Com. v. Sikora, A. ( 2016 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ANDREW DAVID SIKORA, JR.
Appellant No. 1532 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 24, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0003780-2014
BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED AUGUST 22, 2016
Appellant, Andrew David Sikora, Jr., appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered on April 24, 2015. We are constrained to reverse.
The factual background and procedural history of this case are as
follows. At approximately 2:00 a.m. on August 9, 2014, Officer Matthew
Fusco responded to a disturbance. When he reached Bridge Street in
downtown Phoenixville, Officer Fusco learned that fellow officers resolved the
disturbance. Shortly thereafter, Officer Fusco and Appellant were traveling
in opposite directions on Bridge Street. At that time, the road was dry, the
skies were clear, and visibility was good. The speed limit on Bridge Street is
25 miles per hour (“MPH”) and Appellant was traveling 14 MPH when he
passed Officer Fusco.
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court
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After Appellant passed Officer Fusco, Officer Fusco heard an engine
surge. He looked in his side mirror and saw Appellant’s vehicle continuing in
the opposite direction. Officer Fusco turned around and pulled Appellant
over to investigate whether Appellant was driving at an unsafe speed.
Based upon his interaction with Appellant, Officer Fusco believed Appellant
was under the influence of alcohol and therefore ordered him to perform
field sobriety tests. Appellant failed the field sobriety tests and was
transported to the local hospital where a blood test showed Appellant’s blood
alcohol concentration (“BAC”) was .184%.
On November 17, 2014, Appellant was charged via criminal
information with driving under the influence-highest rate,1 driving under the
influence-high rate,2 driving under the influence-general impairment,3
careless driving,4 driving an unregistered vehicle,5 and driving at an unsafe
speed.6 On December 12, 2014, Appellant filed a suppression motion,
arguing that Officer Fusco lacked the requisite probable cause to pull him
over to investigate the offense of driving at an unsafe speed. A suppression
1
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(c).
2
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(b).
3
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(a)(1).
4
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3714(a).
5
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1301(a).
6
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3361.
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hearing was held on March 20, 2015, at the conclusion of which the trial
court denied the suppression motion.
On April 24, 2015 Appellant was convicted of driving under the
influence-highest rate. The remaining charges were withdrawn. Appellant
was immediately sentenced to seven days to six months’ imprisonment.
This timely appeal followed.7
Appellant presents two issues for our review:
1. [Did the trial court err by finding that Officer Fusco only needed
reasonable suspicion to pull Appellant over?
2. Did the trial court err in finding that Officer Fusco had probable
cause to pull Appellant over?]
See Appellant’s Brief at 2.
Both of Appellant’s issues relate to the trial court’s denial of his
suppression motion. Our “standard of review in addressing a challenge to
the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record and whether
the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct.” Commonwealth
v. Mason, 130 A.3d 148, 151 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). “[O]ur
scope of review is limited to the factual findings and legal conclusions of the
suppression court.” In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1080 (Pa. 2013) (citation
omitted). “We may consider only the Commonwealth’s evidence and so
7
On June 16, 2015, Appellant filed a concise statement of errors complained
of on appeal (“concise statement”). See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On July 23,
2015, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion. Both issues raised on
appeal were included in Appellant’s concise statement.
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much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read
in the context of the record as a whole.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 125
A.3d 425, 431 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). “Once a defendant files
a motion to suppress, the Commonwealth has the burden of proving that the
evidence in question was lawfully obtained without violating the defendant’s
rights.” Commonwealth v. Fleet, 114 A.3d 840, 844 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(citation omitted).
In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court applied the
wrong standard when determining whether Officer Fusco lawfully stopped
Appellant. Appellant argues that Officer Fusco needed probable cause to pull
him over. The trial court found, however, that Officer Fusco needed only
reasonable suspicion in order to pull Appellant over.
“Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Article I, § 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect citizens from
unreasonable searches and seizures.” Commonwealth v. Gillespie, 103
A.3d 115, 118 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “To safeguard these
rights, courts require police to articulate the basis for their interaction with
citizens in three increasingly intrusive situations.” Commonwealth v.
Clemens, 66 A.3d 373, 378 (Pa. Super. 2013) (internal alterations,
quotation marks, and citation omitted).
The first of these is a mere encounter (or request for
information) which need not be supported by any level of
suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to stop or to
respond. The second, an investigative detention[,] must be
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supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a suspect to a
stop and a period of detention, but does not involve such
coercive conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent of
an arrest. Finally, an arrest or custodial detention must be
supported by probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Ranson, 103 A.3d 73, 76-77 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal
denied, 117 A.3d 296 (Pa. 2015) (internal alteration, quotation marks, and
citation omitted).
In finding that Officer Fusco needed only reasonable suspicion to stop
Appellant for driving at an unsafe speed, the trial court relied upon 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 6308(b). That statute provides that:
Whenever a police officer . . . has reasonable suspicion that a
violation of [the Vehicle Code] is occurring or has occurred, he
may stop a vehicle, upon request or signal, for the purpose of
checking the vehicle’s registration, proof of financial
responsibility, vehicle identification number or engine number[,]
or the driver’s license, or to secure such other information as the
officer may reasonably believe to be necessary to enforce the
provisions of th[e Vehicle Code].
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308(b). The trial court interpreted section 6308(b) to
permit police detention based upon reasonable suspicion that the driver
violated any portion of the Vehicle Code.
Our Supreme Court has rejected the trial court’s interpretation of
section 6308(b). Specifically, our Supreme Court has held that:
a vehicle stop based solely on offenses not “investigatable”
cannot be justified by a mere reasonable suspicion, because the
purposes of a Terry[8] stop do not exist—maintaining the status
quo while investigating is inapplicable where there is nothing
8
See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
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further to investigate. An officer must have probable cause to
make a constitutional vehicle stop for such offenses.
Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa. 2008); see
Commonwealth v. Slattery, 2016 Pa. Super. 99, 3-4 (Pa. Super. May 13,
2016); Commonwealth v. Feczko, 10 A.3d 1285, 1290-1291 (Pa. Super.
2010) (en banc), appeal denied, 25 A.3d 327 (Pa. 2011).
Based upon our Supreme Court’s holding in Chase, whether Officer
Fusco needed reasonable suspicion or probable cause depends upon whether
driving at an unsafe speed constitutes an investigatable offense. We
conclude that, under the facts presented in this case, driving at an unsafe
speed is not an investigatable offense. The police officer could not gain any
information from a traffic stop which would help him determine whether
Appellant was operating his vehicle at an unsafe speed. Instead, the police
officer’s observation of the vehicle and the surrounding circumstances (i.e.,
weather, road conditions, visibility, etc.), is the only factor in determining if
Appellant was operating the vehicle at an unsafe speed.9
Alternatively, the Commonwealth argues that Officer Fusco had
reasonable suspicion that Appellant was fleeing the scene of a crime. As this
Court has explained:
9
The Commonwealth relies upon Commonwealth v. Perry, 982 A.2d 1009
(Pa. Super. 2009), in support of its argument that a police officer only needs
reasonable suspicion to pull a driver over for driving at an unsafe speed.
The Commonwealth ignores, however, that the en banc panel in Feczko
overruled Perry. Feczko, 10 A.3d at 1291 & n.2.
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Reasonable suspicion is a less stringent standard than probable
cause necessary to effectuate a warrantless arrest, and depends
on the information possessed by police and its degree of
reliability in the totality of the circumstances. . . . In assessing
the totality of the circumstances, courts must also afford due
weight to the specific, reasonable inferences drawn from the
facts in light of the officer’s experience and acknowledge that
innocent facts, when considered collectively, may permit the
investigative detention.
Clemens, 66 A.3d at 379 (ellipsis and citation omitted).
We conclude that Officer Fusco lacked reasonable suspicion that
Appellant was fleeing the scene of a crime. Officer Fusco lacked any facts to
support the inference that a crime recently occurred in the area and/or that
a suspect was fleeing the scene of a crime. To the contrary, although Officer
Fusco knew that a disturbance had occurred in the area, the record confirms
that the situation had been successfully contained and that the scene was
clear. It is not reasonable to infer, from a single surge of an engine, that an
individual is fleeing a non-active crime scene. The video of the interaction
confirms that Officer Fusco had no knowledge of Appellant’s involvement
with the prior fracas. Accordingly, we conclude that Officer Fusco needed
probable cause to pull Appellant over.
Having determined that Officer Fusco needed probable cause to pull
Appellant over, we turn to whether he possessed such lawful justification for
his interaction with Appellant. The Commonwealth argues that Officer Fusco
possessed probable cause for two reasons. First, the Commonwealth argues
that Appellant surging his engine made it probable that he was driving at an
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unsafe speed. Second, the Commonwealth argues that the time and
location of the incident, i.e., bar closing time in a downtown area, meant
that driving at 14 MPH was unsafe for those conditions. Both arguments
lack merit.
As to the first argument, Officer Fusco did not testify as to what effect
Appellant’s surging of the engine had on the speed of the vehicle he was
driving. At the suppression hearing Officer Fusco only testified to hearing
the engine surge and seeing Appellant’s taillights pulling away, and without
any support, he made the conclusory statement that Appellant was traveling
away from him at a high rate of speed.10 N.T., 3/10/15, at 9. Officer Fusco
saw Appellant’s taillights in his side mirror. Officer Fusco merely caught a
brief glimpse of the taillights proceeding in the opposite direction. Thus,
Appellant’s surging of the engine was insufficient to give Officer Fusco
probable cause.
Next, the Commonwealth argues that Appellant’s rate of speed – 14
MPH in a 25 MPH zone – was sufficient to give Office Fusco probable cause in
light of the surrounding circumstances. Specifically, the Commonwealth
argues that it was closing time for the bars located along Bridge Street in
downtown Phoenixville and pedestrians were jaywalking at the time. We
10
The only evidence of record as to the speed that Appellant was traveling
when he passed Officer Fusco is the testimony of Steven Shorr, an accident
reconstructionist, who testified as an expert witness on behalf of Appellant.
Mr. Shorr testified that, in his expert opinion, Appellant accelerated from 6
MPH to “about” 14 MPH as he passed Officer Fusco. N.T., 3/10/15, at 62.
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carefully reviewed the footage from Officer Fusco’s dashboard camera and
conclude that the surrounding circumstances did not provide Officer Fusco
with probable cause that traveling 14 MPH was unsafe for the conditions.
Instead, the surrounding circumstances were similar to those encountered
every day in school zones across this Commonwealth. Pedestrians were
walking on the sidewalk and there was an occasional jaywalker. Fifteen
miles per hour is an appropriate speed under those circumstances. See 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3365(b). As no other evidence supported Officer Fusco’s belief
that Appellant was driving at an unsafe speed, we conclude he lacked
probable cause to pull Appellant over. Therefore, the trial court erred by
denying Appellant’s suppression motion. As no other evidence supported
Appellant’s conviction, we reverse the judgment of sentence and discharge
Appellant.
Judgment of sentence reversed. Appellant discharged.
Judge Strassburger joins this memorandum.
Judge Bowes files a Dissenting Memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/22/2016
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