Com. v. Durham, P. ( 2019 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
PAUL LAMONT DURHAM :
:
Appellant : No. 351 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 19, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0003964-2015
BEFORE: OTT, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED JUNE 25, 2019
Paul Lamont Durham appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed
on December 19, 2016, in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County,
following his jury convictions of one count of murder in the second degree,
two counts of robbery, and one count of criminal conspiracy.1 On appeal,
Durham claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress,
and that his conviction was against the weight and sufficiency of the evidence.
For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter from
the trial court’s December 20, 2018 opinion.
At approximately 3:15 pm on October 14, 2014, [Tina] Chapple
[“Chapple”] was at the residence she shared with her boyfriend,
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(b), 3701(a)(1)(I), and 903, respectively.
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Leonard Butler, (hereinafter referred to as “Butler”), when he
asked her to come down from the second floor to the living room.
When she arrived in the living room, she observed two males with
guns who had partially covered their faces with masks. One of
the individuals who Chapple identified as the meaner of the two,
[later identified as co-defendant Derek Lee (“Lee”)], forced Butler
into the basement while the other male, later determined to be
Durham, stood in the living room with Chapple. Eventually
Chapple was forced down into the basement by Durham and was
forced to get down on her knees next to Butler. Lee was yelling
at Butler to give up his money and Butler told him that he had no
money. Wh[en] the defendants did not recover any money from
Butler, they used a stun gun on him and again demanded money.
Butler told the defendants to go look through his house stating
that he did not have anything. At that point[,] Lee pistol-whipped
Butler on the left side of his head and then took his watch and ran
up the steps while Durham remained in the basement and stood
guard over Chapple and Butler. Shortly thereafter, Butler and
Durham struggled over the gun and one shot was fired which
struck Butler and Durham then ran up the stairs and out of the
house. The police were called and after interviewing Chapple they
began canvassing the neighborhood for witnesses.
Henry Leacock, (hereinafter referred to as “Leacock”), called in
two reports to the police with respect to suspicious activity in the
area where the shooting occurred. Leacock was able to provide a
license plate of a motor vehicle which was determined to be a
Nissan Altima that had been rented from Hertz Rental by Lee.
Leacock was also able to provide detailed descriptions of both
males.
During the course of the police investigation, they developed a
lead as to who was the shooter that caused the death of Butler
and then prepared photo arrays which were shown to Chapple who
identified Durham as the individual who shot Butler.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/20/2018, at 3-4.
A lengthy jury trial took place in September 2016. On September 26,
2016, the jury convicted Durham of the aforementioned offenses. On
December 19, 2016, the trial court sentenced Durham to life imprisonment
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followed by a consecutive term of 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment. After
receiving leave of court, Durham filed a post-sentence motion nunc pro tunc.
The trial court denied the motion on February 9, 2018. The instant, timely
appeal followed.2 3
In his first issue, Durham argues the trial court erred in failing to
suppress Ms. Chapple’s identification of him through an unduly suggestive
photo array. Our standard of review of an order denying a motion to suppress
is as follows:
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of
a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record
and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may
reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. Where,
as here, the appeal of the determination of the suppression court
turns on allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it
is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
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2 On March 14, 2018, the trial court ordered Durham to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal. Because of a breakdown in the
court process, the lower court docket does not show that he filed the Rule
1925(b) statement. However, on February 22, 2019, the parties filed a
stipulation in this Court that Durham timely filed his Rule 1925(b) statement
on April 4, 2018. See Stipulation to Supplement Record Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1926(B)(2), 2/22/2019, at 1-2. On December 20, 2018, the trial court filed
an opinion.
3The co-defendant, Derek Lee, who the Commonwealth tried jointly with
Durham, does not have an appeal pending before this panel.
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to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the courts below are
subject to our plenary review.
Commonwealth v. Kemp, 195 A.3d 269, 275 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation
and quotation marks omitted).
Further,
Whether an out of court identification is to be suppressed as
unreliable, and therefore violative of due process, is determined
from the totality of the circumstances. Suggestiveness in the
identification process is a factor to be considered in determining
the admissibility of such evidence, but suggestiveness alone does
not warrant exclusion. Identification evidence will not be
suppressed unless the facts demonstrate that the identification
procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a
very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.
Photographs used in line-ups are not unduly suggestive if the
suspect’s picture does not stand out more than the others, and
the people depicted all exhibit similar facial characteristics.
Commonwealth v. Fulmore, 25 A.3d 340, 346 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quotation
marks and citations omitted), appeal denied, 34 A.3d 827 (Pa. 2011).
Here, Durham argues that the persons in the photo array did not have
similar facial characteristics to him and that the police placed his photograph
in the same location in the array as they placed co-defendant Lee’s in a photo
array that Chapple viewed several months earlier. Durham’s Brief, at 24.
However, Durham waived these claims.
In his pretrial motion to suppress, Durham did not raise these issues.
Omnibus Motion, 11/20/2015, at unnumbered pages 3-4. Instead, he argued
that the police officers made unduly suggestive comments, which influenced
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Chapple’s selection and that she did not view the photo array in a consistent
manner.4 See id.We have held that, “appellate review of [a ruling on] suppression is
limited to examination of the precise basis under which suppression initially
was sought; no new theories of relief may be considered on appeal.”
Commonwealth v. Little, 903 A.2d 1269, 1272–1273 (Pa. Super. 2006);
see also Commonwealth v. Thur, 906 A.2d 552, 566 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(“When a defendant raises a suppression claim to the trial court and supports
that claim with a particular argument or arguments, the defendant cannot
then raise for the first time on appeal different arguments supporting
suppression.”), appeal denied, 946 A.2d 687 (Pa. 2008). Therefore, because
Durham did not raise the issues here in his motion to suppress, he waived his
first claim.5
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4We note that, in his Rule 1925(b) statement, Durham baldly challenged the
denial of his motion to suppress and did not specify the basis for his challenge.
See Defendant’s Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal
Pursuant to Rule Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), 4/04/2018, at 1. Because of this, in its
opinion, the trial court discussed the issues raised in the motion to suppress
and not the claims that Durham now raises on appeal. See Trial Ct. Op., at
4-6.
5Further, even if Durham had raised his claims in the trial court, we note that
he has failed to ensure that a copy of the photo array, which he argues was
unduly suggestive, was included in the certified record. “Appellant has the
duty to ensure that all documents essential to his case are included in the
certified record.” Commonwealth v. Walker, 878 A.2d 887, 888 (Pa. Super.
2005); see Commonwealth v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 263–264 (Pa. Super.
2009) (“Because we have not been furnished with a copy of the photo array
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In his second issue, Durham claims that the evidence was insufficient to
sustain the verdict because the evidence did not establish that he was the
person who committed the crimes. Durham’s Brief at 27-29. Specifically,
Durham maintains that the identification made by Chapple was “weak and
inconclusive.” Id. at 28. We disagree.
Our standard of review of a sufficiency claim is well settled:
Our standard for evaluating sufficiency of the evidence is whether
the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth [as verdict winner], is sufficient to enable a
reasonable [factfinder] to find every element of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. [T]he entire trial record must be evaluated
and all evidence actually received must be considered, whether or
not the trial court’s rulings thereon were correct. Moreover, [t]he
Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
circumstantial evidence. Finally, the trier of fact, while passing
upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be afforded the
evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the
evidence.
Commonwealth v. Shull, 148 A.3d 820, 844 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation
omitted).
Regarding the sufficiency of evidence of identification, the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court has instructed:
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt of the identity of the accused as
the person who committed the crime is essential to a conviction.
The evidence of identification, however, needn’t be positive and
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in question in the record, the issue challenging suppression of the photo array
is deemed waived.”), appeal denied, 996 A.2d 491 (Pa. 2010). Therefore,
Durham also waived his challenge to the out-of-court identification based on
the photo array for this reason.
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certain in order to convict, although any indefiniteness and
uncertainty in the identification testimony goes to its weight.
Commonwealth v. Hickman, 309 A.2d 564, 566 (Pa. 1973) (citations
omitted). We have held that a single, positive identification by one eyewitness
is enough to sustain a conviction. Commonwealth v. Trinidad, 96 A.3d
1031, 1038 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations omitted), appeal denied, 99 A.3d 925(Pa. 2014).
Based on our review, we conclude that Durham’s claim that the evidence
was insufficient to prove he was the perpetrator warrants no relief. Durham
seeks to have this Court review the evidence in the light most favorable to
him. However, our standard of review requires us to view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict-winner, the Commonwealth. See Shull,
supra. Here, Chapple positively identified Durham, both in a photo array and
at trial, as one of the men who held her at gunpoint and as the man who shot
Butler. N.T. Trial, 9/08/2016, at 379-380, 410-418. She testified that she
was 100% certain of her identification of Durham. Id. at 421-424. Moreover,
as the trial court discussed in its opinion, there was sufficient circumstantial
evidence to connect Durham to the crime, including Leacock’s description,
which matched that of Chapple, of the two men he observed behaving
suspiciously near the scene of the crime and at the time of the crime. See
Trial Ct. Op., at 8-10. Moreover, the license plate Leacock gave the police of
the car he observed the men use, matched that of a car rented by co-
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defendant Lee. See id. Accordingly, Durham’s sufficiency claim fails. See
Trinidad, supra.In his third issue, Durham contends that the verdict was against the
weight of the evidence.6 Durham’s Brief, at 30-36. A weight of the evidence
claim concedes the sufficiency of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Widmer,
744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). A weight claim addresses the discretion of the
trial court. Id. at 752 (citation omitted). On review, the appellate court
decides whether the trial court abused its discretion when ruling on the weight
claim; it does not consider the underlying question of whether the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence. Id. at 753. We will only find an abuse of
discretion where the verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s
sense of justice. Our review of a challenge to the weight of the evidence
supporting the verdict is settled:
The weight of the evidence is a matter exclusively for the finder
of fact, who is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
and to determine the credibility of the witnesses. A new trial is
not warranted because of a mere conflict in the testimony and
must have a stronger foundation than a reassessment of the
credibility of witnesses. Rather, the role of the trial judge is to
determine that notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so
clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal
weight with all the facts is to deny justice. On appeal, our purview
is extremely limited and is confined to whether the trial court
abused its discretion in finding that the jury verdict did not shock
its conscience. Thus, appellate review of a weight claim consists
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6Durham preserved his weight of the evidence claim by filing a post-sentence
motion. [Durham’s] Nunc Pro Tunc Post-Sentence Motion, 10/04/2017, at 5-
6.
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of a review of the trial court’s exercise of discretion, not a review
of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the
weight of the evidence. An appellate court may not reverse a
verdict unless it is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s
sense of justice.
Commonwealth v. Rosser, 135 A.3d 1077, 1090 (Pa. Super. 2016) (en
banc) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 168 A.3d 1237 (Pa. 2017).
Durham’s weight of the evidence claim is largely a restatement of his
sufficiency challenge, which we discuss supra. He views the evidence in the
light most favorable to himself, and does not explain how the trial court
abused its discretion in denying his weight claim. Rather, his argument
consists of his bald allegations that Chapple’s identification testimony was
unreliable; that Leacock’s description of the men did not entirely match
Chapple’s; that the jury should have credited the testimony of defense witness
Sean Ball; and that they should have credited the testimony of the defense’s
expert witness on identification. Durham’s Brief, at 30-36. The trial court, in
its opinion, discusses, in detail, why it did not find that the verdict was against
the weight of the evidence. Trial Ct. Op., at 12-15. Durham provides us with
no basis upon which to disagree. Accordingly, his weight claim fails.
For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm Durham’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
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Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/25/2019
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