorneys to file a praecipe with the prothonotary to toll
the statute of limitations but then, whether because settlement negotiations
are in progress or because more time is needed to prepare the case, to
delay or prevent service upon the defendant.” Lamp, supra at 886.
The Lamp Court recognized that the mechanism for service of original
process varied from county to county. Sometimes the prothonotary would
forward the writ or complaint to the sheriff for service and the plaintiff need
not take further action. Other times, the plaintiff was responsible for taking
the writ or complaint to the sheriff’s office and completing the instructions
and paying the fees for service. At the time of the Lamp decision, plaintiffs
could delay service of process by issuing a hold with the prothonotary so
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that the prothonotary would not forward the process to the sheriff, issuing a
hold with the sheriff asking that process not be served, failing to forward the
original process to the sheriff for service, or neglecting to pay the sheriff’s
fees for service. Id.
Our Supreme Court in Lamp was tasked with deciding whether the
statute of limitations was tolled when, although a lawsuit was timely filed,
the plaintiff failed to make any effort to serve the defendant. It interpreted
the language of the precursor to Pa.R.C.P. 401, which was identical to the
current rule, and concluded that neither that language nor the court’s prior
decisions permitted it to rule that the plaintiff’s “‘issue and hold’ instructions
to the prothonotary upon filing her praecipe nullified the commencement of
her action and caused it to be barred by the statute of limitations.” Id. The
court noted that the rule in question plainly provided that an action was
commenced upon the filing of a writ or complaint regardless of when orginal
process is served.
Nevertheless, our High Court determined that there was “too much
potential for abuse in a rule which permits a plaintiff to keep an action alive
without proper notice to a defendant merely by filing a praecipe for a writ of
summons and then having the writ reissued in a timely fashion without
attempting to effectuate service.” Id. at 888. It also found “that such a
rule is inconsistent with the policy underlying statutes of limitation of
avoiding stale claims, and with that underlying our court rules of making the
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processes of justice as speedy and efficient as possible.” Id. at 888-89
(footnotes omitted).
The Lamp Court announced a new, prospective rule of law, and held
that, in any action instituted after its decision was filed, “a writ of summons
shall remain effective to commence an action only if the plaintiff then
refrains from a course of conduct which serves to stall in its tracks the legal
machinery he has just set in motion.” Id. (footnote omitted). Our High
Court continued that the statute of limitations will not be tolled unless a
plaintiff complies “with local practice as to the delivery of the writ to the
sheriff for service.” Id. It ruled that if, under local practice, the
prothonotary prepares the writ and delivers it to the sheriff, “the plaintiff
shall have done all that is required of him when he files the praecipe for the
writ; the commencement of the action shall not be affected by the failure of
the writ to reach the sheriff's office where the plaintiff is not responsible for
that failure.” Id. The Court continued, “Otherwise, the plaintiff shall be
responsible for prompt delivery of the writ to the sheriff for service.” Id.
In Farinacci v. Beaver County Industrial Development
Authority, 511 A.2d 757 (Pa. 1986), the Court applied Lamp to a situation
where an action was filed on the last day of the applicable statute of
limitations “but, through plaintiff's counsel's inadvertence, service of the writ
could not be effected within 30 days of its issuance.” Id. at 758. Therein,
the lawyer filed a lawsuit and paid for the writ, but lost the file. After the file
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was found and returned to him eight or nine days later, counsel forgot to
pay the service fees and give instructions on service to the sheriff. One
month later, the attorney forwarded the fee and instructions to the sheriff.
Service was made two weeks thereafter. The trial court dismissed the case
due to the lawyer’s failure to pay the sheriff’s fee and give that office
instructions within thirty days of the filing of the action.
The Farinacci Court affirmed, ruling first that the trial court
determines, in its discretion, whether a good-faith effort was made to serve
the defendant. Our Supreme Court noted that the the thirty-day delay in
requesting service after the file was returned to the lawyer was “attributable
only to counsel's faulty memory.” Id. at 760. It continued, “As plaintiffs
have failed to provide an explanation for counsel's inadvertence which could
substantiate a finding that plaintiffs made a good-faith effort to effectuate
service of the writ, we are constrained to hold” that the trial court’s order
granting the preliminary objections and dismissing the case “was not an
abuse of discretion, and was therefore proper.” Id.
Our Supreme Court more recently examined the Lamp decision in
McCreesh v. City of Philadelphia, 888 A.2d 664 (Pa. 2005). It observed
therein that there were two lines of cases interpreting Lamp. One
demanded strict compliance with the rules of civil procedure, continual
efforts at service, and consistent reissuance of process in a timely manner.
The other line of case authority allowed for a more flexible approach,
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permitting an action to continue where there was actual notice to the
defendant of the pending action and an attempt at proper service. The
McCreesh Court announced it would adopt the latter line of cases and that
it would excuse “procedurally defective service where the defendant
has actual notice of the commencement of litigation and is not otherwise
prejudiced[.]” Id. at 666 (emphases added).
Therein, the plaintiff was allegedly injured by a falling tree owned by
the City of Philadelphia, where service of process can be effectuated by any
competent adult. Two days before the statute of limitations ran, the action
was commenced by writ, which was immediately sent by certified mail to the
City’s law department. The receptionist for the law department signed the
certified mail receipt. Thus, the City had actual notice of the suit and
plaintiff had made an effort to serve process.
Nearly three months later, the plaintiff filed a complaint and obtained
another writ; both documents were then hand delivered to the City law
department. Philadelphia filed preliminary objections arguing that it was not
properly served with process before the statute of limitations expired. Our
Supreme Court held that the defective service by certified mail was a good
faith effort to serve the process. It also noted that the defendant had actual
notice of the lawsuit. It ruled that dismissal under Lamp was not
warranted. Our High Court continued that dismissal under Lamp is
warranted only when there was an intent to stall the judicial machinery or
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the failure to comply with the rules of civil procedure prejudiced the
defendant. Id. at 674.
In Englert v. Fazio Mechanical Services, Inc., 932 A.2d 122(Pa.Super. 2007), the case was dismissed under Lamp, we affirmed, and
our Supreme Court remanded for reconsideration under McCreesh. Upon
remand, we again upheld the trial court’s dismissal. Therein, the plaintiffs
brought their action against the defendant corporation within the statute of
limitations. The sheriff attempted service, but the defendant had moved six
months before the writ issued. The sheriff sent plaintiffs’ counsel a return
indicating no service was made and providing plaintiffs with the defendant’s
new address. In the meantime, plaintiffs’ counsel moved his law office and
experienced failed mail deliveries. The lawyer never checked to ascertain
that service was made and instead waited for the sheriff’s return. Counsel
then reissued the writ six days after the statute of limitations expired and
obtained service.
Therein, we observed, “It is not necessary that the plaintiff's conduct
be such that it constitutes some bad faith act or overt attempt to delay
before the rule of Lamp will apply.” Id. at 124. Rather, “neglect and
mistake to fulfill the responsibility to see that requirements for service are
carried out may be sufficient to bring the rule in Lamp to bear.” Id.Therefore, unintentional conduct can constitute a lack of good faith. Id. at
124-25.
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We concluded in Englert that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in finding a lack of good faith efforts to serve process therein. Our
affirmance rested on the lawyer’s failure to determine if service was made
when there were problems with mail delivery to the law office. The Englert
panel stated that the lawyer’s “inaction demonstrated an intent to stall the
judicial machinery which was put into motion by the filing of the initial writ
and simply cannot be excused.” Id. at 127 (emphasis added).
As to the present case, the Farinacci decision is directly on point.
There simply was no effort to obtain service over the Appellees herein for
three months. It was Mr. Whitworth’s responsibility to forward the complaint
to the sheriff’s office for service. He admittedly did not perform that action
until October 18, 2013, over three months after the statute of limitations
expired on July 15, 2013. There was no excuse for this neglect since Mr.
McCarroll clearly informed Mr. Whitworth that Mr. McCarroll would not accept
service of process on behalf of the Serfass family. McCreesh indicates
dismissal is warranted when there is either an intent to stall the judicial
machinery or prejudice. Lamp and Farinacci hold that intent to stall the
judicial machinery is present when the plaintiff does not forward process to
the sheriff in order to effectuate service. Englert reaffirms that, after
McCreesh, inaction constitutes stalling the judicial machinery. Herein,
there was inaction for over three months. There was never a good faith but
procedurally defective attempt at service, as there was in McCreesh.
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Hence, we must conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that Appellants did not make a good faith effort to serve process
and that dismissal under Lamp and its progeny was appropriate.
Appellants contend that defense counsel appointed by the insurance
company represents the insured in the lawsuit, and assert, that “Actual
notice of the suit to the insurance company or to the defense counsel
appointed by the insurance company is actual notice to the insured.”
Appellants’ brief at 32. Appellants note that an insurer becomes the agent
for its insured in connection with the handling of litigation covered by the
policy. They then rely upon the general principle that notice to an agent is
sufficient to provide notice to the principal. Appellant’s brief at 35.
However, notice to an insurance company’s lawyer of the filing of
original process is insufficient to toll the statute of limitations when there has
been no good faith effort to serve process on the actual defendants. Cahill
v. Schults, 643 A.2d 121 (Pa.Super. 1994) (affirming dismissal under Lamp
and holding that sending, by certified mail, a copy of complaint to insurer’s
lawyer did not constitute service on insured); Schriver v. Mazziotti, 638
A.2d 224 (Pa.Super. 1994), abrogated on other grounds by McCreesh,
supra (sending insurance company’s attorney a copy of a complaint is not a
good faith effort to serve process on the insured); Ferrara v. Hoover, 636
A.2d 1151, 1153 (Pa.Super. 1994) (“We find no merit in the contention
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communication between [plaintiff] and [defendants’] insurance adjuster
serves as a substitute for actual service of process.”).
Sending original process to an insurer’s lawyer by fax does not
constitute a good faith effort to effectuate service on the insured under the
case law interpreting Lamp. The fact that Mr. McCarroll and Penn National
had actual notice of the lawsuit does not warrant reversal herein because
Appellants made no effort to serve the complaint on the Serfass family for a
period of over three months. We therefore reject Appellants’ assertions,
peppered throughout their brief, that reversal in this case is warranted
based upon the fact that Penn National and its counsel had actual notice of
the suit.
Appellants’ second contention is as follows. The August 1, 2013 letter
from Mr. McCarroll to the prothonotary constituted an entry of appearance
under Pa.R.C.P. 1012(a) and eliminated the need for service on the Serfass
family under Pa.R.C.P. 401. Appellants note that, in the letter, Mr. McCarroll
stated that he represented the Serfass family.
The first flaw with this argument is that a letter to a prothonotary
bears no resemblance to the form outlined for entry of appearance.1
____________________________________________
1
Pa.R.C.P. 1012(f)(1) states:
The entry of appearance under subdivision (a) shall be
substantially in the following form:
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Additionally, the letter was not docketed and filed of record by the
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Caption
Praecipe for Entry of Appearance
To the Prothonotary:
Enter my ______________________________________________
appearance on
behalf of
(Plaintiff/Defendant/Additional Defendant)
Papers may be served at the address set
forth below.
_________________________________________
Attorney for Party Named Above and
Identification Number
_________________________________________
Firm
_________________________________________
Address
_________________________________________
City, State, Zip Code
_________________________________________
Telephone Number
_________________________________________
Fax Number for Service of Papers
(Optional)
Date: __________ _________________________________________
Signature
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prothonotary. A copy of the letter was not sent to Appellants, even though
notice of entry of appearance must be given to all parties. Finally, Mr.
McCarroll, after the complaint was served on Appellees, actually filed an
entry of appearance. Simply put, an informal letter to a prothonotary does
not constitute an entry of appearance.
Thus, Appellant’s second argument’s factual premise, that a letter
constitutes an entry of appearance, is faulty. Moreover, Appellants
incorrectly maintain that the law provides that an entry of appearance
obviates the need for actual service of process. Appellants’ brief at 42.
Pa.R.C.P. 1012(a) states (emphasis added):
A party may enter a written appearance which shall state an
address at which pleadings and other legal papers may be
served in the manner provided by Rule 440(a)(1) and a
telephone number. The appearance may also include a telephone
facsimile number as provided in Rule 440(d). Such appearance
shall not constitute a waiver of the right to raise any
defense including questions of jurisdiction or venue.
Written notice of entry of an appearance shall be given forthwith
to all parties.
Thus, Appellants’ legal position is contrary to the express language of
Rule 1012(a) that entry of an appearance does not result in a waiver of any
objections to jurisdiction. Appellants also rely upon non-contextual quotes in
inapposite cases. For example, Appellants cite to Cinque v. Asare, 585
A.2d 490 (Pa.Super. 1990), where we concluded that a trial court erred in
granting summary judgment based upon defects in the service of process
since those defects were waived. However, therein, waiver was premised
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upon the fact that the defendant filed an answer to the complaint and other
documents without filing preliminary objections to the manner of service. It
is true that “one can waive service of process by various means, and become
a party to a suit by voluntary appearance,” Peterson v. Philadelphia
Suburban Transp. Co., 255 A.2d 577, 583 (Pa. 1969); however, the filing
of an entry of appearance form under Pa.R.C.P. 1012 has never been
construed as waiving defects in service. Indeed, we have expressly stated,
“A defendant manifests an intent to submit to the court's jurisdiction when
the defendant takes some action (beyond merely entering a written
appearance) going to the merits of the case, which evidences an intent to
forego objection to the defective service.” Fleehr v. Mummert, 857 A.2d
683, 685 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citation and quotation marks omitted; emphasis
added). Thus, even if the August 1, 2013 letter was an entry of appearance,
which it was not, it did not absolve Appellants of the responsibility to obtain
jurisdiction over the Serfass family by serving them with process.
Appellants’ final position is that Mr. McCarroll made judicial admissions
that he represented the Serfass family as of July 15, 2013. They suggest
that sending the complaint to Mr. McCarroll, as the Serflass family’s personal
lawyer, was sufficient to satisfy their obligations under Lamp. We disagree.
Assuming Mr. McCarroll was the personal attorney for the Serfass family, we
disagree with the proposition that mailing a copy of a complaint to a party’s
lawyer after that lawyer has said he would not accept service is sufficient to
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invoke McCreesh. Notice of the filing of a lawsuit, standing alone and with
no concomitant attempt at proper service of the original process under the
rules of civil procedure, does not fall within the parameters of that decision.2
Order affirmed.
Judge Allen joins this memorandum.
Judge Donohue files a dissenting memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/21/2015
____________________________________________
2
Hence, we reject a new position raised in Appellants’ reply brief. That
claim is that the Serfass family had “inquiry notice” of this lawsuit.
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