Bracken, T. v. Burchick Construction Co. ( 2014 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
TONI BRACKEN, ADMINISTRATRIX OF IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM BRACKEN, PENNSYLVANIA
DECEASED
v.
BURCHICK CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,
INC., PATENT CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
AND HARSCO CORPORATION
APPEAL OF BURCHICK CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY, INC.
No. 1432 WDA 2012
Appeal from the Judgment Entered September 14, 2012
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): GD-09-015529
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., PANELLA, J., and OLSON, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED OCTOBER 10, 2014
Burchick Construction Company, Inc. (“Burchick”) appeals from the
judgment entered September 14, 2012, in the Court of Common Pleas of
Allegheny County. At issue is whether Kusler Masonry, Inc. (“Kusler”)
agreed to indemnify Burchick for liability stemming from Burchick’s
negligence. If not, we must next decide whether Kusler agreed to indemnify
Burchick for liability stemming from Kusler’s own negligence.
Burchick was the general contractor for a construction project known
as 135 Jamison Lane. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/12/12, at 1. Burchick
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entered into a subcontract with Kusler, wherein Kusler was responsible for
the project’s associated masonry work. See id. at 1. Kusler employed the
decedent, William Bracken. See id. at 2. Toni Bracken is Mr. Bracken’s
spouse and administratrix of his estate. See id. While performing work on
the project, Mr. Bracken was killed in a work site accident. See id. As a
result, Mrs. Bracken filed a civil action against Burchick seeking damages
pursuant to the Pennsylvania Wrongful Death and Survival Acts. See id.
Subsequently, Burchick filed a complaint to join Kusler as an additional
defendant asserting two causes of action: contractual indemnification and
breach of contract. See Complaint to Join Additional Defendant Kusler
Masonry, Inc., 1/8/10. The only claim at issue in the instant appeal is the
contractual indemnification claim. With respect to this claim, Burchick
alleged that the underlying liability was caused, in whole or in part, by
Kusler’s negligent acts or omissions. See id. at ¶¶ 17-18, 21.
Kusler filed preliminary objections to the additional defendant
complaint, claiming immunity from third party indemnity claims pursuant to
the Workers Compensation Act (“the Act”). See Kusler’s Preliminary
Objections, 2/9/10, at ¶¶ 5-10. The trial court sustained Kusler’s
preliminary objections on July 15, 2010, thus dismissing the additional
defendant complaint. See Trial Court Order, 7/15/10.
Thereafter, Burchick filed a motion for leave to file an amended
complaint to join Kusler based on an alleged materially changed
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circumstance in litigation.1 See Motion for Leave to File Amended Complaint
to Join Kusler Masonry, Inc., 2/28/12. Burchick again claimed that the
terms of the subcontract agreement required Kusler to indemnify Burchick.
See id. at ¶ 13. Kusler opposed the motion, citing the immunity provided by
the Act. See Response in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Leave to File
Amended Complaint, 3/5/12. The trial court sided with Kusler and denied
the motion. See Trial Court Order, 6/13/12.
The matter proceeded to trial in August 2012; however, Burchick and
the Brackens settled before a verdict was reached. Burchick filed a motion
for post-trial relief asking the trial court to vacate its July 15, 2010, and June
13, 2012, orders so that Burchick could file an amended complaint to join
Kusler. See Burchick’s Motion for Post-Trial Relief, 9/4/14. The trial court
denied this request. See Trial Court Order, 9/7/12. This timely appeal
followed.
Burchick raises the following issue for our review:
Whether the lower court should have granted [Burchick’s]
request to join the [Appellee’s] employer, [Kusler], as an
additional defendant in this matter where the subcontractor
agreement between [Burchick] and Kusler requires Kusler to
indemnify Burchick for claims asserted in the tort action by
[Appellee?]
Burchick’s Brief at 5.
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1
This alleged circumstances involve Kusler’s alleged obligation to provide
additional insurance to Burchick.
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Since this appeal stems from the grant of preliminary objections, we
are guided by the following standard:
In determining whether the trial court properly sustained
preliminary objections, the appellate court must examine the
averments in the complaint, together with the documents and
exhibits attached thereto, in order to evaluate the sufficiency of
the facts averred. The impetus of our inquiry is to determine the
legal sufficiency of the complaint and whether the pleading
would permit recovery if ultimately proven. This Court will
reverse the trial court's decision regarding preliminary objections
only where there has been an error of law or abuse of discretion.
When sustaining the trial court's ruling will result in the denial of
[a] claim or a dismissal of suit, preliminary objections will be
sustained only where the case is free and clear of doubt.
Floors, Inc. v. Atlig, 963 A.2d 912, 915 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation
omitted).
The parties’ relationship was governed by a subcontract agreement
dated June 27, 2007. Relying upon Articles IV and VI of the agreement,
Burchick claims that it imposes indemnification liability on Kusler for
Burchick’s negligence. Alternatively, Burchick suggests Kusler agreed to
indemnify Burchick to the extent the instant liability stems from Kusler’s own
negligence. Before addressing these claims, we must first discuss the Act’s
immunity provision as well as relevant case law.
The Act requires an employer to purchase workers’ compensation
insurance in the event of workplace injuries. Participating employers are
protected from further liability since the Act makes these insurance benefits
the sole and exclusive means of recovery against an employer for workplace
injuries. See 77 PA.CONS.STAT.ANN. § 481(a). However, the Act allows an
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employer to waive this immunity by entering into an indemnity contract with
a third party wherein the employer agrees to assume such liability that
occurs to the employer’s employees. The relevant provision provides:
In the event injury or death to an employe is caused by a third
party, then such employe, his legal representative, husband or
wife, parents, dependents, next of kin, and anyone otherwise
entitled to receive damages by reason thereof, may bring their
action at law against such third party, but the employer…shall
not be liable to a third party for damages, contribution, or
indemnity in any action at law, or otherwise, unless liability for
such damages, contributions or indemnity shall be expressly
provided for in a written contract entered into by the party
alleged to be liable prior to the date of the occurrence which
gave rise to the action.
77 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 481(b) (emphasis added).
The practical effect of this provision is to prevent the involuntary
joinder of an employer in an action involving injury or death to its employee
unless the employer waives such right by agreeing with a third party to
assume indemnity liability via contract. While the Act permits
indemnification contracts in this context, these contracts “are not favored in
the law and every intendment must be construed against the party seeking
protection from liability or indemnification from the employer.” Snare v.
Ebensburg Power Co., 637 A.2d 296, 298 (Pa. Super. 1993) (citations
omitted). In order to waive immunity provided by the Act, the parties must
use clear and unequivocal language providing the employer/indemnitor will
indemnify a third party against claims by employees of the indemnitor. See
id. (citing Bester v. Essex Crane Rental Corp., 619 A.2d 304 (Pa. Super.
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1993)). Thus, “general indemnity language such as ‘any or all’ or ‘any
nature whatsoever’ is insufficient.” Bester, 619 A.2d at 307 (citation
omitted). In addition, when faced with a claim that an agreement requires
the indemnitor to indemnify and indemnitee for liability arising from the
indmenitee’s own negligence, such intent must also be evident from the
express language of the contract. See id. at 308-309 (“[C]ontracting
parties must specifically use language which demonstrates that a named
employer agrees to indemnify a named third party from liability for acts of
that third party’s own negligence which result in harm to the employees of
the named employer.”).
The requirement of clear and unequivocal contractual language to
impose indemnification liability based on the negligent acts of an indemnitee
is a long-established policy. See Perry v. Payne, 66 A. 553 (Pa. 1907);
Ruzzi v. Butler Petroleum Co., 588 A.2d 1 (Pa. 1991). It is necessary
because “[t]he liability on such indemnity is so hazardous, and the character
of the indemnity so unusual and extraordinary, that there can be no
presumption that the indemnitor intended to assume the responsibility
unless the contract puts it beyond doubt by express stipulation.” Perry, 66
A. at 557. This policy sometimes requires a reviewing court to disregard the
plain meaning of a clause, as discussed by our Court in Deskiewicz v.
Zenith Radio Corp.:
A fundamental rule of construction in the law of contracts states
that words, phrases and clauses will be given their plain and
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ordinary expressed meaning. If this is so, then this particular
area of law, indemnification for damages or injuries arising from
negligent acts, could be thought of as an exception to the
general rule. If literal effect was given to these clauses then
indemnification would be enforced. Yet due to policy and
practical considerations decisions have been handed down
indicating that such generally worded indemnification clauses will
not be construed to mean that the indemnitor will indemnify the
indemnitee for liability resulting from the indemnitee's own
negligence.
561 A.2d 33, 35 (Pa. Super. 1989) (citation omitted).
Lastly, while the case law requires clear an unequivocal language to
establish both a waiver of immunity provided by the Act, as well as an intent
to indemnify for liability stemming from an indemnitee’s negligence, “if the
indemnification agreement is clear and includes indemnification in the event
of either the indemnitee’s or the employer’s own negligence, its
enforceability does not require that the employer, in addition, expressly and
in haec verba waive the immunity provided by [the Act].” Bester, 619 A.2d
at 307 (citation omitted).
With these principles in mind, we turn our attention to the relevant
contractual language at issue:
ARTICLE IV: Subcontractor’s Liability
***
c. If any person (including employees of [Kusler]) suffers injury
or death or property is damaged, lost or destroyed as a result, in
whole or in part, of negligence (or other act for which there is
legal liability) of [Kusler], his employees, agents or lower-tier
subcontractors, then [Kusler] shall assume the entire liability
therefore, and shall (at [Burchick’s] sole option) defend any
action, pay all costs including attorney’s fees and satisfy any
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judgment entered against [Burchick], and further agrees to hold
[Burchick] and its agents, servants, employees and sureties
harmless therefore. [Kusler’s] obligations under this Paragraph
shall be in addition to any indemnity liability imposed by the
Subcontract, including, without limitation, the Contract
Documents.
***
e. [Kusler’s] assumption of liability is independent from and not
limited in any manner by…worker’s compensation acts….
***
ARTICLE VI: Indemnification
a. To the full extent permitted by law, [Kusler] agrees to defend,
indemnify and hold harmless [Burchick] and Owner…from and
against any and all claims, demands, injuries, fines, penalties,
losses, expenses (including attorney’s fees), damages and
liabilities of every nature (including contractual liability
“Losses”), arising from or relating to Work performed by [Kusler]
on the Project…whether or not [Burchick] was alleged to be
negligent, unless [Burchick] was alleged to be solely negligent.
[Kusler’s] obligations under this Article shall be in addition to any
independent liability imposed by the Contract Documents.
Without limitation, this indemnity shall extend to Losses arising
from [Kusler’s] violations of Laws. [Kusler’s] indemnity
obligations under this Paragraph shall not be limited by
applicable worker’s compensation laws, and, with respect to this
indemnity, [Kusler] hereby expressly waives all immunities and
defenses that it may have under such Laws.
Burchick Construction Company, Inc. Subcontract Agreement, 6/12/07, at 3-
4.
Burchick maintains that, when read together, Articles IV and VI evince
Kusler’s intent to indemnify Burchick for injuries incurring to Kusler’s
employee’s caused by Burchick’s negligence. Furthermore, Burchick claims
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the following language was sufficient to waive Kusler’s employer immunity
under the act:
(1) [I]n Article IV, Kusler agreed to assume “the entire
liability” and to defend and to hold [Burchick] harmless in
any action where a person, “including an employee of
[Kusler],” suffers an injury or death as a result, in whole or
in part, of Kusler’s negligence; and
(2) in Article VI, Kusler agreed to defend, indemnify and hold
harmless [Burchick] from and against any and all claims
“arising from or relating to Work performed by [Kusler] on
the Project…whether or not [Burchick] was alleged to be
negligent.”
Burchick’s Brief at 11 (emphasis in original).
Burchick also directs our attention to Hackman v. Moyer Packing,
where our Court held that the following language sufficiently waived
immunity under the Workers’ Compensation Act:
[Indemnitor]…agrees to indemnify, save and hold harmless
[Indemnitee], its subsidiaries, affiliates, their directors, officers,
agents, workmen, servants, or employees, against any and all
claim or claims brought by the agents, workmen, servants or
employees of [Indemnitor] for any alleged negligence or
condition, caused or created, [in] whole or in part, by
[Indemnitee].
621 A.2d 166, 168 (Pa. Super. 1993). Burchick alleges the language in
Article IV is sufficiently similar to the Hackman provision to result in a
waiver of Workers Compensation Act immunity. We disagree.
The Hackman provision explicitly provides that “[Indemnitor] agrees
to indemnify…[Indmenitee]…for any alleged negligence or condition, caused
or created, [in] in whole or in part, by [Indemnitee].” Id. (emphasis
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added). Such an express assumption of indemnification liability in
Hackman is absent from the subcontract agreement in the instant case.
Within Article IV, there is no specific language stating that Kusler would
indemnify Burchick for liabilities arising from Burchick’s negligence, i.e.,
language which explicitly states that Party A agrees to indemnify Party B for
injuries caused to Party A’s employee by Party B’s negligence. Instead,
Article IV generally states that Kusler would assume “the entire liability” for
as a result of negligence caused “in whole or in part” by Kusler. We are not
persuaded that this general language is sufficient to meet the dictates of
Bester. We turn our attention to Article VI.
The trial court’s opinion discussed Article VI in depth, and determined
that, when read as a whole, it fails to contain language that specifically
states that Kusler agreed to indemnify Burchick from liability for acts of
Burchick’s own negligence. We see no error in this conclusion. The trial
court’s analysis focused, in part, on the “whether or not” clause located in
Article VI to reach their conclusion that Kusler did not agree to indemnify
Burchick for Burchick’s own negligence. The trial court stated:
[W]hile apparently acknowledging that the “whether or
not” language is insufficient, [Burchick] argues that this
language when considered with “the Indemnification provision of
Article VI as a whole … unequivocally and expressly” satisfies
Bester’s stringent requirements. [Burchick] thus implicitly
argues that, taken as a whole, Article VI “specifically use[s]
language which demonstrates” that Kusler has agreed to
indemnify [Burchick] “for acts of [Burchick]’s own negligence
which result in harm to employees of Kusler.”
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Yet, apart from the “whether or not” clause (which, we are
all agreed, is itself insufficient to do the job), there is nothing in
the language of Article VI that addresses the subject of
[Burchick]’s own negligence. Article VI simply uses broad,
general language of indemnification that the Supreme Court in
Bester has held to be insufficient. For example, Article VI states
that “to the extent permitted by law, the subcontractor agrees to
defend, indemnify, … from and against any and all claims….” In
short, even when considered as a whole, Article VI does not
explicitly state that Kusler is obligated to indemnify [Burchick]
for acts of Burchick’s own negligence.
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reached a similar result
in Greer v. City of Philadelphia, 795 A.2d 376, 379 (Pa.
2002), where the court also considered “whether or not”
language. The contract in Geer “provide[d] indemnity from
claims for damages ‘only to the extent caused in whole or in part
by negligent acts or omissions of the [indemnitor]…and
regardless of whether or not such claim…is caused in part by
[the indemnitees]. The Supreme Court held that this clause did
not require the indemnitor to indemnify the indemnitees for the
indemnitees own negligence in any amount, not complete
indemnity or partial indemnity. The Supreme Court concluded
that the “contract simply does not put it beyond doubt by
express stipulation that [the indemnitor] intended to indemnify
[the indemnitees] for their own negligence.
The Greer court further stated: “we read the…part of the
provision, which states that the indemnity clause will apply
‘regardless of whether or not such claim…is caused in part by a
party indemnified hereunder[,]’ merely to clarify that any
contributory negligence by [the indemnitees] will not bar their
indemnification for damages due to [the indemnitor’s]
negligence.”
Trial Court Opinion, 6/12/12, at 6-7 (some internal citations omitted).
The language before the “whether or not” clause in Article VI
explicitly states that Kusler will indemnify Burchick for negligence arising
from Kusler’s work. We do not agree with Burchick that the resulting effect
of the “whether or not” clause is to impose indemnification liability on Kusler
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for negligence arising from Burchick’s work. Instead, as in Greer, this
clause merely clarifies that Kusler will indemnify Burchick for Kusler’s
negligence, and that any contributory negligence that may be attributed to
Burchick will not bar their indemnification for damages arising from Kusler’s
negligence.2
In sum, when read as a whole, Articles IV and VI fail to sufficiently
express, by clear and unequivocal language, that Kusler agreed to indemnify
Burchick for Burchick’s negligent acts. Accordingly, Burchick’s first
argument fails.
Burchick claims in his second argument that, at a minimum, the
aforementioned language requires Kusler to indemnify it to the extent that
Kusler was negligent. See Burchick’s Brief at 12. Before addressing the
merits of this claim, we must first discuss Kusler’s contention that Burchick
waived this argument by failing to raise the issue before the trial court and
by failing to preserve the issue in its motion for post-trial relief.
Generally, post-trial relief will not be granted for issues raised in pre-
trial proceedings unless the underlying grounds are specifically stated in a
post-trial motion. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 227.1(b)(1)-(2). During pre-trial
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2
The remainder of Article VI does not contain clear and unequivocal
contractual language providing for indemnification based on the negligent
acts of Burchick. While the final sentence of Article VI can be summarized
as an attempt to generally waive all immunities under the Act, such waiver is
ineffective since there is a lack of an express assumption of indemnification
liability on the part of Kusler for the negligence acts of Burchick.
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proceedings, Burchick attempted to join Kusler and an additional defendant
on indemnification grounds on two separate occasions: first by an additional
defendant complaint and second by a motion for leave to file amended
complaint to join Kusler as an additional defendant.
In the initial additional defendant complaint, Burchick specifically
sought to join Kusler through a contractual indemnification claim for
negligence arising from Kusler’s work on the project. See Complaint to Join
Additional Defendant Kusler Masonry, Inc., 1/8/10, ¶¶ 17-18.
Furthermore, Burchick’s motion for post-trial relief specifically referenced the
additional defendant complaint as the basis for Burchick’s indemnification
claim. See Motion for Post-Trial Relief, 9/4/12, at ¶¶ 3, 6, and 10.
Accordingly, we find that Burchick has properly preserved this issue for
review and thus proceed to the merits.
In opposition to Burchick’s second claim that the subcontract requires
Kusler to indemnify Burchick to the extent Kusler is liabile, Kusler contends
that allowing such a claim to proceed would ignore the fundamental
character of an indemnification claim. See Appellee’s Brief at 29-31. In
support of this assertion, Kusler cites to the Black’s Law Dictionary definition
of “indemnity,” as well as relevant case law setting forth the general nature
of a claim of indemnity. We find these propositions unpersuasive since they
generally relate to a claim arising out of common law indemnity. Common
law indemnity concerns are irrelevant to our determination here since the
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parties entered into a written contract of indemnity that specifically sets
forth the rights and duties of each party to the contract. See Eazor
Express, Inc. v. Barkley, 272 A.2d 893, 895 (Pa. 1971) (“These [common
law indemnification] cases, however, are not apposite where, as here, there
is a written contract setting forth the rights and duties of the parties. The
contract must govern.”). Thus, resolution of this issue is determined by the
terms of the parties’ contract.
In Article IV, the parties agreed that “[i]f any person (including
employees of [Kusler]) suffers injury or death…as a result, in whole or in
part, of negligence…of [Kusler], his employees, agents or lower-tier
subcontractors, then [Kusler] shall assume the entire liability therefore…”
Construction Company, Inc. Subcontract Agreement, 6/12/07, at 4. By
using this language, Kusler agreed to assume the entire liability for any
injury or death incurred to its employees as a result of Kusler’s own
negligence, whether the entire liability can be attributed to Kusler or only a
portion thereof. The provision defines the scope of indemnification by
requiring Kusler to indemnify Burchick for the entire liability if the underlying
liability is at least caused, in part, by Kusler’s negligence.
Furthermore, in Article VI, Kusler agreed to indemnify Burchick
“against any and all claims…arising from or relating to the Work performed
by [Kusler] on the Project…whether or not [Burchick] was alleged to be
negligent, unless [Burchick] was alleged to be solely negligent.” Id. This
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provision further clarifies the scope of the indemnity by providing
indemnification for the entire liability, even if Burchick is contributorily
negligent but not solely negligent.
Both articles are examples of intermediate form indemnity provisions.
See Trisha Strode, From the Bottom of the Food Chain Looking Up:
Subcontractors Are Finding That Additional Insured Endorsements Are Giving
Them Much More Than They Bargained for, 23 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 697,
700 (2004); see also Nancy J. White, Death, Taxes, and .... Insurance:
Current Legal Issues Relating to Insurance in the Construction Industry, 36
Real Est. L.J. 154, 157 (2007). “The intermediate form indemnity requires
the indemnitor to save and hold harmless the indemnitee for all liability
excluding that which arises out of the indemnitee's sole negligence.” Strode
supra, 23 St. Louis. U. Pub. L. Rev. at 700.
Currently, there is a dearth of Pennsylvania case law regarding the
interpretation of intermediate form indemnity provisions. Notwithstanding,
intermediate form indemnities are sufficiently similar to the broad form
indemnities discussed in Perry, Ruzzi, and Bester that adoption of that
analytical framework is proper in this case. This is because intermediate
form indemnities present the same concerns as broad form indemnities due
to their unique nature and the potentially hazardous consequences of the
resulting liability.
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For instance, based on the terms of a standard intermediate form
indemnity, if an indemnitor were found even one percent negligent, the
indemnitor would be liable for the entire amount of liability. Based on this
unusual and extraordinary result, we will not assume the indemnitor
intended to assume this responsibility unless the express terms of the
contract puts it beyond doubt. Therefore, we require contracting parties
who desire to clearly and unequivocally provide that (1) the
employer/indemnitor waive immunity under the Act by stating that the
employer/indemnitor will indemnify a third party against claims by
employees of the employer/indemnitor, and (2) the employer/indemnitor
agrees to indemnify a third party for liability arising from acts of the
employer/indemnitor which result in harm to the employer/indemnitor’s
employees.
With this standard in mind, we turn to the agreement. With respect to
Article IV, we find that its language fails to specifically address indemnity
liability. Instead, Article IV uses broad and general terms stating that Kusler
would “assume the entire liability and … defend any action, pay all costs …
and satisfy any judgment.” Burchick Construction Company, Inc.
Subcontract Agreement, 6/12/07, at 4. By using such generalized language,
we cannot assume the parties intended to enter into an intermediate form
indemnity agreement.
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On the other hand, Article VI sufficiently waives immunity under the
Act by providing for indemnification, and also specifically sets forth the
terms of the indemnification. In Article VI, Kusler agreed to indemnify
Burchick for claims arising from Kusler’s work, so long as Burchick was not
solely negligent. Beyond this explicit intent to enter into an intermediate
form indemnity, Kusler also explicitly waived the immunities provided by the
Act. See id. (“[Kusler]’s indemnity obligations under this Paragraph shall
not be limited by applicable worker’s compensation laws, and, with respect
to this indemnity, [Kusler] hereby expressly waives all immunities and
defenses it may have under such Laws.”). This language is sufficient to
establish the parties’ intent to enter into an intermediate form indemnity
agreement.
Therefore, we find that Kusler agreed to indemnify Burchick for the
entire liability if the liability stemmed from Kusler’s partial or sole
negeligence. Since Burchick’s alleged indemnity claim stems from Kusler’s
alleged sole or partial negligence, Burchick adequately pled this claim. Thus,
the trial court erred by dismissing Burchick’s additional defendant complaint.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court order dismissing the additional
defendant complaint, and remand the matter to the trial court for a
determination regarding the extent, if any, of Kusler’s negligence for the
underlying liability in this matter.
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Judgment reversed. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with
this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott joins the memorandum.
Judge Olson files a dissenting memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/10/2014
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