Com. v. Zernell, M. ( 2023 )

J-A06044-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MICHAEL S. ZERNELL :
:
Appellant : No. 578 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 4, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-33-CR-0000364-2020
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MICHAEL S. ZERNELL :
:
Appellant : No. 579 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 4, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-33-CR-0000616-2020
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MICHAEL S. ZERNELL :
:
Appellant : No. 580 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 4, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-33-CR-0000363-2020
J-A06044-23
BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: MARCH 8, 2023
In these consolidated cases, Michael S. Zernell (Zernell) appeals from
the judgment of sentence imposed by the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson
County (trial court) following his jury conviction of multiple sexual offenses
against his stepdaughters, A.C. and K.C. Zernell challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence supporting his conviction for Criminal Solicitation of Statutory
Sexual Assault of A.C. and contests the weight of the evidence supporting the
numerous charges relating to K.C.—Criminal Attempt Statutory Sexual
Assault, two counts of Involuntary Deviate Sexual Intercourse with a Child
(IDSI), Aggravated Indecent Assault of a Child, two counts of Indecent Assault
Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, and one count of Indecent Assault Without
Consent.1 We affirm.
I.
This case arises from Zernell’s solicitation of A.C. for sex and from his
sexual abuse of K.C. when they were about 15 and 10-11 years old,
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 902(a), 3122.1(b), 901(a), 3123(b), 3125(b), 3126(a)(7)
and 3126(a)(1). This appeal involves Zernell’s conviction at Docket No. 578
WDA 2022. He was convicted of several other offenses at the two additional
dockets numbers, including fleeing or attempting to elude police.
-2-
J-A06044-23
respectively, while Zernell was married to their mother, A.Z. (Mother). 2
Mother has four children and Zernell has two children, but they have no
biological children together. The trial court held a two-day jury trial in June
2021 and several witnesses testified, including A.C., who was 17 years old at
that time and K.C., who was 14.
A.C. testified that Mother and Zernell became romantically involved
when she was in fourth grade and they lived together continuously from 2014
until February 2020. A.C. recounted regarding the solicitation offense that on
May 23, 2019, while she and Zernell were driving to a hockey game, he “stated
to me that if I ever wanted to have safe sex, I was able to do so with him as
long as I did not tell my mother.” (N.T. Trial, 6/17/21, at 198, 201). Zernell
explained that sex with him would be safe because it would not result in
pregnancy, as he had a vasectomy. A.C. told Zernell that she was not
interested in this at all, that it would not happen, and she asked that he not
talk about it again.
A.C. also testified that during the time leading up to this incident, Zernell
had inappropriately touched her numerous times as she emptied the
dishwasher at the house and would “hold onto my lower hip and butt area” as
he moved closely around her. (Id. at 202). Although A.C. told him that this
made her very uncomfortable and asked him to stop every time, he continued
____________________________________________
2 Mother and Zernell were separated at the time of trial.
-3-
J-A06044-23
to do this about twice per week. Additionally, when Zernell purchased
something for A.C. or did something nice, he would tell her “that I owed him
. . . [and] would give examples such as doing extra chores or . . . a blow job
or a hand job.” (Id. at 204-05). When Zernell made these types of
comments, A.C. would respond by telling him “No” and that this made her
uncomfortable and is inappropriate because he is a “father figure” to her. (Id.
at 205-06).
On cross-examination, A.C. acknowledged that Zernell did not take
further action after she said “No” each time and that she did not inform Mother
of the incidents. A.C. explained that Zernell was able to easily manipulate
Mother and “made it known to me that if I did tell my mother . . . she would
not believe me and that I was just trying to ruin their relationship.” (Id. at
207).
A.C. elaborated on re-direct examination that she was fearful Mother
would not believe her because her biological father was in prison for sexual
abuse offenses against her older sister, and Mother would not believe this had
happened in the family again. A.C. was also afraid because she had nowhere
to live other than with Mother and Zernell.
Mother testified that K.C. has been diagnosed with a learning disability,
ADD, anxiety and depression, and that she has difficulty expressing herself
and describing events cogently in chronological order. Mother explained that
-4-
J-A06044-23
while she was at work on the morning of February 12, 2020, K.C. sent her an
email from school that read:
First I want to say is, do not show [Zernell] this message.
You will understand at the end why I don’t want you to show him.
On Sunday, I was downstairs in the basement working with
[Zernell] on the boards, and I asked him what I can do so that I
can go over to [her friend H.H.’s] house. He said, ‘You will have
to have sex with me.’ And I just ignored him. Then he pushed
me hard —then he pushed me not hard to the fridge, and I won’t
let him do it. This happened way before you came downstairs to
the basement, and then I ended up leaving. Plus he touched me
inappropriately before. Love [K.C.]
(Id. at 55-56; Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1).
Mother left work to confront Zernell and when she pulled into their
driveway, she “used the OnStar app to unlock his truck because I knew that
he had a pistol and . . . I didn’t want him to have access to it in the situation.”
(Id. at 59). Zernell denied the allegations, but Mother told him that she was
obligated to report it. Zernell then implied that he was going to “take care of
it” by committing suicide and left the house in his truck. Mother called 911
because she was afraid Zernell was going to hurt himself.
Mother recounted that she had been concerned about K.C. before this
incident because “there were times where [K.C.] and [Zernell] would not be
seen for awhile and I just felt like that was odd.” (Id. at 65). A few weeks
before this, when Mother went into her bedroom, she observed Zernell lying
in bed under the covers with K.C. watching TV while Zernell was wearing
underwear only. Mother recalled firmly telling Zernell that this was
-5-
J-A06044-23
inappropriate and her level of vigilance rose when he and K.C. were together
in the house.
Mother testified that the weekend before K.C. reported the abuse,
Mother noticed that Zernell and K.C. were in the basement and she went down
the steps to check on them. She observed K.C. standing near a deep freezer
with [Zernell] standing a few feet behind her and they vaguely explained that
they were working on a project. Mother grew suspicious at this because they
were not actively working with any tools or materials.
K.C. testified that she built up the confidence to write the email to
Mother after her best friend H.H. encouraged her to report the abuse, even
though she was very worried about what would happen next. K.C. recounted
that on February 8, 2020, she had a conversation with Zernell through text
message asking for permission to go to H.H.’s house, and he replied that she
could not because she was grounded. K.C. offered to clean the house in order
to go and Zernell responded that “cleaning won’t do it” and they would talk
about it later. (N.T. Trial, 6/18/21, 20). That afternoon, they went to the
basement to work on a wood project and she asked, “Why can’t I go to [H.H.’s
house], something like that. . . . I remember after a while he said, ‘There is
one thing you can do, and that is to have sex with me.’ And I said no. And I
don’t remember how he placed his hands on me. But he rotated me.” (Id.
at 25). Zernell grabbed K.C. and moved her towards a very small space next
to a tall freezer and he “tries pulling down my pants. And I pull up my pants
-6-
J-A06044-23
and hurry up and turn back around and move back away from him.” (Id. at
27). Zernell then stopped trying to touch her, they went back to wood
working, and Mother came into the basement.
K.C. testified to an earlier instance when she was about ten years old,
although she could not pinpoint her exact age, that occurred when Mother and
her sister were not home. K.C. testified that while she was on the couch
playing video games, “[Zernell] licked my privates. I’m not a hundred percent
sure if he did put his fingers in my vagina or not” at that time, but that he had
done this to her in the past. (Id. at 34).
K.C. recounted another instance wherein she was watching a hockey
game with Zernell in the bedroom he shared with Mother and that he was
under the covers wearing only underwear. K.C. could not recall how old she
was at that time, but she testified that she was definitely under the age of 13.
Zernell placed his hand on her hand, put it on his penis moving it up and down,
licked her vagina and touched her breasts. K.C. testified that Zernell touched
her inappropriately “a lot of times” and estimated that there were more than
15 episodes, stating that the abuse began when she “was really young,” about
six to eight years old, although she was unsure of her exact age. K.C. also
described an instance she found disturbing where Zernell asked her, “If
someone had a gun up to your mom’s head and told you to show a body part,
which would you show?” (Id. at 45). When she stared at him in disbelief, he
said, “Boom. Your mother’s dead.” (Id.). K.C. testified that while she was
-7-
J-A06044-23
showering, Zernell would often come into the bathroom without her consent.
She recounted that while using an old cell phone she found in the house, she
came across a video recording showing A.C. naked in the shower and Zernell
setting up the cell phone to make the recording.
On cross-examination regarding the details of the incident that occurred
in the basement, K.C. acknowledged that she initially told police that Zernell
stopped trying to have sex with her when Mother came down the stairs, and
that this differed from her trial testimony, where she had indicated that there
was a time gap between when Zernell stopped and when Mother entered the
basement. As to the earlier incident on the couch, when defense counsel
noted that the “sequence of events was a little bit different” in K.C.’s forensic
interview compared to her trial testimony, she stated that her initial interview
“is more accurate because I remember more than what I do now. Some things
I remember more because I have flashbacks.” (Id. at 67). As to the bedroom
incident, K.C. did not remember the time of day that it took place and was
unable to recall certain details because she is “still missing a part of that
memory.” (Id. at 78). K.C. also acknowledged that her biological father is in
prison for sexual abuse offenses against her older sister, and she explained
that although she generally tells Mother “everything,” she did not inform her
of the abuse because she was very young and scared. (Id. at 81).
H.H. testified that K.C. did not go to her birthday party in February 2020
and that K.C. told her it was because “[Zernell] said she’d only come if she
-8-
J-A06044-23
had sex with him.” (N.T. Trial, 6/17/21, at 40). H.H. repeatedly encouraged
K.C. to report the incident to Mother or a guidance counselor.
Corporal Timothy Butler of the Pennsylvania State Police testified that
on February 12, 2020, he responded to a call to conduct a welfare check of
Zernell and police located him through OnStar. Zernell ignored police signals
that he stop and led several officers on a low-speed chase lasting over an
hour. The chase ended when an officer forced Zernell’s vehicle off the
roadway and he hit a tree. Zernell had blood on his wrists and hands, two
pocketknives with suspected blood on them in the vehicle, along with what
appeared to be suicide notes addressed to his children and Mother.
The jury found Zernell guilty of the above-listed offenses on June 18,
2021. On November 4, 2021, the trial court sentenced him to an aggregate
term of not less than 37½ nor more than 80 years of incarceration. Zernell
filed a post-sentence motion challenging the sufficiency and weight of the
evidence concerning the sexual offense charges, which the trial court denied
by order and opinion entered March 11, 2022. Zernell timely appealed and
he and the trial court complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)-(b).
-9-
J-A06044-23
II.
A.
Zernell first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction of Criminal Solicitation of Statutory Sexual Assault concerning A.C.3
Zernell contends that his statement to A.C. in the car did not encourage,
request or command sex with him and “to the contrary [was] informational
only.” (Zernell’s Brief, at 17; see id. at 13-19).
Under Section 902 of the Crimes Code, “A person is guilty of solicitation
to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its commission
he commands, encourages or requests another person to engage in specific
conduct which would constitute such crime or an attempt to commit such
____________________________________________
3
A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of
law. In determining whether the evidence was sufficient to
support a defendant’s conviction, we must review the evidence
admitted during the trial along with any reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from that evidence in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth as the verdict winner. If we find, based on
that review, that the jury could have found every element of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must sustain the
defendant’s conviction. Further, a conviction may be sustained
wholly on circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact—while
passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the
evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. In
conducting this review, the appellate court may not weigh the
evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact-finder.
Commonwealth v. Hummel, 283 A.3d 839, 846 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citations
omitted).
- 10 -
J-A06044-23
crime or which would establish his complicity in its commission or attempted
commission.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 902(a) (emphasis added). “The purpose of the
solicitation statute is to hold accountable those who would command,
encourage, or request the commission of crimes by others.” Commonwealth
v. Hacker, 15 A.3d 333, 336 (Pa. 2011). Regarding the element of intent,
there must be an “intent to accomplish the acts which comprise the crime,
not necessarily with intent specific to all the elements of that crime.” Id.(emphasis in original). Encouragement and intent to accomplish the acts is
sufficient evidence to sustain a solicitation conviction. See id.Instantly, the crime underlying Zernell’s solicitation conviction is
Statutory Sexual Assault, defined as follows: “A person commits a felony of
the first degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse with a
complainant under the age of 16 years and that person is 11 or more years
older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not
married to each other.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3122.1(b).
Here, the evidence was sufficient to establish Zernell’s intent to solicit
the act of statutory sexual assault with then 15-year-old A.C. His suggestion
to A.C. that they have safe sex showed his encouragement of and intent to
engage in sexual intercourse with her. Contrary to Zernell’s characterization
of his comments as merely “informational” in nature, the remarks, when
viewed in the context of the record as a whole, which included his prior sexual
grabbing of/pushing against A.C., clearly communicated his desire to have
- 11 -
J-A06044-23
sexual intercourse with her and were designed to bring about that act.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
verdict winner, we conclude that it presented sufficient evidence to support
Zernell’s conviction.
B.
Zernell next challenges the weight of the evidence4 supporting his
conviction of the numerous sexual offenses against K.C. Zernell asserts K.C.’s
____________________________________________
4
A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is
against the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion
of the trial court. A new trial should not be granted because of a
mere conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same
facts would have arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, the
role of the trial judge is to determine that notwithstanding all the
facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore
them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny
justice. It has often been stated that a new trial should be
awarded when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence as
to shock one’s sense of justice and the award of a new trial is
imperative so that right may be given another opportunity to
prevail. An appellate court’s standard of review when presented
with a weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard
of review applied by the trial court:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the
exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of
whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
Because the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear
and see the evidence presented, an appellate court will
give the gravest consideration to the findings and reasons
advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial court’s
determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting
or denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
- 12 -
J-A06044-23
testimony shows that she has a “variable memory” of the alleged instances of
sexual abuse that amounts to much more than a few minor inconsistencies.5
(Zernell’s Brief, at 25; see id. at 20-30). Zernell points to perceived
discrepancies between K.C.’s initial reports to authorities and her trial
testimony, her lack of ability to remember specific details of the incidents, and
he argues that when viewed as a whole, her testimony was “so unreliable that
a guilty verdict is a shock to anyone’s conscience.” (Id. at 30).
We first observe that issues of witness credibility include questions of
inconsistent testimony. See Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065,
1080 (2017). It is well-settled that the jury is entitled to resolve any
inconsistencies in the Commonwealth’s evidence in the manner that it sees fit
and is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.” See id.In this case, K.C. testified that Zernell sexually abused her when other
family members were in a different part of the house or out of the home, and
she described in detail the ordeal of the abuse, starting when she was very
____________________________________________
the verdict was or was not against the weight of the
evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the
interest of justice.
Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 340–41 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
5 We note that IDSI with a Child, a lead charge in this case concerning K.C.,
is defined as: “A person commits involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with
a child, a felony of the first degree, when the person engages in deviate sexual
intercourse with a complainant who is less than 13 years of age.” 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 3123(b).
- 13 -
J-A06044-23
young and lasting for years. K.C. maintained that she did not inform Mother
of the abuse because she was young at the time and was afraid of what might
happen. Although K.C. readily recognized that was she unsure of certain
details, she made it equally clear that she was sure of the sexual abuse
perpetrated by Zernell. The Commonwealth also established through the
testimony of Mother that K.C. had learning disabilities and difficulty
articulating events in chronological order.
The credibility of K.C.’s testimony was corroborated by that of A.C., who
described Zernell’s attempts to engage in sexual acts with her despite her
refusals; Mother’s testimony describing the concerning behavior she had
observed, including Zernell lying in bed under the covers with K.C. wearing
only underwear; and H.H., to whom K.C. confided, precipitating K.C.’s report
of the abuse. Further, when Mother confronted Zernell with the allegations,
he immediately fled and drove his vehicle recklessly for over one hour in an
attempt to elude police officers, thus demonstrating his consciousness of guilt.
See Commonwealth v. Clark, 961 A.2d 80, 92 (Pa. 2008) (flight after
commission of crime is evidence of consciousness of guilt).
Although at trial defense counsel highlighted various alleged
inconsistencies in K.C.’s accounts of the abuse since her initial disclosure, the
jury, as fact-finder, heard and weighed her testimony, and was free to credit
it and to resolve any inconsistencies in the Commonwealth’s favor. Assessing
all of the evidence according to the governing principles cited above, we
- 14 -
J-A06044-23
cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded
that the jury’s verdict did not shock its sense of justice. Consequently,
Zernell’s weight claim fails.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/8/2023
- 15 -