Com. v. Tinoco, A. ( 2016 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
ABEL TINOCO, : No. 3006 EDA 2014
:
Appellant :
Appeal from the PCRA Order, October 9, 2014,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Criminal Division at Nos. CP-15-CR-0000914-2013,
CP-15-CR-0000924-2013
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE AND FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.: FILED SEPTEMBER 28, 2016
Abel Tinoco appeals from the order of October 9, 2014, dismissing his
PCRA1 petition without a hearing. After careful review, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings.
On July 18, 2013, appellant entered into a negotiated guilty plea to
3 counts of possession with intent to deliver (“PWID”), and 1 count of
dealing in proceeds of unlawful activities. On Count 1, the Commonwealth
invoked the 7 to 14-year mandatory minimum sentence and $50,000 fine
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
Post-Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.
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pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7508(a)(3)(iii).2 The Commonwealth agreed to
waive the mandatory minimum sentences on Counts 2 and 3 in exchange for
2
§ 7508. Drug trafficking sentencing and penalties
(a) General rule.--Notwithstanding any other provisions of this or any
other act to the contrary, the following provisions shall apply:
(3) A person who is convicted of violating section
13(a)(14), (30) or (37) of The Controlled Substance,
Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act where the controlled
substance is coca leaves or is any salt, compound,
derivative or preparation of coca leaves or is any salt,
compound, derivative or preparation which is
chemically equivalent or identical with any of these
substances or is any mixture containing any of these
substances except decocainized coca leaves or
extracts of coca leaves which (extracts) do not
contain cocaine or ecgonine shall, upon conviction, be
sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of
imprisonment and a fine as set forth in this
subsection:
(iii) when the aggregate weight of the
compound or mixture of the substance
involved is at least 100 grams; four
years in prison and a fine of $25,000 or
such larger amount as is sufficient to
exhaust the assets utilized in and the
proceeds from the illegal activity;
however, if at the time of sentencing
the defendant has been convicted of
another drug trafficking offense: seven
years in prison and $50,000 or such
larger amount as is sufficient to exhaust
the assets utilized in and the proceeds
from the illegal activity.
(b) Proof of sentencing.--Provisions of this section shall not be an
element of the crime. Notice of the applicability of this section to
the defendant shall not be required prior to conviction, but
reasonable notice of the Commonwealth’s intention to proceed
under this section shall be provided after conviction and before
sentencing. The applicability of this section shall be determined at
sentencing. The court shall consider evidence presented at trial,
shall afford the Commonwealth and the defendant an opportunity
to present necessary additional evidence and shall determine, by a
preponderance of the evidence, if this section is applicable.
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appellant’s plea. (Notes of testimony, 7/18/13 at 6.) The plea agreement
was for an aggregate sentence of 9 to 18 years’ incarceration. (Id. at 7.)
The trial court accepted appellant’s plea and imposed the agreed-upon
sentence. (Id. at 12-13.)
Appellant filed an untimely pro se motion for reconsideration of
sentence on December 23, 2013, which was denied on December 30, 2013.
On May 12, 2014, appellant filed a timely pro se PCRA petition. Counsel
was appointed, and filed a petition to withdraw and Turner/Finley
“no merit” letter.3 Appellant filed an answer to counsel’s withdrawal petition
on July 31, 2014. On September 8, 2014, the PCRA court issued Rule 907 4
notice of its intention to dismiss the petition without a hearing within
20 days. Appellant filed a response to Rule 907 notice on September 25,
2014. On October 9, 2014, appellant’s PCRA petition was dismissed. A
timely pro se notice of appeal was filed on October 22, 2014. On
October 30, 2014, appellant was ordered to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal within 21 days pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On November 15, 2014, appellant filed a Rule 1925(b)
3
Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988); Commonwealth
v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa.Super. 1988) (en banc).
4
Pa.R.Crim.P. 907.
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statement.5 On November 17, 2014, appointed counsel was granted leave
to withdraw. On November 25, 2014, the PCRA court filed a Rule 1925(a)
opinion, relying on its opinion and order of September 8, 2014.
Appellant has raised the following issues for this court’s review:
I. Whether the lower court erred in denying relief
based on counsel’s ineffective assistance in
negotiating and recommending a plea
agreement with a mandatory minimum
sentence for a second conviction where the
mandatory sentence did not apply[?]
II. Whether the lower court erred in denying relief
based on counsel’s ineffective assistance in
negotiating and recommending a plea
agreement with a mandatory minimum
sentence which was unconstitutional[?]
Appellant’s brief at 2.
This Court’s standard of review regarding an order
denying a petition under the PCRA is whether the
determination of the PCRA court is supported by the
evidence of record and is free of legal error.
Commonwealth v. Halley, 582 Pa. 164, 870 A.2d
795, 799 n. 2 (2005). The PCRA court’s findings will
not be disturbed unless there is no support for the
findings in the certified record. Commonwealth v.
Carr, 768 A.2d 1164, 1166 (Pa.Super.2001).
5
Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement was actually time-stamped and
docketed on November 24, 2014. (Docket #25.) However, we are mindful
of the so-called “prisoner mailbox rule,” pursuant to which a document is
deemed filed on the date that a prisoner delivers it to prison authorities for
mailing. Commonwealth v. Jones, 700 A.2d 423, 426 (Pa. 1997). Here,
the record indicates that appellant’s concise statement was mailed on
November 15, 2014.
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Commonwealth v. Turetsky, 925 A.2d 876, 879 (Pa.Super. 2007),
appeal denied, 940 A.2d 365 (Pa. 2007).
[T]he right to an evidentiary hearing on a
post-conviction petition is not absolute.
Commonwealth v. Jordan, 772 A.2d 1011, 1014
(Pa.Super.2001). It is within the PCRA court’s
discretion to decline to hold a hearing if the
petitioner’s claim is patently frivolous and has no
support either in the record or other evidence. Id.It is the responsibility of the reviewing court on
appeal to examine each issue raised in the PCRA
petition in light of the record certified before it in
order to determine if the PCRA court erred in its
determination that there were no genuine issues of
material fact in controversy and in denying relief
without conducting an evidentiary hearing.
Commonwealth v. Hardcastle, 549 Pa. 450, 454,
701 A.2d 541, 542-543 (1997).
Id. at 882, quoting Commonwealth v. Khalifah, 852 A.2d 1238, 1239-
1240 (Pa.Super. 2004).
First, we note that although appellant frames his issues in terms of
ineffectiveness of trial counsel, he is really challenging the legality of his
sentence. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Edrington, 780 A.2d 721, 723
(Pa.Super. 2001), citing Commonwealth v. Vasquez, 744 A.2d 1280 (Pa.
2000) (application of a mandatory sentencing provision implicates the
legality of the sentence, not the discretionary aspects of the sentence).
Legality of sentencing challenges are non-waivable and present a pure
question of law. As such, it is not necessary for appellant to argue trial
counsel ineffectiveness in connection with the entry of his guilty plea. See
Commonwealth v. Main, 6 A.3d 1026, 1028 (Pa.Super. 2010) (“[T]he
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determination as to whether the trial court imposed an illegal sentence is a
question of law; our standard of review in cases dealing with questions of
law is plenary.”) (citations omitted); Commonwealth v. Snavely, 982 A.2d
1244, 1246 (Pa.Super. 2009) (“Challenges to an illegal sentence cannot be
waived and may be reviewed sua sponte by this Court.”) (citation omitted).
In his first issue on appeal, appellant claims that the mandatory
minimum sentence of 7-14 years imposed pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 7508(a)(3)(iii) where the aggregate weight of the cocaine is at least
100 grams and the defendant has a prior drug trafficking conviction does not
apply because all his convictions were brought in the same indictment. Prior
to entering his plea, appellant had no previous convictions for drug
trafficking. (Appellant’s brief at 6.) Appellant pled guilty to all three counts
of PWID at the same time and within the same plea agreement. (Id.)
Therefore, appellant argues that he did not have a prior drug trafficking
conviction at time of sentencing as required by Section 7508(a)(3)(iii).
We need not address this issue, given our disposition of appellant’s
second issue as discussed infra. However, we observe that Section 7508
requires only that the defendant be convicted of another drug trafficking
offense at time of sentencing. It does not require that the convictions be
sequential. Commonwealth v. Vasquez, 753 A.2d 807, 809 (Pa. 2000) (a
conviction in a multiple count complaint can be counted as a prior conviction
triggering the enhancement provision of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7508); see also
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Commonwealth v. Williams, 652 A.2d 283 (Pa. 1994) (rejecting the
argument that the mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 7508(a)(3)(i) applies only if the defendant has a prior drug trafficking
conviction at the time he committed the offense).
Next, appellant argues that his sentence is illegal in light of Alleyne v.
United States, U.S. , 133 S.Ct. 2151 (2013) (holding that any fact
that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is required to be treated as an
element of the offense, submitted to a jury, rather than a judge, and found
beyond a reasonable doubt). We agree.
At the outset, we note that issues pertaining to
Alleyne go directly to the legality of the sentence.
Commonwealth v. Lawrence, 99 A.3d 116, 123
(Pa.Super.2014). With this in mind, we begin by
noting our well-settled standard of review. “A
challenge to the legality of a sentence . . . may be
entertained as long as the reviewing court has
jurisdiction.” Commonwealth v. Borovichka, 18
A.3d 1242, 1254 n. 8 (Pa.Super.2011) (citation
omitted). It is also well-established that “[i]f no
statutory authorization exists for a particular
sentence, that sentence is illegal and subject to
correction.” Commonwealth v. Rivera, 95 A.3d
913, 915 (Pa.Super.2014) (citation omitted). “An
illegal sentence must be vacated.” Id. “Issues
relating to the legality of a sentence are questions of
law [.] . . . Our standard of review over such
questions is de novo and our scope of review is
plenary.” Commonwealth v. Akbar, 91 A.3d 227,
238 (Pa.Super.2014) (citations omitted).
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Commonwealth v. Cardwell, 105 A.3d 748, 750 (Pa.Super. 2014),
appeal denied, 121 A.3d 494 (Pa. 2015).6
For the reasons discussed in Commonwealth v. Fennell, 105 A.3d
13 (Pa.Super. 2014), appeal denied, 121 A.3d 494 (Pa. 2015), and
Cardwell, supra, this court has determined Section 7508 to be facially
unconstitutional in its entirety. See also, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Newman, 99 A.3d 86 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc), appeal denied, 121
A.3d 496 (Pa. 2015) (concluding that 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9712.1, regarding the
distance between drugs and guns, must be struck down in its entirety as
unconstitutional in light of Alleyne, as its subsections are not severable);
Commonwealth v. Valentine, 101 A.3d 801 (Pa.Super. 2014), appeal
denied, 124 A.3d 309 (Pa. 2015) (by allowing the jury to determine beyond
a reasonable doubt the elements of the mandatory minimum sentencing
provisions of 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9712 and 9713, the trial court performed an
impermissible legislative function, effectively determining that the
unconstitutional provisions were severable).
It is important to note that Alleyne was decided on June 17, 2013,
and appellant was sentenced on July 18, 2013; therefore, retroactivity is not
an issue. See Commonwealth v. Ruiz, 131 A.3d 54, 59-60 (Pa.Super.
6
We note that our supreme court has granted allocatur to determine
whether an Alleyne violation renders a sentence illegal for issue
preservation purposes. See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 122 A.3d 1034,
1034-1035 (Pa. 2015) (per curiam).
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2015) (a defendant can raise an Alleyne challenge in a timely PCRA petition
so long as his judgment of sentence was not yet final when Alleyne was
decided on June 17, 2013). Cf. Commonwealth v. Riggle, 119 A.3d 1058(Pa.Super. 2015) (holding that Alleyne did not apply retroactively in a PCRA
setting, where Riggle’s judgment of sentence became final 15 months before
the Supreme Court decided Alleyne in June of 2013).7
In this case, all parties, including the trial court, understood that
appellant faced a 7 to 14-year mandatory minimum sentence under
Section 7508 for possessing in excess of 100 grams of cocaine with intent to
deliver. All parties were under the impression that Section 7508 applied due
to the amount of the drugs possessed, which provided the framework for
plea negotiations. The appropriate remedy in a case such as this, where the
parties have negotiated an illegal sentence, is to return the parties to the
7
Recently, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decided that Alleyne does not
apply retroactively to collateral attacks on mandatory minimum sentences
advanced in post-conviction relief proceedings. Commonwealth v.
Washington, A.3d , 2016 WL 3909088 (Pa. July 19, 2016) (Alleyne
was not a groundbreaking, “watershed” rule of criminal procedure that
applies retroactively on collateral review); see Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S.
288 (1989) (plurality) (a new constitutional rule of criminal procedure does
not generally apply to convictions that were final when the new rule was
announced). However, this case is distinguishable from Washington, which
concerned the retroactive application of Alleyne to cases where the
defendant’s judgment of sentence had already become final before Alleyne
was decided. See Washington, 2016 WL 3909088 at *3 (“a new rule of
law does not automatically render final, pre-existing sentences illegal”).
Washington did not consider the unique procedural posture presented in
Ruiz or the case sub judice, where a defendant raises an Alleyne
challenge in a timely PCRA petition but his judgment of sentence was not yet
final at the time Alleyne was handed down.
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status quo prior to the entry of the guilty plea by vacating the plea. See
Commonwealth v. Gentry, 101 A.3d 813, 819 (Pa.Super. 2014) (“Our
cases clearly state that a criminal defendant cannot agree to an illegal
sentence, so the fact that the illegality was a term of his plea bargain is of
no legal significance.” (citation omitted)); Commonwealth v. Melendez-
Negron, 123 A.3d 1087, 1093-1094 (Pa.Super. 2015) (since in plea
negotiations, “both parties to a negotiated plea agreement are entitled to
receive the benefit of their bargain,” “the shared misapprehension that the
mandatory minimum sentence required by § 97[12].1 applied to Melendez-
Negron tainted the parties’ negotiations at the outset. [T]he parties’
negotiations began from an erroneous premise and therefore were
fundamentally skewed from the beginning.”).
To reiterate, Section 7508 is unconstitutional in its entirety in light of
Alleyne, and any sentence imposed thereunder is illegal and must be
vacated. As such, we are compelled to reverse the order denying appellant
PCRA relief, vacate the guilty plea, and remand for further proceedings.
Order reversed. Guilty plea vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/28/2016
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