Com. v. Andrews, D. ( 2020 )

J-A26043-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DAVID ANDREWS :
:
Appellant : No. 3452 EDA 2019
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered October 31, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0003062-2015
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 18, 2020
Appellant, David Andrews, appeals from the order entered in the Court
of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County dismissing his petition filed pursuant
to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa. §§ 9541-9546, as untimely.
Herein, Appellant contends the court erred in failing to grant his petition
seeking specific performance of his negotiated guilty plea, which called for his
sentence on one count of robbery to run concurrently to a sentence of back
time he was serving for violating parole in his prior cases. The Commonwealth
agrees Appellant is entitled to receive the benefits of his negotiated sentence
notwithstanding the fact it was one which the law did not permit. After careful
review and consideration of controlling precedent, we vacate and remand.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A26043-20
On March 6, 2015, while on parole, Appellant entered a Philadelphia
clothing store keeping his hand in his coat pocket as if he held a gun and
demanded all the money from the register and in the employees’ possession.
Appellant secured $572 cash and fled from the store, only to be arrested
moments later by police.
Charged with robbery, receiving stolen property, terroristic threats with
intent to terrorize another, simple assault, and recklessly endangering another
person, Appellant entered a negotiated guilty plea whereby, in exchange for
his plea to robbery, his remaining charges would be nolle prossed and he
would receive a two and one-half to five-year prison sentence, followed by
three years’ probation, to run concurrently with any back time sentence
imposed in his upcoming parole violation hearing. On June 10, 2015, the court
accepted the plea and imposed the agreed-upon sentence:
THE COURT: It’s 2 and a half to 5 years state time and 3
years reporting probation is concurrent.
THE COMMONWEALTH: Yes, Your Honor. By agreement, it
is to run concurrent with back time. That’s what we placed.
THE COURT: That’s right, I saw that. Does your client
understand that?
APPELLANT: Yes, Your Honor, running concurrent with my
back time.
N.T., 6/10/15, at 7. The sentencing order provides, “Sentence to Run
Concurrent to Back Time.” Sentencing Order, 6/10/15. Appellant filed no
post-sentence motion or direct appeal.
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On November 2, 2015, the court presided over Appellant’s revocation
hearing, found him in violation of his parole in his prior cases, and sentenced
him to serve back time. On November 13, 2015, the Department of
Corrections (“DOC”) recalculated Appellant’s sentence on those cases, arriving
at a new maximum date of October 3, 2020. After crediting Appellant’s back
time sentence with pre-trial incarceration time served from time March 31,
2015 to June 10, 2015, the DOC calculated Appellant’s new earliest re-parole
date as July 18, 2017. It was on this date that Appellant was re-paroled.
Despite the trial court’s order calling for the present robbery sentence
to run concurrently with the back time sentence, the DOC calculated it to run
consecutively in conformance with the 61 Pa.C.S. § 6138(a)(5)(i) (state
parolee convicted of new crime and deemed parole violator shall serve back
time of state parole sentence before serving new state sentence imposed).
Therefore, the DOC commenced the running of Appellant’s present sentence
on July 19, 2017. After giving Appellant time credits from his arrest date of
March 7, 2015 to March 30, 2015, and June 11, 2015 to September 27, 2015,
the DOC set Appellant’s minimum sentence date at September 7, 2019 and
maximum sentence date of March 7, 2022.
On November 13, 2017, Appellant filed the present PCRA petition
asserting that it was not until August of 2017 that he first learned his present
sentence was run consecutively to his back time, in contravention of his
negotiated guilty plea. Seeking enforcement of the negotiated plea terms, he
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asked the court to vacate the present sentence and impose a new sentence
reflecting the intent of all parties agreeing to and accepting his guilty plea.
The Court appointed counsel, who filed an amended petition claiming
Appellant’s patently untimely petition for relief nevertheless qualified for
review under both the governmental interference and newly discovered fact
exceptions to the PCRA time-bar. In response, the Commonwealth filed a
brief positing that Appellant was entitled to an evidentiary hearing to
determine the cognizabilty of his claim, which appeared to be outside the aegis
of the PCRA and, thus, not subject to its time restrictions.
On October 2, 2019, the PCRA court issued its notice of intent to dismiss
Appellant’s petition pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 907. Appellant filed a response
asserting his claim should not be dismissed because it was not cognizable
under the PCRA. On October 31, 2019, the PCRA court dismissed the petition
as untimely. This timely appeal followed.
Appellant raises the following issue on appeal:
If the Appellant entered into a negotiated plea with the district
attorney, which included the important provision that his sentence
would run concurrently with his “back time,” and this was clearly
stated at sentencing and agreed to by the sentencing judge and
district attorney, when in fact, under Pennsylvania law, the
sentence had to run consecutively with his “back time,” would this
run afoul of the Appellant’s constitutional rights and deprive him
of the sentence he had negotiated in good faith?
Appellant’s brief, at 5 (emphasis omitted).
Though Appellant delineated his petition for specific enforcement of the
negotiated plea agreement as a PCRA petition, precedent holds that such a
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claim is contractual in nature and, thus, lies beyond the ambit of the PCRA.
As this Court recently explained:
A petition for collateral relief will generally be considered a PCRA
petition if it raises issues cognizable under the PCRA. See
Commonwealth v. Peterkin, 554 Pa. 547, 553, 722 A.2d 638,
640 (1998); 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9542 (stating PCRA shall be sole
means of obtaining collateral relief and encompasses all other
common law and statutory remedies for same purpose). The plain
language of the PCRA mandates that claims which could be
brought under the PCRA, must be brought under the PCRA.
Commonwealth v. Hall, 565 Pa. 92, 96-97, 771 A.2d 1232,
1235 (2001). The timeliness of a PCRA petition is a jurisdictional
requisite. Commonwealth v. Zeigler, 148 A.3d 849, 853
(Pa.Super. 2016). A PCRA petition must be filed within one year
of the date the underlying judgment becomes final. 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9545(b)(1). A judgment is “final” at the conclusion of direct
review or at the expiration of time for seeking review. 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(3). The exceptions to the PCRA time-bar
allow for very limited circumstances under which the late filing of
a petition will be excused; a petitioner asserting an exception
must file a petition within 60 days of the date the claim could have
been presented. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1-2).
On the other hand, a collateral petition to enforce a plea
agreement is regularly treated as outside the ambit of the PCRA
and under the contractual enforcement theory of specific
performance. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Martinez, 637 Pa.
208, 147 A.3d 517 (2016); Commonwealth v. Fernandez, 195
A.3d 299 (Pa.Super. 2018) (en banc); Commonwealth v.
Hainesworth, 82 A.3d 444 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc), appeal
denied, 626 Pa. 683, 95 A.3d 276 (2014); Commonwealth v.
Farabaugh, 136 A.3d 995 (Pa.Super. 2016), appeal denied, 643
Pa. 140, 172 A.3d 1115 (2017); Commonwealth v. Nase, 104
A.3d 528 (Pa.Super. 2014), appeal denied, 640 Pa. 389, 163 A.3d
405 (2016). Compare Commonwealth v. James Johnson,
200 A.3d 964 (Pa.Super. 2018) (stating generally that plea
enforcement theory is unavailable as ground for collateral relief if
there is no plea bargain to enforce). The designation of the
petition “does not preclude a court from deducing the proper
nature of a pleading.” See Commonwealth v. Porter, 613 Pa.
510, 524, 35 A.3d 4, 12 (2012) (citing Commonwealth v.
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Abdul–Salaam, 606 Pa. 214, 996 A.2d 482 (2010) (involving
deceptive labeling of PCRA pleading)).
Commonwealth v. Kerns, 220 A.3d 607, 611–12 (Pa.Super. 2019).
Thus, we must find the lower court erred in reviewing and dismissing
Appellant’s petition as one governed by the PCRA, and we are constrained to
address the merits of Appellant’s claim for specific enforcement of his
negotiated plea terms. In this regard, we observe the following:
Contract interpretation is a question of law, so “[o]ur standard of
review over questions of law is de novo and to the extent
necessary, the scope of our review is plenary.” Gillard v. Martin,
13 A.3d 482, 487 (Pa.Super. 2010). Plea bargains play a critical
role in the criminal justice system of this Commonwealth:
With respect to plea bargains, [t]he reality of the
criminal justice system is that nearly all criminal cases
are disposed of by plea bargains: [n]inety-seven
percent of federal convictions and ninety-four percent
of state convictions are the result of guilty pleas. Plea
bargaining is not some adjunct to the criminal justice
system; it is the criminal justice system. Accordingly,
it is critical that plea agreements are enforced, to
avoid any possible perversion of the plea bargaining
system. The disposition of criminal charges by
agreement between the prosecutor and the accused .
. . is an essential component of the administration of
justice. Properly administered, it is to be encouraged.
In this Commonwealth, the practice of plea bargaining
is generally regarded favorably, and is legitimized and
governed by court rule.... A “mutuality of advantage”
to defendants and prosecutors flows from the
ratification of the bargain.
Kerns, 220 A.3d at 611-12.
“When a plea rests in any significant degree on a promise or agreement
of the prosecutor, so that it can be said to be part of the inducement or
consideration, such promise must be fulfilled.” Santobello v. New York, 404
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U.S. 257, 262, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). Similarly, “[i]f a trial
court accepts a plea bargain, the defendant who has given up his
constitutional right to trial by jury must be afforded the benefit of all promises
made by the district attorney.” Commonwealth v. Hainesworth, 82 A.3d
444, 449 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc) (quoting Commonwealth v. Fruehan,
557 A.2d 1093, 1094 (Pa.Super. 1989)). Fundamental fairness thus dictates
specific enforcement of valid plea bargains. Hainesworth, 82 A.3d at 449
(citing Commonwealth v. Mebane, 58 A.3d 1243, 1249 (Pa.Super.2012)).
Precedent imposes the obligation to honor such plea agreements even
where the stipulated sentence is prohibited under law. In Commonwealth
v. Zuber, 353 A.2d 441 (Pa. 1971), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
addressed an issue analogous to the one presently at bar. Defendant Zuber
was on parole for a previous conviction when he was arrested and charged
with murder. Zuber and the Commonwealth entered into a plea agreement
whereby Zuber would plead to murder and the Commonwealth would request
that the State Board of Parole run Zuber’s sentence concurrently with his back
time/parole revocation sentence. The trial court accepted the plea agreement.
Id. at 443.
The sentence contemplated by the parties and the court, however, could
not be fulfilled under statutory law, which required a parole violator to serve
his back time before he can begin serving a new sentence. Id. Yet, the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that Zuber was entitled to receive the
benefit of his bargain—“a prison sentence commensurate with the term
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contemplated by all of the parties to the plea proceedings,” Id., at 446—
despite the unenforceable nature of the sentence. Accordingly, the Court
remanded to the court below with instructions to modify appellant's murder
sentence to effect a total prison time contemplated by the parties and the trial
court at the time of the plea agreement. Id.
Recent decisions of both this Court, sitting en banc, and the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court recognize Zuber’s continued precedential value
on the issue of specific enforcement of a plea agreement in conflict with
sentencing law. Both Hainesworth and Martinez addressed whether newly-
enacted SORNA,1 which expanded registration requirements beyond those
imposed by its predecessor, Megan’s Law,2 superseded plea agreements
entered into by Megan’s Law offenders/parolees who specifically agreed to
plead guilty to lesser charges in order to avoid registration requirements
applicable to only the more serious charges they faced.
In Hainesworth, the Court analogized the predicament facing the
defendants to that of Defendant Zuber and his unwitting entry of a plea that
failed to comply with the law and found guidance in the Zuber rationale calling
for specific enforcement. In Martinez, our Supreme Court specifically denied
the Commonwealth’s request that it reject Hainesworth/Zuber rationale.
____________________________________________
1 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10–
9799.41.
2 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9791-9799.9 (expired).
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Instead, the Court relied substantially on both decisions to reinforce the
necessity that courts honor bargained-for terms in plea agreements:
“Our courts have demanded strict compliance with that duty in
order to avoid any possible perversion of the plea bargaining
system, evidencing the concern that a defendant might be coerced
into a bargain or fraudulently induced to give up the very valued
constitutional guarantees attendant the right to trial by jury.”
Zuber, 353 A.2d at 444. Consequently, in this Commonwealth,
when trial courts accept plea agreements, the convicted criminals,
like Appellees in this case, are entitled to the benefit of their
bargains. Id.
...
When a question arises as to whether a convicted criminal is
entitled to specific performance of a term of his plea agreement,
the focus is not on the nature of the term, e.g., whether the term
addressed is a collateral consequence of the defendant's
conviction.[] Rather, quite simply, the convicted criminal is
entitled to the benefit of his bargain through specific performance
of the terms of the plea agreement. Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262;
Spence, 627 A.2d at 1184. Thus, a court must determine
whether an alleged term is part of the parties' plea agreement. If
the answer to that inquiry is affirmative, then the convicted
criminal is entitled to specific performance of the term.
Commonwealth v. Martinez, 147 A.3d 517, 532–33 (Pa. 2016).
Required to follow this precedent, we find the agreement to run
Appellant’s new sentence concurrently to his parole revocation/“back time”
sentence was a term of the parties’ plea bargain that must now be enforced.
As was done in Zuber, a remand for sentence modification effecting a prison
sentence contemplated by all parties to the plea agreement is necessary in
the case sub judice.
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To that end, however, we note Appellant has both completed his “back
time” sentence and also served more than five years’ prison time from the
June 10, 2015, date of the court’s sentencing order imposing two and one-
half years to five years’ incarceration. Under such circumstances, Appellant
is currently within his three-year probationary period.
Accordingly, on remand, a new sentencing order shall be entered having
the effect of releasing Appellant from prison and commencing the remainder
of his probationary term, which the trial court shall calculate at the time of its
order.
Order vacated. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this
decision. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/18/20
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