Com. v. Yorty, K. ( 2015 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
KENNETH L. YORTY,
Appellant No. 711 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of April 8, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-21-CR-0002319-2012
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON AND OTT, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED MARCH 06, 2015
Appellant, Kenneth Lee Yorty, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered on April 8, 2014. We affirm.
The factual background of this case is as follows. Appellant sexually
abused Victim 1, his step-granddaughter, from the time she was four years
old until she was approximately 12 years old. He also sexually abused
Victim 2, his great-granddaughter, from the time she was 7 years old until
she was approximately nine years old. This sexual abuse included forcing
Victim 1 to give Appellant “hand jobs” and forcing Victim 1 to engage in oral
sex. Appellant ejaculated into Victim 1’s mouth during one of the assaults.
Appellant played “games” with the two victims while abusing them. For
example, he played a game in which he touched Victim 1’s bare vagina and
penetrated her vagina with his fingers. He also told Victim 1 inappropriate
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sexual stories. These abuses took place while Appellant was watching Victim
1 and Victim 2.
The procedural history of this case is as follows. On November 1,
2012, Appellant was charged via criminal information with 19 offenses
related to his sexual abuse of Victims 1 and 2. On September 9, 2013,
Appellant pled nolo contendre to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse –
victim under 13 years old,1 corruption of minors,2 and indecent assault –
victim under 13 years old.3 On December 4, 2013, the Commonwealth filed
a praecipe for a sexually violent predator (“SVP”) hearing. The SVP hearing
was held on April 1, 2014. Robert M. Stein, Ph.D., a member of the Sexual
Offenders Assessment Board (“SOAB”) testified at the SVP hearing on behalf
of the Commonwealth and Appellant testified on his own behalf. On April 2,
2014, the trial court declared Appellant to be an SVP. On April 8, 2014, the
trial court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of 6 to 15 years’
imprisonment. This timely appeal followed.4
Appellant presents one issue for our review:
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3123(a)(6).
2
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(1)(ii).
3
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7).
4
On April 29, 2014, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal (“concise statement”). See
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On May 15, 2014, Appellant filed his concise statement.
On June 23, 2014, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Appellant’s lone issue on appeal was included in his concise statement.
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Did the trial court err when finding the Commonwealth presented
clear and convincing evidence that [Appellant] meets the
statutory requirements for classification as a[n SVP]?
Appellant’s Brief at 8 (complete capitalization removed).
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence relating to the trial
court’s SVP designation. Our standard and scope of review is well-settled:
In order to affirm an SVP designation, we, as a reviewing court,
must be able to conclude that the fact-finder found clear and
convincing evidence that the individual is a[n SVP]. As with any
sufficiency of the evidence claim, we view all evidence and
reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth. We will reverse a trial court’s determination
of SVP status only if the Commonwealth has not presented clear
and convincing evidence that each element of the statute has
been satisfied.
Commonwealth v. Baker, 24 A.3d 1006, 1033 (Pa. Super. 2011), aff’d, 78
A.3d 1044 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted).
This Court has explained the SVP determination process as follows:
After a person has been convicted of an offense listed in [42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.14], the trial [court] then orders an
assessment to be done by the [SOAB] to help determine if that
person should be classified as a[n SVP. An SVP] is defined as a
person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense . . .
and who [has] a mental abnormality or personality disorder that
makes the person likely to engage in predatory sexually violent
offenses. In order to show that the offender suffers from a
mental abnormality or personality disorder, the evidence must
show that the defendant suffers from a congenital or acquired
condition that affects the emotional or volitional capacity of the
person in a manner that predisposes that person to the
commission of criminal sexual acts to a degree that makes the
person a menace to the health and safety of other persons.
Moreover, there must be a showing that the defendant’s conduct
was predatory. . . . Furthermore, in reaching a determination,
we must examine the driving force behind the commission of
these acts, as well as looking at the offender’s propensity to re-
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offend, an opinion about which the Commonwealth’s expert is
required to opine. However, the risk of re-offending is but one
factor to be considered when making an assessment; it is not an
independent element.
Commonwealth v. Stephens, 74 A.3d 1034, 1038–1039 (Pa. Super.
2013) (internal quotation marks, ellipsis, and citations omitted).
When performing an SVP assessment, a mental health professional
must consider the following 15 factors: whether the instant offense involved
multiple victims; whether the defendant exceeded the means necessary to
achieve the offense; the nature of the sexual contact with the victim(s); the
defendant’s relationship with the victim(s); the victim(s)’ age(s); whether
the instant offense included a display of unusual cruelty by the defendant
during the commission of the offense; the victim(s)’ mental capacity(ies);
the defendant’s prior criminal record; whether the defendant completed any
prior sentence(s); whether the defendant participated in available programs
for sexual offenders; the defendant’s age; the defendant’s use of illegal
drugs; whether the defendant suffers from a mental illness, mental
disability, or mental abnormality; behavioral characteristics that contribute
to the defendant’s conduct; and any other factor reasonably related to the
defendant’s risk of reoffending. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.24(b).
Appellant only contests one aspect of the trial court’s SVP
determination. Specifically, he contends that his conduct was not predatory,
as is required for an SVP determination. Predatory conduct is defined as
“[a]n act directed at a stranger or at a person with whom a relationship has
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been initiated, established, maintained or promoted, in whole or in part, in
order to facilitate or support victimization.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.12.
Appellant argues that because he did not seek out relationships with Victim
1 or Victim 2 for the purposes of abusing them, his conduct was not
predatory.
Appellant’s argument is flawed because it focuses on a single element
of the disjunctive list in the definition of predatory. It is well-settled that
when interpreting a statute, the General Assembly’s use of the disjunctive
“or” ordinarily means that only one of the list’s elements needs to be
satisfied. See Kelly v. Thackray Crane Rental, Inc., 874 A.2d 649, 656
(Pa. Super. 2005), appeal denied, 891 A.2d 733 (Pa. 2005). Thus, in order
for Appellant’s actions to be predatory the Commonwealth was only required
to prove that Appellant established, maintained, or promoted his
relationship with either Victim 1 or Victim 2 to facilitate or support
victimization.
Dr. Stein testified that Appellant
used various games and sexual stories to groom [Victim 1] for
continued sexual contact.
Grooming has to do with any set of behaviors designed to break
down a child’s natural defenses and make it easier to commit
sexual assaults. Multiple acts of sexual assault of both of these
young girls served to establish with the first act, and then
maintain and promote with continued acts, sexually victimizing
relationships. There is sufficient evidence for predatory behavior
as defined by the statute.
N.T., 4/1/14, at 16.
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Appellant argues that the games he played with Victim 1 were not
sexual in nature, with one exception (the guessing game in which Appellant
touched Victim 1’s bare vagina). He argues that his testimony at the SVP
hearing proved that he did not intend for that game to turn sexual. This
argument, however, views the evidence in the light most favorable to
Appellant. As noted, our standard of review when examining an SVP
determination requires us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth. In this case, the trial court did not credit Appellant’s
testimony at the SVP hearing. We may not overturn such a credibility
determination. The same is true for Appellant’s contention that his sexually
inappropriate stories were requested by Victim 1. The trial court did not
credit Appellant’s testimony. We must defer to the trial court’s credibility
determination and conclude that Appellant’s testimony regarding the games
and stories was not credible.
We next turn to whether the games and stories provided sufficient
evidence to conclude that Appellant’s actions were predatory. Appellant
relies primarily on Commonwealth v. Plucinski, 868 A.2d 20 (Pa. Super.
2005), in support of his argument that his conduct was not predatory.
Plucinski is distinguishable for two reasons. First, this Court has since
noted that our “Supreme Court in [Commonwealth v. Meals, 912 A.2d 213
(Pa. 2006)] disapproved this Court's re-weighing of the [statutory] factors
[as this Court did in Plucinski].” Commonwealth v. Morgan, 16 A.3d
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1165, 1173 (Pa. Super. 2011), appeal denied, 38 A.3d 824 (Pa. 2012).
Second, in Plucinski, the Commonwealth’s own expert witness “call[ed] into
question the identification of hebephilia as the primary impetus for
[Plucinski’s] behavior.” Plucinski, 868 A.2d at 27 (internal quotation
marks omitted). Thus, there was no evidence favorable to the
Commonwealth for this Court to review. On the other hand, in the case at
bar Dr. Stein testified that the impetus for Appellant’s behavior was his
pedophilia.
We agree with Appellant that this case is distinguishable from Meals.
In Meals, our Supreme Court found that Meals’ “maintaining a relationship
with the mother for the apparent purpose of sexually exploiting her children”
was sufficient evidence to conclude that Meals’ conduct was predatory.
Meals, 912 A.2d at 223. There is no evidence to suggest that Appellant
maintained his relationship with his wife, or the victims’ parents, for the
purposes of having access to the victims. Again, we note however, that this
is but one of a number of ways in which the Commonwealth could prove that
Appellant’s actions were predatory.
Appellant also attempts to distinguish Commonwealth v.
Leddington, 908 A.2d 328 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 940 A.2d 363
(Pa. 2007). Appellant focuses on one of the two rationales given by this
Court for determining that Leddington’s conduct was predatory. Appellant
correctly notes that, like in Meals, this Court in Leddington determined
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that the defendant’s conduct was predatory because he cultivated a
relationship with the victim’s father in order to gain access to the victim. Id.
at 336. There was, however, a second reason that this Court concluded that
Leddington’s actions were predatory. He had promoted his relationship with
the victim “whereby she permitted him to sleep with her on the couch.” Id.
The same thing occurred in the case sub judice with Victim 1. Specifically,
Appellant promoted his relationship with Victim 1 through the use of games
and stories to the point where she felt comfortable enough to French kiss
Appellant and to permit him to ejaculate in her mouth during oral sex.
Appellant also attempts to distinguish Commonwealth v. Geiter, 929
A.2d 648 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 940 A.2d 362 (Pa. 2007).
Geiter, however, is remarkably similar to the case at bar. In Geiter, Dr.
Stein, the same expert involved in this case, testified that the defendant’s
conduct was predatory because of “the use of pornography as a grooming
behavior.” Id. at 652. In the case at bar, Appellant used oral stories and
games as grooming behavior instead of the viewing of pornography. There
is no reason that the visual stimulation of a victim with pornography should
be considered predatory while the aural stimulation of Victim 1 in this case
should not be considered predatory. Instead, we conclude that the use of
inappropriate sexual stimuli to promote a relationship with a victim is
predatory in nature. That is exactly what occurred with Victim 1.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Commonwealth proved by clear and
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convincing evidence that Appellant’s conduct was predatory because he
promoted his relationship with Victim 1 to facilitate victimization. We thus
turn to the broader 15 factor analysis conducted by Dr. Stein and the trial
court.
As to the first factor, the offense involved multiple victims. As to the
second factor, the trial court found that Appellant did not exceed the means
necessary to achieve the offense. As to the third factor, the nature of the
sexual conduct was digital penetration, “hand jobs”, and oral sex. As to the
fourth factor, the victims were Appellant’s step-granddaughter and great-
granddaughter. The trial court found that Appellant used those relationships
to exploit their trust. As to the fifth factor, the victims were four and seven
years old at the time the offenses began. As to the sixth factor, the trial
court found that Appellant displayed unusual cruelty during the commission
of the offense by ejaculating in Victim 1’s mouth. As to the seventh factor,
the trial court found that the victims were of normal mental capacity. As to
the eighth, ninth, and tenth factors, Appellant had no prior criminal history.
As to the eleventh factor, Appellant was 60 years old at the time of the
offense which, according to the trial court and Dr. Stein, made Appellant
more likely to reoffend. As to the twelfth factor, there is no evidence that
Appellant used illegal drugs. As to the thirteenth factor, the trial court found
that Appellant suffered from a mental abnormality, i.e., pedophilia. As to
the fourteenth factor, the trial court found that Appellant groomed his
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victims. As to the final factor, the trial court found no other circumstances
relevant to the SVP inquiry.
In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not err as a matter of law
nor did it abuse its discretion when it determined that the Commonwealth
had proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that Appellant was a SVP.
Accordingly, we affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/6/2015
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