Com. v. Bennett, B. ( 2023 )

J-S41036-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
BRIAN PHILIP BENNETT :
:
Appellant : No. 615 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 10, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-28-CR-0000782-2018
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
BRIAN PHILLIP BENNETT :
:
Appellant : No. 616 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 10, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-28-CR-0001927-2018
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED JANUARY 06, 2023
Appellant Brian Phillip Bennett appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered by the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County after a jury
convicted Appellant of involuntary manslaughter, endangering the welfare of
a child (two counts), delivery of a controlled substance, criminal use of a
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S41036-22
communication facility, and possession of drug paraphernalia. Appellant
challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence supporting his
involuntary manslaughter conviction and asserts that the trial court abused
its discretion in imposing his sentence. We affirm.
Appellant was charged with third-degree murder along with the
aforementioned offenses in connection with the untimely death of L.S.
(“Child”), the three-year-old daughter of Appellant’s girlfriend, Brittany
Higgins. As discussed infra, Child died after ingesting methamphetamine and
buprenorphine, which Appellant and Higgins admitted to possessing.1
Appellant proceeded to a joint jury trial along with Thomas Stephen Keogh,
the individual accused of acting as the supplier for the drug distribution ring
that ultimately sold and delivered the drugs that led to Child’s death.2
The tragic factual background in this case was described in great detail
by the trial court in its March 21, 2022 opinion. We will summarize the
undisputed facts that were developed over multiple days at Appellant’s trial.
____________________________________________
1 Higgins, who was charged as a co-defendant, entered a nolo contendere plea
to third-degree murder and received a sentence of ten to twenty years’
imprisonment for her role in Child’s death. Higgins entered a cooperation
agreement with the prosecution and testified against Appellant at his trial.
2 Keogh was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance, corrupt
organizations, drug delivery resulting in death, and criminal use of
communication facility. Keogh received an aggregate sentence of 12 years, 1
month to 24 years, 2 months’ incarceration. Keogh’s appeal (docketed at 585
MDA 2022) has been resolved in a separate decision.
The Commonwealth also prosecuted multiple other individuals who pled
guilty to their role in the drug distribution ring and testified against Appellant
and Keogh after signing cooperation agreements.
-2-
J-S41036-22
On Saturday, January 6, 2018, at approximately 8:00 p.m., emergency
personnel were summoned to an apartment in Greencastle Borough based on
the report of an “unconscious toddler.” Notes of Testimony (N.T.), 9/8/21, at
23. Higgins called 9-1-1 to report she had discovered three-year-old Child,
lying in her bed, cold and stiff and with bruises on her face. Id. at 21.
When emergency medical technicians (EMTs) arrived at the home, they
discovered Child lifeless, lying on her back on a bed in a bedroom near the
kitchen. Id. at 34-35. EMT Richard Wertman indicated he did not believe the
child had died recently as rigor mortis had already set in. Id. at 35-36.
When Corporal Ismail El-Guemra of the Pennsylvania State Police
responded to the scene and was informed Child was deceased, he observed
that Child had dark areas around her mouth and did not appear to have been
cared for properly. Id. at 29. While speaking with Higgins and Appellant,
Corporal El-Guemra noted that both adults appeared to be distressed, but
noticed Appellant was in even more stress. Id. at 27.
The Forensics Services Unit of the State Police collected evidence and
took photographs of the scene as well as Child’s condition and the markings
on her face. Id. at 41. Child was wearing a pink Hello Kitty shirt, was lying on
a mattress without sheets, and her head was surrounded by stuffed animals.
Id. at 47; N.T., 9/10/21, at 16-17. One of the investigators thought it was
strange that Child was laying on a mattress without sheets and expressed
concern that the bedroom could have been staged. Id. at 47.
-3-
J-S41036-22
Dr. Samuel Land conducted Child’s autopsy and found no evidence of
significant disease, infection, bacteria, virus, or organisms that could have
been responsible for Child’s death. Id. at 95-119. Dr. Land determined Child
did not have any significant internal trauma or broken bones and asserted the
bruises on Child’s head were not the cause of her death. Id. at 100-103, 110-
11.3 Dr. Land noted that the dark coloration on Child’s face was postmortem
injury caused by “gastric contents,” most likely vomit, that had splashed on
her face and had been there for “some time.” Id. at 107-109.
Dr. Land sent samples of Child’s blood for toxicological testing, which
revealed the presence of methamphetamine (18 nanograms/milliliter) and
buprenorphine in her system (1.2 nanograms/milliliter). Id. at 67-68, 80, 95-
97. Methamphetamine, a stimulant that is almost always used illegally, can
elevate blood pressure and temperature, and can lead to seizures or misfiring
of the heart. Id. at 96, 116. Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used to
treat opioid abuse and withdrawal symptoms. Id. at 96-97. Buprenorphine is
sold as Suboxone or Subutex tablets that dissolve under the tongue;
Suboxone contains naloxone whereas Subutex does not. Id. at 72, 99. Child’s
toxicology tests did not reveal the presence of naloxone. Id. at 95.4
____________________________________________
3 Dr. Land noted Child had a black eye as well as bruising to her left chin,
which he opined was an unusual pattern of injury for a three-year-old. N.T.,
9/8/21, at 111-113. Dr. Land also discovered a bruise on Child’s face which
he attributed to an open hand slap mark. Id.
4 The prosecution presented testimony of forensic toxicologists that tested
Child’s blood samples. Dr. Robert Middleburg of NMS Labs testified that blood
testing does not always detect the presence of naloxone as it might be in such
a small quantity that it cannot be measured. N.T., 9/8/21, at 72-73.
-4-
J-S41036-22
Based on his professional training, education, and experience, Dr. Land
concluded with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Child’s cause of
death was mixed substance toxicity of methamphetamine and buprenorphine,
neither of which was prescribed to Child. Id. at 114-117. Dr. Land indicated
either drug could have been lethal to Child, but stated there was no way to
differentiate which drug ultimately caused her death. Id. at 102.
When police initially interviewed Appellant and Higgins, Higgins told
police that she was unsure of how Child had died as she was sick in bed all
day with the flu on January 6, 2018, and she believed that Appellant was
caring for Child. N.T., 9/9/22, at 21-22, 36.
However, when officers presented Higgins and Appellant with toxicology
reports noting the presence of drugs in Child’s system, Higgins and Appellant
confessed that they were high on methamphetamine (“meth”) the night of
January 5, 2018 to the morning of January 6, 2018, the time period in which
Child likely ingested the drugs. Id. at 30-33.
Higgins admitted to police that she and Appellant regularly used meth
in the home they shared with her two children: L.H., her nine-year old son,
and Child, her three-year old daughter. Id. at 30, 43-46. While Higgins had
been prescribed Suboxone and Appellant was prescribed Subutex, the couple
would share both of these drugs. Id. at 50-51, 112-13, 117, 129.
Higgins told police that she purchased meth on January 5, 2018 from
Rodney (Allen) Mower, who delivered it to their residence at 5:00 p.m. Id. at
32-33, 47-48. Higgins conceded that she and Appellant bought meth to share
-5-
J-S41036-22
together on numerous occasions from Mower and other individuals. Id. at 47,
87-88. As Mower had just received a large amount of meth from his supplier,
Mower cut the meth on their kitchen table to measure it out into individual
packages. Id. at 69-76. When asked if the action in cutting the meth had left
“teeny tiny particles … on [her] kitchen table at some point that Friday night,”
Higgins admitted it was possible. Id. at 76.
Higgins believed Child was in the living room behind a baby gate when
Mower delivered the meth. Id. Once Higgins received the meth, she went into
her bedroom to use the drugs and did not return that evening. Id. at 47-49.
As Higgins was extremely dehydrated and malnourished from drug use, it
would take her hours to find a vein to inject the meth. Id. at 47. When she
finally injected herself, Higgins entered a trans-like state, and had sexual
intercourse with Appellant. Id. at 56-57. After Higgins came down from her
high, she crashed as she had gone days without sleep. Id. at 57.
Although Higgins woke around 9 or 10 a.m. the next morning to an
alarm she had set to take care of the kids, Appellant turned off the alarm and
told her he would take care of the children that day. Id. Appellant woke
Higgins up several hours later around 6-7 p.m. and brought her food he had
purchased from McDonald’s. Id. at 54-59. When Higgins asked where the
children were, Appellant indicated that Child appeared to be sleeping and L.H.
was at his grandmother’s house. Id.
Higgins went into Child’s bedroom at 8 p.m to wake her up. Id. at 49.
At that point, Higgins had not seen Child for more than 24 hours since she
-6-
J-S41036-22
injected the meth the previous evening and had not checked on her. Id. When
Higgins discovered Child was cold, stiff, unresponsive, and with bruises on her
body, she began to scream and asked Appellant, “[w]hat did you do?” Id. at
56, 61. Appellant responded with surprise, put his head in his hands, and
claimed that he did not know what happened. Id. at 61. Thereafter, Higgins
used her cell phone to call 9-1-1. Id. at 63.
Higgins noted that she found Child lying face up on the mattress without
sheets but surrounded by stuffed animals. Id. at 54. Higgins did not notice
any vomit near Child. Id. Higgins recalled that there was a sheet on Child’s
bed on the night of January 4, 2018 and asserted she always had sheets on
Child’s bed as the mattress was a plastic material. Id. at 54-55. Higgins
claimed she did not put Child to bed on January 5, 2018. Id.
While Higgins denied cleaning up the bedroom after finding Child
unresponsive, she admitted that she “probably” threw drugs away before first
responders arrived. Id. at 55-56. Higgins did not suspect that L.S. died from
ingesting drugs, but believed the marks on Child’s face were bruises that had
something to do with her death.
Higgins shared that she was careful to keep her meth and Suboxone in
a small wooden jewelry box in her bedroom. Id. at 89-90. She found it helpful
to store the drugs in her bedroom as she only typically used them there as it
was so difficult for her to find a vein to do so. Id. at 68. She also kept her
drugs concealed so Appellant would not use them. Id. at 91.
-7-
J-S41036-22
In comparison, Appellant would keep his drugs on his person so that he
could use it when he wished and to keep it from Higgins. Id. at 90. Higgins
indicated that Appellant would inject his drugs “wherever he needed to” and
would use meth in multiple areas of the home, even in the kitchen or living
room where the children were. Id. at 68.
Higgins felt Appellant was not careful with his drug use as he often left
drugs in areas accessible to the children; Higgins addressed her concern with
Appellant out of fear that her children would find the drugs. Id. at 92. On one
of those occasions, Appellant left a needle full of drugs on the kitchen counter
where Higgins’ son found it and asked what it was. Id. at 92-93. Higgins
realized Child could have easily found it as well. Id.
Higgins consented to a search of her cell phone. Id. at 65. At trial, the
prosecution introduced text messages from Higgins to Appellant that were
sent prior to Child’s death. In one message, Higgins wrote, “[s]he always ends
up with marks like that when we do [meth] and I space out. Are you sure you
didn’t get rough with her or something in the last few days[?]” Id. at 159.
Appellant responded that he had no idea what happened to Child. Id.
In a text message one month before Child’s death, Higgins wrote “you
cannot ever leave shit out like this[,]” and sent Appellant a picture of his
nightstand next to his bed, where he had left a spoon and Q-tips which were
used to absorb drugs and presumably had drug residue on them. Id. at 160-
61. Higgins then wrote “what if [Child] would have eaten it and overdosed
before she woke me up this morning … you could have killed my child.” Id. at
-8-
J-S41036-22
161-62. Higgins continued on, “[i]f you want to be her parent you’ve got to
start thinking like a fucking parent.” Id. at 162.
Sergeant Aaron Martin testified that officers conducted a second search
of Appellant and Higgins’ apartment after receiving Child’s toxicology reports
and recovered both drugs and paraphernalia. Id. at 229. Specifically, police
discovered a white powdery substance on the night table, in a syringe, and on
the floor next to Appellant’s side of the bed. Id. at 232-34. Officers also found
packaging for buprenorphine and naloxone tablets, as well as Q-tips, syringes,
glassine baggies, foil wrappers used for smoking, and smoking devices made
of glass and metal. Id. at 234-239.
Trooper Lindsay Trace, the lead investigator, testified as to his role in
conducting interviews with Appellant after Child’s death and the electronic
evidence obtained from Appellant’s cell phone. N.T., 9/10/21, at 7-8. Trooper
Trace indicated that Appellant eventually confessed to using meth the night of
January 5, 2018 and early morning of January 6, 2018. In addition, Trooper
Trace recalled that Appellant shared that he put the children to bed on the
night of January 5th because Higgins was sick in her room.
Trooper Trace testified that investigators recovered deleted videos from
Appellant’s phone taken the morning of January 6, 2018. Id. at 105. The first
video, taken at 10:18 a.m. shows Appellant standing over Child as she lay in
bed. N.T., 9/13/21, at 5. The second video, taken at 11:18 a.m., scanned
Child’s body and showed her wearing a red shirt, which was different than the
Hello Kitty shirt Child was wearing when she was found by first responders.
-9-
J-S41036-22
Id. at 5-6, 11-12; N.T., 9/8/21, at 47. In addition, in the video, there were
no stuffed animals on Child’s bed, but first responders found numerous stuffed
animals on her bed when they found Child deceased. N.T., 9/8/21, at 12-13.
Trooper Trace testified that Child’s room looked different in the video than
when he had arrived at the scene. Id. at 15.
Trooper Trace obtained Appellant’s internet search records for the
morning of January 6, 2018, which showed two searches on how to shock the
heart back into rhythm, three searches for toddler not breathing, limp body,
and eight searches for toddler CPR. Id. at 39. There were no searches for child
ingestion of Subutex, Suboxone, or buprenorphine. Id.
Dr. Kathryn Crowell, a pediatrician at Penn State Hershey Children’s
Hospital, testified as an expert in child abuse and neglect. When viewing
photographs of Child’s bruises on her body, Dr. Crowell believed such injuries
were caused by “blunt force trauma” and repetitive abuse, opining that
someone struck Child with more force than should have been used with
“general caretaking and day-to-day activities.” N.T., 9/9/21, 14, 19-20.
The prosecution presented testimony of Brittany Baker, an acquaintance
of Appellant and Higgins who sold them meth and also abused controlled
substances. Baker indicated that on January 6, 2018, the day Child was
discovered deceased, she met with Appellant on two separate occasions to sell
him meth, once at approximately 10 a.m. and again in the evening. Id. at
180-83. When Baker asked where Higgins was, Appellant told her that Higgins
and the kids were sick and sleeping. Id. at 182.
- 10 -
J-S41036-22
Appellant testified in his own defense at trial. He characterized himself
as a “functioning drug addict” that was able to hold employment. N.T.,
9/15/21, at 59-60. He recalled that on the evening of January 5, 2018, Mower
delivered meth to the apartment Appellant shared with Higgins and her
children. Id. at 61-62. Appellant described the meth as the size of a baseball
and the largest amount of meth he had ever seen. Id. Appellant agreed Mower
weighed and divided the meth on the couple’s kitchen table. Id. at 63-64.
Appellant admitted that he and Higgins started to inject the meth after
Mower left, but Higgins went into her bedroom to do so. Id. at 65-66.
Appellant believed the children were behind a baby gate in the living room
when the meth was delivered and claimed he put them to bed around 11 p.m.
Id. Appellant alleged for the first time at trial that Higgins went into Child’s
bedroom thirty minutes after he had put her to bed. Id. at 68. Appellant did
not sleep at all the evening, but stayed awake having sexual intercourse with
Higgins until 5 or 6 a.m. Id. at 71.
When Appellant checked on Child at approximately 10 a.m., he found
her unresponsive, cold, and blue. Id. at 72-73. He attempted to slap her to
“see what’s going on” and believed she might have been deceased. Id.
Appellant claimed that he tried to give Child CPR and did not realize Child had
ingested drugs. Id. at 74-77. Appellant testified that there was no vomit on
Child and denied changing her clothes. Id. When asked if Higgins had changed
Child’s clothes, he responded, “it would have had to have been.” Id.
- 11 -
J-S41036-22
Appellant asserted that he took videos of Child in her bed accidentally
and subsequently deleted it, not because he wanted to obstruct the
investigation, but simply because he did not realize what the video was. Id.
at 79-80. After finding Child unresponsive, Appellant admitted that he did not
call an ambulance, but instead went to purchase more meth. Id. at 82-83.
Appellant claimed that he did not know Child had ingested drugs, but
learned she died from drug toxicity when one of the troopers told him. Id. at
76-77. Appellant admitted to his drug use at the home he shared with the
children, but claimed he and Higgins had “separate stashes” of drugs and
denied ever leaving drugs or drug paraphernalia unattended. Id. at 95. When
asked if he was responsible for Child’s death, he responded that “I used meth,
absolutely. It was in her system absolutely but did we both have separate
stashes, did I leave with some left on the table by me, no.” Id. at 85.
At the conclusion of the trial, the jury acquitted Appellant of third-degree
murder, but convicted him on the remaining charges. On November 10, 2021,
trial court sentenced Appellant to the following terms of imprisonment: 60-
120 months for involuntary manslaughter, two terms of 36-72 months for
endangering the welfare of a child, 30-60 months for unlawful delivery, 18-36
months for criminal use of a communication facility, and 6-12 months for
possession of drug paraphernalia. As all these sentences ran consecutively
(with the exception of the paraphernalia charge), Appellant received an
aggregate sentence of 180-360 months’ (15-30 years’) imprisonment.
- 12 -
J-S41036-22
On November 22, 2021, Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions,5
which the trial court denied on March 22, 2022. On April 18, 2022, Appellant
filed timely notices of appeal and subsequently complied with the trial court’s
direction to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Appellant raises the following issues for our review on appeal (stated
verbatim):
1. Whether the evidence presented at trial was legally insufficient
to establish that [Appellant’s] actions/inaction was a direct
cause of death where the Commonwealth’s expert opined that
the cause of death was mixed drug toxicity?
2. Whether [Appellant’s] conviction for Involuntary Manslaughter
was against the weight of the evidence where the
Commonwealth’s theory at trial was the deceased child
accidentally ingested two separate narcotics? In the
alternative, Bennett’s failure to render aid (which is belied by
the record) was not a direct cause of the child’s death from
multiple drug toxicity and the verdict shocks one’s sense of
justice?
3. Whether the trial court erred in sentencing outside the
aggravated range was manifestly and unduly harsh as the
sentencing scheme employed by the Court on all convictions
was tantamount to a sentence for third-degree murder – a
charge Appellant was acquitted of by the jury. Especially in
light of the fact that the for-profit narcotics dealer
([Appellant’s] co-defendant at trial) was given substantially
less time for a more serious conviction)?
Appellant’s Brief, at 8 (renumbered for ease of review).
____________________________________________
5 Appellant’s post-sentence motions were timely filed on Monday, November
22, 2021. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908 (whenever the last day of any … period
shall fall on a Saturday or Sunday, or on any day made a legal holiday…, such
day shall be omitted from the computation).
- 13 -
J-S41036-22
In the first two issues, Appellant challenges the sufficiency and weight
of the evidence supporting his conviction for involuntary manslaughter. We
begin by noting the difference between sufficiency and weight claims:
The distinction between a claim challenging the sufficiency of
evidence and a claim challenging the weight of evidence is critical.
A motion for a new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary
to the weight of the evidence concedes that there is sufficient
evidence to sustain the verdict but claims that “notwithstanding
all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to
ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to
deny justice.” A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence,
however, asserts that there is insufficient evidence to support at
least one material element of the crime for which Appellant has
been convicted.
Commonwealth v. Arias, __A.3d __, 2022 PA Super 202 (Pa.Super. 2022)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 258 (Pa.Super. 2003)
(citation omitted)).
When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our
standard of review is as follows:
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Commonwealth v. Moreno, 14 A.3d
133 (Pa.Super. 2011). Additionally, we may not reweigh the
evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
finder. Commonwealth v. Hartzell, 988 A.2d 141 (Pa. Super.
2009). The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Moreno, supra at 136.
Commonwealth v. Juray, 275 A.3d 1037, 1042 (Pa.Super. 2022) (citations
omitted).
- 14 -
J-S41036-22
The Crimes Code provides that an individual “is guilty of involuntary
manslaughter when as a direct result of the doing of an unlawful act in a
reckless or grossly negligent manner, or the doing of a lawful act in a reckless
or grossly negligent manner, he causes the death of another person.” 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 2504(a). In other words, “involuntary manslaughter requires 1) a
mental state of either recklessness or gross negligence[,] and 2) a causal
nexus between the conduct of the accused and the death of the victim.”
Commonwealth v. Fabian, 60 A.3d 146, 151 (Pa.Super. 2013) (quoting
Commonwealth v. McCloskey, 835 A.2d 801, 806 (Pa.Super. 2003)).
Specifically, Appellant limits his sufficiency challenge to argue that there
was insufficient evidence that his conduct was a legal cause of Child’s death.
As the autopsy revealed that Child’s cause of death was mixed substance
toxicity, Appellant claims the prosecution failed to show how Child
simultaneously ingested both meth and buprenorphine and could not prove
which drug ultimately was the cause of Child’s death.
As to the meth, Appellant denies that Child accessed his stash of meth
as he testified that he did not leave his meth unattended. With respect to the
buprenorphine, Appellant also contends that the prosecution failed to present
any evidence as to how Child accessed this drug. Further, Appellant argues
that Child could not have ingested Subutex, the brand of buprenorphine
Appellant was prescribed as Child did not have naloxone in her system.
In addition, while Appellant admits that he failed to seek emergency
assistance for Child when he found her lifeless on the morning of January 6,
- 15 -
J-S41036-22
2018, he asserts there is no evidence that the delay in contacting medical
personnel resulted in Child’s death.
In reviewing similar claims, this Court has held that:
“It is undisputed that the Commonwealth must prove a direct
causal relationship between the acts of a defendant and the
victim's death.” Commonwealth v. Long, 425 Pa.Super. 170,
624 A.2d 200, 203 (1993). “Criminal responsibility is properly
assessed against one whose conduct was a direct and substantial
factor producing the death.” Commonwealth v. McCloskey, 835
A.2d 801, 807 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v.
Nicotra, 425 Pa.Super. 600, 625 A.2d 1259, 1260 (1993)). “This
is true even though ‘other factors combined with that conduct to
achieve the result.’” Id. Additionally:
In order to impose criminal liability, causation must be direct
and substantial. Defendants should not be exposed to a loss
of liberty based on the tort standard which only provides
that the event giving rise to the injury is a substantial factor.
Although typically the tort concept refers to only substantial
and not to direct and substantial as in the criminal context,
the additional language in the criminal law does not provide
much guidance. Therefore, criminal causation has come to
involve a case-by-case social determination; i.e., is it just
or fair under the facts of the case to expose the defendant
to criminal sanctions. In other words, was the defendant's
conduct so directly and substantially linked to the actual
result as to give rise to imposition of criminal liability or was
the actual result so remote and attenuated that it would be
unfair to hold the defendant responsible for it?
Commonwealth v. Rementer, 410 Pa.Super. 9, 598 A.2d 1300,
1304–05 (1991). “In seeking to define the requirement that a
criminal defendant's conduct be a direct factor in the death of
another, the courts of this Commonwealth have held that ‘so long
as the defendant's conducted started the chain of causation which
led to the victim's death, criminal responsibility for the crime of
homicide may properly be found.’” McCloskey, 835 A.2d at 808
(citing Nicotra, supra).***
- 16 -
J-S41036-22
“[I]t has never been the law of this Commonwealth that
criminal responsibility must be confined to a sole or
immediate cause of death.” Commonwealth v. Skufca, 457
Pa. 124, 321 A.2d 889, 894 (1974) (citation omitted). “Criminal
responsibility is properly assessed against one whose
conduct was a direct and substantial factor in producing
the death even though other factors combined with that
conduct to achieve the result.” Id.Fabian, 60 A.3d at 152 (emphasis added).
Our review of the record in this case shows the Commonwealth met its
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant’s conduct was a
direct and substantial factor in causing Child’s death. While Child’s autopsy
results revealed Child’s cause of death was mixed substance toxicity of meth
and buprenorphine, Appellant and Higgins admitted they regularly possessed
and used both of these substances in the home they shared with Child.
More specifically, Appellant and Higgins admitted that they purchased
and used meth on the evening of January 5, 2018, just hours before Child was
found lifeless in her bed. Appellant and Higgins conceded that their seller,
Mower, cut a large amount of meth on their kitchen table, an area accessible
to Child. Although Appellant and Higgins asserted that Child was behind a
baby gate when the meth was delivered, they admitted that after Child was
placed in her bedroom that night to go to sleep, Child could leave her bedroom
and was not restricted from entering the kitchen.
With respect to Child’s ingestion of buprenorphine, Appellant asserts
that Child must have accessed Higgins’s Suboxone tablets (and not Appellant’s
Subutex tablets) as toxicology reports showed that Child did not have
- 17 -
J-S41036-22
naloxone in her system. However, this argument is based on Appellant’s faulty
premise that Subutex contains naloxone and Suboxone does not. In reality,
as suggested by its name, Suboxone contains naloxone and buprenorphine,
whereas Subutex is merely buprenorphine. As such, this contention actually
works against the defense as the absence of naloxone in the toxicology reports
would suggest that Child ingested Subutex, the brand of buprenorphine
prescribed to Appellant.6
Despite the fact that no individual witnessed Child ingesting meth or
buprenorphine before her death, the jury was free to consider the
circumstantial evidence to conclude that Child accessed these substances that
were in Appellant’s possession and control. Appellant admitted that there were
no other sources of meth other than the amount he and Higgins purchased
from Mower that evening.
Appellant’s claim that Child could not have accessed the drugs in his
“stash” is belied by the record. In addition to the fact that Appellant and
Higgins may have left drug residue on the kitchen table the night before Child
ingested meth, Higgins had confronted Appellant on multiple prior occasions
when he recklessly left drugs and paraphernalia in areas accessible to her
children and Higgins had expressed concern for their safety. Appellant
____________________________________________
6 Nevertheless, the absence of naloxone in Child’s blood is not dispositive as
forensic toxicologists testified that naloxone is often not measured in testing
as it may be present in amounts too small to detect. Moreover, Appellant and
Higgins shared their buprenorphine prescriptions with each other.
- 18 -
J-S41036-22
admitted that he used his drugs in multiple areas of the house whereas Higgins
claimed she confined her drug use to her bedroom.
Moreover, other circumstantial evidence points to Appellant’s culpability
including the fact that he was the individual who put the children to bed on
January 5, 2018. Appellant wanted the children to go to bed so that he and
Higgins could do meth and have sexual intercourse. While Appellant told police
that Higgins remained in her bedroom from the night of January 5th and the
majority of the day on January 6th, Appellant conceded that he did not sleep
the entire night, turned off Higgins’s alarm in the morning, and told her he
would take care of the children.
Appellant’s phone contained videos that showed he found Child
unresponsive in the morning of January 6th. While his internet search history
revealed inquiries about child CPR, Appellant did not seek emergency care to
help Child. Instead, after finding Child in this state, Appellant left the home
on two occasions to purchase more meth and fast food. Appellant admitted he
did not tell Higgins about Child’s condition, which Higgins did not discover until
the evening of January 6th, after which she called 9-1-1.
Further, first responders discovered Child in a scene that had been
manipulated since the recording of the videos on Appellant’s phone that
morning. Child’s clothes had been changed and stuffed animals had been
staged on her bed, which did not have any sheets.
Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth as the verdict winner, we conclude that there was sufficient
- 19 -
J-S41036-22
evidence to allow the jury to infer that Appellant’s reckless conduct caused
Child’s death. Therefore, there is no merit to his sufficiency challenge.
Appellant also claims his involuntary manslaughter conviction is not
supported by the weight of the evidence. Our standard of review for challenges
to the weight of the evidence is well-established:
The essence of appellate review for a weight claim appears to lie
in ensuring that the trial court's decision has record support.
Where the record adequately supports the trial court, the trial
court has acted within the limits of its discretion.
A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is against
the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the
trial court. A new trial should not be granted because of a mere
conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same facts
would have arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, the role of
the trial judge is to determine that notwithstanding all the facts,
certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them
or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.
An appellate court's standard of review when presented with a
weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard of review
applied by the trial court. Appellate review of a weight claim is a
review of the exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question
of whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Windslowe, 158 A.3d 698, 712 (Pa.Super. 2017)
(citations omitted).
In raising this claim on appeal, Appellant simply asks this Court to find
the jury’s verdict was against the weight of the evidence. Appellant does not
cite to this Court’s standard of review in evaluating whether the trial court
abused its discretion in denying his challenge to the weight of the evidence.
In a recent decision, a panel of his Court in Commonwealth v. Rogers,
259 A.3d 539, 541 (Pa.Super. 2021), appeal denied, 280 A.3d 866 (Pa. 2022),
- 20 -
J-S41036-22
found that the appellant did not properly mount an abuse-of-discretion attack
against the trial court's decision to deny his challenge to the weight of the
evidence, when the appellant failed to cite the correct standard review and
“demonstrate how the trial court's ruling overrode the law, was manifestly
unreasonable, or the product of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality.” Id. at
542. As such, this Court was dismissed the weight claim as the appellant did
not show that an abuse of discretion had occurred.
Similarly, in this case, Appellant does not acknowledge the distinction
between the standards of review applied by trial courts and appellate courts
to claims challenging the weight of the evidence. Appellant simply asks this
Court to set aside the jury’s verdict, which he characterizes as “so contrary to
the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.” Appellant’s Brief, at 32.
However, we may not conduct a de novo review of whether the jury’s
verdict shocked the trial court’s conscience, but must defer to the trial court’s
discretion. As Appellant has made no attempt to assess whether the trial court
abused its discretion, we must dismiss his challenge to the weight of the
evidence as meritless.
Lastly, Appellant claims that the trial court’s sentencing scheme, which
included multiple consecutive sentences in the aggravated range of the
guidelines, was manifestly and unduly harsh. In reviewing challenges to the
trial court’s sentencing discretion, we are mindful that:
Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
entitle an appellant to an appeal as of right. Prior to reaching the
merits of a discretionary sentencing issue[, w]e conduct a four-
- 21 -
J-S41036-22
part analysis to determine: (1) whether appellant has filed a
timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether
the issue was properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to
reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3)
whether appellant's brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and
(4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence
appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Commonwealth v. Manivannan, 186 A.3d 472, 489 (Pa.Super. 2018)
(quotation marks, some citations, and emphasis omitted).
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and preserved numerous
sentencing claims in a timely post-sentence motion. Appellant’s brief contains
a statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) in which he asserts that the trial
court (1) imposed aggravated range sentences without considering mitigating
factors and Appellant’s rehabilitative needs, and (2) ran multiple sentences at
the top of the guideline ranges consecutively. Appellant’s Brief, at 16-17.
In addition, to obtain review of a challenge to the discretionary aspects
of a sentence, the appellant must raise also raise a substantial question that
the sentence violates either the Sentencing Code or any fundamental
sentencing norm. Commonwealth v. Banks, 198 A.3d 391, 401 (Pa.Super.
2018). We make the substantial-question determination based on the
contents of the Rule 2119(f) statement. Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 812
A.2d 617, 621-22 n. 14 (Pa. 2002) (noting that an “appellate court decides
whether to review the discretionary portions of a sentence by reviewing the
Rule 2119(f) statement”) (emphasis and citation omitted).
- 22 -
J-S41036-22
This Court has held that a claim that the trial court imposed an
aggravated range sentence without consideration of mitigating circumstances
raises a substantial question for our review. Commonwealth v. Felmlee,
828 A.2d 1105, 1107 (Pa.Super. 2003) (en banc). In addition, this Court has
found that “a substantial question exists when the issue is whether the
decision to sentence consecutively raises the aggregate sentence to, what
appears upon its face to be, an excessive level in light of the criminal
conduct[.]” Commonwealth v. Bankes, ___A.3d___, 2022 PA Super 212(Pa.Super. 2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Gonzalez-DeJusus, 994 A.2d
595, 598-99 (Pa.Super. 2010)).
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that Appellant's claim that the trial
court failed to consider his rehabilitative needs and mitigating factors upon
fashioning its aggravated range sentences along with his challenge to the
imposition of his consecutive sentences as unduly excessive, each raises a
substantial question. Thus, we proceed to address the merits of his sentencing
claims.7 Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 340 (Pa.Super. 2015).
Our standard of review of a sentencing claim is as follows:
____________________________________________
7 Appellant also baldly claims that the trial court’s sentence is excessive when
compared to (1) the sentence given to his co-defendant, Keogh and (2) the
penalty for a third-degree murder conviction for which Appellant was
acquitted. Appellant did not raise these claims in his Rule 2119(f) statement
or develop analysis to support his arguments on appeal. We find these claims
waived for lack of development. Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736(Pa.Super. 2014) (“[a]s Appellant has cited no legal authorities nor developed
any meaningful analysis, we find this issue waived for lack of development”).
- 23 -
J-S41036-22
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
Commonwealth v. Shugars, 895 A.2d 1270, 1275 (Pa.Super. 2006).
Pursuant to Section 9721(b) of the Sentencing Code, courts
“shall follow the general principle that the sentence imposed should call for
confinement that is consistent with the protection of the public, the gravity of
the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim and on the
community, and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9721(b). “[T]he court shall make as part of the record, and disclose in open
court at the time of sentencing, a statement of the reason or reasons for the
sentence imposed.” Id. Nevertheless, “[a] sentencing court need not
undertake a lengthy discourse for its reasons for imposing a sentence or
specifically reference the statute in question.” Commonwealth v. Crump,
995 A.2d 1280, 1283 (Pa.Super. 2010).
Rather, the record as a whole must reflect the sentencing court’s
consideration of the facts of the case and the defendant’s character. Id. “In
particular, the court should refer to the defendant’s prior criminal record, his
age, personal characteristics and his potential for rehabilitation.”
Commonwealth v. Griffin, 804 A.2d 1, 10 (Pa.Super. 2002).
- 24 -
J-S41036-22
Appellant’s claim that the trial court failed to consider mitigating factors
and his need for rehabilitation is belied by the record. Notably, the trial court
had the benefit of a pre-sentence investigation (PSI) report prior to
sentencing. “[W]here the trial court is informed by a pre-sentence report, it is
presumed that the court is aware of all appropriate sentencing factors and
considerations, and that where the court has been so informed, its discretion
should not be disturbed.” Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975 A.2d 1128, 1135
(Pa.Super. 2009) (citation omitted). In addition, we can assume the court was
aware of the relevant information regarding Appellant’s character and weighed
those considerations along with mitigating statutory factors. Commonwealth
v. Hill, 210 A.3d 1104, 1117 (Pa.Super. 2019) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
The sentencing transcript also shows that the trial court noted on the
record that it had considered multiple mitigating factors such as Appellant’s
“substance use history, criminal history, employment history, his version of
events, and the many letters of support that were provided.” N.T. Sentencing,
11/10/21, at 50. The trial court specifically noted the following:
[Appellant], I do think that the fact you have so many individuals
who have taken the time to write me very thoughtful[,] caring
letters, leads me to believe when this is all over you have a loving,
supportive family and community to return to, and that I urge you
to rely on the strength of these individuals as you continue to deal
with the consequences of your behavior.
Id. at 59-60.
- 25 -
J-S41036-22
The trial court also recognized Appellant’s need for rehabilitation as it
noted Appellant was “in the throes of his addiction” when he arranged two
drug transactions after finding Child was unresponsive instead of contacting
emergency personnel. Id. In imposing the sentence, the trial court directed
that Appellant submit to a drug and alcohol assessment and undergo
treatment and periodic testing as a condition of the sentence.
In its decision denying Appellant’s post-sentence motion, the trial court
recognized Appellant had admitted to participating in two drug transactions
after Child’s death and expressed remorse. However, the trial court noted that
Appellant in his trial testimony had attempted to minimize his role in Child’s
death and had not been fully truthful even when presented with the
prosecution’s evidence.
We also reject Appellant’s claim that the trial court’s sentencing scheme
was “manifestly and unduly harsh” in that it chose to impose multiple
aggravated range sentences and run them consecutively. It is well established
that the trial court has discretion to impose its sentences consecutively or
concurrently to other sentences being imposed at the same time or to
sentences already imposed. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(a); Commonwealth v.
Wright, 832 A.2d 1104, 1107 (Pa.Super. 2003) (recognizing that “the trial
[court] may determine whether, given the facts of a particular case, a
sentence should run consecutive to or concurrent with another sentence being
imposed”).
- 26 -
J-S41036-22
This Court has declined to disturb a consecutive sentencing scheme
unless the aggregate sentence is “grossly disparate” to the defendant's
conduct, or “viscerally appear[s] as patently unreasonable.” Gonzalez-
Dejusus, 994 A.2d at 599.
Our review of the record leads us to conclude that it was reasonable for
the trial court to run Appellant’s individual aggravated range sentences
consecutively to impose an aggregate term of 15-30 years’ imprisonment. The
trial court considered the gravity of Appellant’s offenses and their impact on
the victim and the community. The untimely death of three-year old Child
“turned her family’s lives upside down” in the “most horrific set of
circumstances anyone could ever envision having to live through.” N.T.
11/10/21, at 45; Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), 3/21/22, at 44-45.
The trial court explained its rationale for imposing aggravated range
sentences:
[Appellant,] I have sentenced you in this way. Some of these
sentences are at the top of the standard range – top of the
aggravated range. I need for you to understand that I made this
determination based on the evidence I heard. A little girl died on
your watch.
The single most damning and disturbing piece of evidence that I
saw, and I would suggest, perhaps, the jury say, was the video
that you likely were not aware you took or probably would have
tried to get rid of it, of you entering [Child’s] bedroom, trying to
wake her by slapping her, and then leaving.
A period of time elapsed, 12 hours, during which that little girl laid
on her bed. I don’t know if she was already dead when you tried
to slap her or if she was in a severely compromised state, but
what I do know is that for that period of time between you
- 27 -
J-S41036-22
entering her bedroom and finding her in that state and her mother
eventually calling 911, you did nothing.
You may have performed searches, and there was evidence to
suggest you performed searches on the internet to figure out how
to resuscitate her, but you never called people who could have
helped.
Instead, in the throes of your addiction, you arranged two
separate drug deliveries. I find that to be cold, callous, hard-
hearted, and the kind of behavior of someone who is completely
devoid of any ability to provide care of a child.
These are the circumstances. I also saw evidence of a series of
bruises, text messages from [Child’s] mother to you, that lead me
to believe that [Child] was subjected to abusive behavior over a
course of conduct.
So these are the reasons I’m imposing the sentence that I have
imposed.
N.T., 11/10/21, at 58-60.
We conclude that Appellant’s aggregate sentence of 15 to 30 years’
imprisonment is not patently unreasonable or grossly disparate to the criminal
conduct proven in this case. We also decline to find that the trial court was
required to give Appellant a volume discount for the numerous crimes for
which he was convicted. See Commonwealth v. Clary, 226 A.3d 571, 581
(Pa.Super. 2020) (emphasizing that “defendants convicted of multiple
offenses are not entitled to a ‘volume discount’ on their aggregate sentence”).
Accordingly, our review of the record, party briefs, trial court opinion,
and relevant authority uncovers no reason to disturb the trial court's discretion
in imposing its sentence. See Shugars, supra (“[s]entencing is a matter
vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a sentence will
not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion”).
- 28 -
J-S41036-22
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 01/06/2023
- 29 -