Com. v. Esquilin, J ( 2020 )

J-A28044-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JUSSVAN ESQUILIN :
:
Appellant : No. 1693 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 6, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0005124-2015
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 18, 2020
Appellant Jussvan Esquilin appeals the judgment of sentence entered by
the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County after a jury convicted
Appellant of attempted involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (IDSI) with a
person less than sixteen years of age,1 aggravated indecent assault of a
person less than sixteen years of age,2 unlawful contact with a minor,3 and
corruption of minors.4 Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his convictions and asserts the trial court erred in refusing to
instruct the jury to disregard a particular statement made by the prosecutor.
After careful review, we affirm.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901(a), 3123(a)(7).
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3125(a)(8).
3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318(a)(1).
4 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(1)(ii).
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Appellant was charged in connection with the aforementioned offenses
after G.E. (“the victim”) reported allegations that she had been sexually
abused by her cousin, Appellant. At the time of the abuse started, the victim
was thirteen years old and Appellant was twenty-three. On January 22, 2014,
the victim’s father allowed Appellant to move into his home located at 4241
Loring Street in Philadelphia where the victim and her extended family also
resided. While Appellant shared a room in the basement with one of the
victim’s brothers, the victim shared a room on the second floor with her niece.
Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”), 12/13/17, at 53-54, 56, 59.
Shortly after Appellant moved into the family home, Appellant began to
send suggestive text messages to the victim. On one occasion, Appellant
directed G.E. to open her bedroom door and threatened to tell G.E.’s parents
she “liked him” and “wanted to be with him” if she refused. Id. at 66. After
Appellant entered the victim’s room, he began to kiss G.E.’s neck and placed
his fingers in her vagina. While the victim’s niece was asleep in the room at
the time, she did not wake up. Id. at 58, 66-72; N.T. 12/15/17, at 20.
On a separate occasion, Appellant texted G.E. to come to the basement,
again threatening to tell her parents that she initiated the sexual contact. G.E.
felt that her parents would choose to believe Appellant over her. G.E. went
downstairs to the basement, told Appellant to leave her alone, and began
arguing with Appellant. Thereafter, Appellant pushed her onto the bed,
penetrated her vagina with his penis, and ejaculated into a towel on the side
of the bed. Once G.E. went to the bathroom, she observed she was bleeding.
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At the time of this attack, G.E.’s brother was present on the other side of the
basement. N.T. 12/13/17, at 72-79.
G.E. next recalled an assault in the living room of the home. G.E. had
been sitting on the living room floor when Appellant entered the room, pushed
G.E. onto her back, and penetrated her vagina with his penis. Id. at 80-83.
On another occasion, Appellant came into the victim’s bedroom, stood in front
of her, pulled her head towards his penis, and attempted to place his penis in
her mouth. The victim recalled that her face came within a foot of Appellant’s
pants, but she was able to avoid this contact. Appellant then grabbed the
victim’s hand and put it down his pants. The victim could not recall if her hand
went inside of Appellant’s underwear. Id. at 89-94.
In addition to the assaults that occurred in her home, G.E. claimed
Appellant assaulted her at her brother’s house at 1208 West Luzerne Street
in Philadelphia. Appellant sent G.E. another message telling her to come over
to her brother’s house, again threatening to tell her parents she had initiated
sexual contact if she did not comply. When G.E. entered the home and went
up to the second floor, Appellant pulled her into a bedroom, pushed her onto
an inflatable bed, and took off the victim’s clothing. After pulling the victim’s
underwear aside, he penetrated her vagina with his penis. G.E. recalled that
her niece was in the living room at the time of this attack. Id. at 84-89.
G.E. repeatedly asserted that she did not disclose the abuse to her
parents because she doubted that they would believe her. Rather, she felt
her parents would believe Appellant’s insinuations that G.E. “was the one
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looking for [Appellant,] that [she] was provoking him.” Id. at 94-95. When
the victim’s mother confronted her after seeing a Facebook message that
suggested the victim and Appellant had sexual contact, the victim asked her
mother if she “was going to hit” the victim. N.T. 12/14/19, at 44. The victim’s
mother indicated that she would not hit the victim but would listen to her. The
victim’s mother became angry when the victim revealed the abuse. She did
not respond with violence against the victim, but sought to find Appellant, who
admitted to the abuse. The victim’s mother repeatedly slapped Appellant in
the face and told one of her sons to call the police and report the allegations.
Id. at 44-45.
The victim’s older brothers testified that they also confronted Appellant
with these allegations, after which Appellant admitted he had sexual contact
with the victim and attempted to apologize. The victim’s brothers then began
beating on Appellant until law enforcement arrived. Id. at 65-66, 83-84.
The victim’s father testified that he had a strong familiar bond with his
nephew, Appellant, who he brought to the United States from Puerto Rico so
that Appellant would “succeed and grow.” N.T. 12/14/17, at 116-17, 125.
The victim’s father, admitted that he had a “perfect relationship” with
Appellant, trusted and loved Appellant like he was his own son, and gave him
a position in the family’s auto body business. Id.
The victim’s father indicated that learning that Appellant had abused his
daughter caused a “lot of pain in his soul” and “broke the deepest part” of his
well-being given that he loved Appellant like his own son. N.T. 12/14/19, at
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125. The victim’s father indicated that the allegations of Appellant’s abuse
caused anger throughout his extended family in the United States and Puerto
Rico and damaged his relationship with various family members. At the time
of trial, the victim’s father had not spoken with his own mother for three years
as she refused to listen to his assertions that Appellant had sexually abused
his daughter. Id. at 124-125.
After Appellant was charged in connection with the victim’s allegations,
Appellant proceeded to trial, in which a jury convicted Appellant of the
aforementioned offenses. On April 6, 2018, the trial court sentenced Appellant
to an aggregate term of four to eight years of incarceration to be followed by
two years of sex offender probation supervised by the state Board of Parole
and Probation.
After Appellant filed this timely appeal, the trial court directed Appellant
to file a concise statement of errors on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
within twenty-one days. Appellant filed an untimely 1925(b) statement along
with a “Motion to Extend Due Date to Submit 1925(b) Statement.” On
November 30, 2018, the trial court filed an opinion, in which it concluded that
Appellant’s claims had been waived by his failure to comply with Rule 1925(b).
On December 5, 2018, Appellant filed a motion for remand, asking that
his untimely Rule 1925(b) statement be considered nunc pro tunc. On January
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8, 2019, this Court remanded the case for the trial court to file a supplemental
opinion, retaining jurisdiction to decide the merits of the appeal.5
Appellant raises two issues for our review:
1. Was the evidence insufficient to convict [Appellant] of any
charges where there was no prompt reporting of the offenses,
a lack of physical evidence, and major discrepancies between
the Preliminary Hearing, Philadelphia Children’s Alliance Video,
and the trial testimony[?]
2. Did the trial court err by denying the request of defense counsel
… to instruct the jury to disregard the statements made by [the
prosecutor] concerning the Facebook message that said for the
complaining witness to close her legs where Defense counsel
did not mention this part of the Facebook message during the
trial or closing argument because of the Rape Shield Law.
Appellant’s Brief, at 3 (reordered for review).
We first review Appellant’s claim that there was insufficient evidence to
support his convictions. Our standard of review is as follows:
The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for [that of] the fact-finder. In
addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's
guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence
is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no
____________________________________________
5 The untimely filing of a court-ordered 1925(b) statement “is per se
ineffectiveness because it is without reasonable basis designed to effectuate
the client's interest and waives all issues on appeal.” Commonwealth v.
Andrews, 213 A.3d 1004, 1010 (Pa.Super. 2019) (quoting Commonwealth
v. Burton, 973 A.2d 428, 432-33 (Pa.Super. 2009)).
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probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden
of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.
Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record must
be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the
credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence
produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Leaner, 202 A.3d 749, 768, (Pa.Super.
2019) (citation omitted). To reiterate, the jury, as the trier of
fact—while passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight of the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence. Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa.
Super. 2014) (citation omitted). In conducting review, the
appellate court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its
judgment for the fact-finder. Id. at 39-40.
Commonwealth v. Baumgartner, 206 A.3d 11, 14–15 (Pa.Super. 2019).
Appellant does not claim the prosecution failed to prove any particular
element of any of the offenses. Instead, Appellant baldly asserts there was a
“lack of physical evidence” to prove he sexually assaulted G.E., who he claims
gave inconsistent testimony during her initial interview, the preliminary
hearing, and trial. Moreover, Appellant claims there was no justifiable reason
why G.E. failed to promptly report allegations that Appellant had sexually
assaulted her.
Despite Appellant’s claim that he could not be convicted of sexual
offenses without physical evidence to corroborate the victim’s allegations,
“[t]his Court has long-recognized that the uncorroborated testimony of a
sexual assault victim, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient to convict a
defendant, despite contrary evidence from defense witnesses.”
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Commonwealth v. Diaz, 152 A.3d 1040, 1047 (Pa.Super. 2016) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 562 (Pa. Super. 2006)). After
hearing the victim’s account that Appellant had sexually assaulted her on
multiple occasions, the jury was free to find her testimony credible.
Appellant focuses his argument on the credibility of G.E., the
prosecution’s main witness, suggesting that her testimony is wholly unreliable
due to alleged inconsistencies in her testimony and his claim that there was
no justifiable reason why G.E. would delay in reporting the abuse. In
reviewing a similar claim, this Court noted the following:
While challenges based on inconsistent testimony generally
implicate the weight of the evidence, in [Commonwealth v.
Karkaria, 533 Pa. 412, 625 A.2d 1167 (1993)], our Supreme
Court observed the following with respect to testimony and
sufficiency of the evidence.
Normally, the evidence is deemed to be sufficient where
there is testimony offered to establish each material
element of the crime charged and to prove commission of
the offense by the accused beyond a reasonable doubt. The
question of credibility is left to the [finder of fact] and the
verdict will not be disturbed if the [finder of fact] determines
the evidence is worthy of belief.
We have, however, made exception to the general rule that
the [finder of fact] is the sole arbiter of the facts where the
testimony is so inherently unreliable that a verdict based
upon it could amount to no more than surmise or
conjecture.
Karkaria, 625 A.2d at 1170.
Commonwealth v. Smith, 181 A.3d 1168, 1186 (Pa.Super. 2018), appeal
denied, 193 A.3d 344 (Pa. 2018).
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To the extent that Appellant asserts that there were major discrepancies
between the victim’s testimony at her initial interview with the Philadelphia
Children’s Alliance, the preliminary hearing, and trial, Appellant does not
develop this claim further with any specific citations to the record to these
alleged inconsistencies or any applicable analysis. Commonwealth v. Perez,
625 Pa. 601, 616, 93 A.3d 829, 838 (2014) (finding the appellant’s claims to
be waived due to his failure to include developed argument or citation to
supporting authorities and the record). As such, we find this specific claim to
be waived by Appellant’s lack of development.
While Appellant argues that the victim’s testimony was unreliable due
to her delay in reporting the abuse, this fact was to be weighed by the jury as
fact finder in assessing the victim’s credibility. Smith, supra. Appellant is
not entitled to relief under Karkaria as Appellant has not shown that the
victim’s testimony was so inconsistent as to be completely irreconcilable.
To the extent that Appellant asks this Court to find that the victim’s
testimony was not credible, Appellant is raising a challenge to the weight of
the evidence, not its sufficiency. A weight of evidence challenge “concedes
that sufficient evidence exists to sustain the verdict but questions which
evidence is to be believed.” Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742,
758 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
However, Appellant failed to raise a weight of the evidence challenge in
the lower court pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 607(A). Our Supreme Court has
recognized that:
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[an] appellant’s failure to challenge the weight of the evidence
before the trial court deprived that court of an opportunity to
exercise discretion of whether to grant a new trial. Because
appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
is against the weight of the evidence, this Court has nothing to
review on appeal.
Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 603 Pa. 92, 110, 982 A.2d 483, 494 (2009)
(citations omitted) (noting that a weight claim should be deemed waived by
noncompliance with Rule 607 regardless of whether the trial court addresses
the issue on the merits). As Appellant did not properly preserve a challenge
to the weight of the evidence in the trial court, we find this issue to be waived.
Appellant also claims the trial court erred in refusing defense counsel’s
request for an instruction to the jury to disregard a particular statement by
the prosecutor in closing argument. Appellant argues that the prosecutor
committed misconduct in telling the jury that defense counsel had not shown
the jury a particular text message, which Appellant claims was inadmissible.
In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, our standard of review
is limited to “whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Commonwealth
v. Harris, 884 A.2d 920, 927 (Pa.Super. 2005) (quoting Commonwealth v.
DeJesus, 567 Pa. 415, 438, 787 A.2d 394, 407 (2001)). More specifically,
with specific reference to a claim of prosecutorial misconduct in a
closing statement, it is well settled that any challenged
prosecutorial comment must not be viewed in isolation, but rather
must be considered in the context in which it was offered.
Commonwealth v. Correa, 444 Pa.Super. 621, 664 A.2d 607(1995). Our review of a prosecutor's comment and an allegation
of prosecutorial misconduct requires us to evaluate whether a
defendant received a fair trial, not a perfect trial.
Commonwealth v. Rios, 554 Pa. 419, 721 A.2d 1049 (1998).
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Thus, it is well settled that statements made by the prosecutor to
the jury during closing argument will not form the basis for
granting a new trial “unless the unavoidable effect of such
comments would be to prejudice the jury, forming in their minds
fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant so they could not
weigh the evidence objectively and render a true verdict.”
Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 580 Pa. 403, 434–35, 861 A.2d
898, 916 (2004) (quotation and quotation marks omitted). The
appellate courts have recognized that not every unwise remark by
an attorney amounts to misconduct or warrants the grant of a new
trial. Commonwealth v. Faulkner, 528 Pa. 57, 595 A.2d 28(1991).
Commonwealth v. Jaynes, 135 A.3d 606, 614–15 (Pa.Super. 2016). See
Commonwealth v. Faulkner, 528 Pa. 57, 77, 595 A.2d 28, 39 (1991)
(finding trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the prosecutor’s
comment that defense counsel was “stupid” and his conduct “outrageous” did
not prejudice the jury as to warrant a new trial).
To analyze whether the prosecutor’s remark in her closing statement
was proper, it is necessary to discuss the context in which the statement was
made about particular evidence presented at trial. In cross-examining the
victim, defense counsel had asked whether the victim visited Appellant at his
apartment to see his infant son after she made these allegations against
Appellant. The victim responded “no,” but clarified that on one occasion, she
and her sister-in-law went to Appellant’s home to take Appellant’s infant to
the Puerto Rican Day parade. The victim indicated that she did not go inside
Appellant’s home. N.T., 12/13/15, at 126-27.
The victim indicated that she took a picture of Appellant’s infant at the
parade and sent the photo in a text message to the infant’s mother, who was
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Appellant’s girlfriend at that time. Defense counsel introduced this picture
into evidence and asked if Appellant’s girlfriend wrote the victim back to tell
her she was upset that the victim had this picture given the allegations she
had made against the infant’s father, Appellant. When the victim responded
in the affirmative, defense counsel asked the victim if it was appropriate to
talk to Appellant’s family after she had accused him of sexual assault. The
prosecution made an objection, which the trial court sustained. Id at 132-33.
On redirect examination, the prosecutor referred back to the text
message thread Appellant’s girlfriend had sent to the victim. The prosecutor
asked if the victim if defense counsel had not read the final portion of
Appellant’s girlfriend’s text message, in which Appellant’s girlfriend told the
victim in Spanish to “Close your legs more.” Id. at 142-43. The victim
responded in the affirmative. Defense counsel did not object.
During closing argument, the prosecution referred back to this text
message exchange and specifically argued:
But remember what the girlfriend wrote in response. Remember
what I then asked her that the defense attorney didn’t read into
the record. The girlfriend tells her, Close your legs. What does
that tell us? That tells us that even [Appellant’s] girlfriend, even
the mother of his child knew, just like we all know that sex
happened … That is corroboration.
N.T. 12/15/17, at 90.
Appellant suggests that the prosecutor’s comment gave the jury the
impression that defense counsel was purposefully trying to avoid the
admission of the part of the text message in which Appellant’s girlfriend told
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the victim to “close [her] legs.” Appellant specifically asserts that the defense
would have been prohibited from admitting such evidence under the Rape
Shield Law, which prevents a defendant from seeking to admit “evidence of
specific instances of the alleged victim’s past sexual conduct” in criminal
prosecutions related to sexual offenses. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104.6
When reviewing the challenged statement, we note that the prosecutor
did not specifically criticize defense counsel for failing to admit this statement,
but merely made this reference to help the jury recall when the prosecution
had referred to this evidence on re-direct examination as it had not been
included in the defense’s cross-examination of the victim.
We find that this statement did not have the “unavoidable effect … to
prejudice the jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward
[Appellant] so they could not weigh the evidence objectively and render a true
verdict.” Jaynes, supra. As such, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in denying this claim.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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6 This Court has clarified that ‘[t]he purpose of the Rape Shield Law is to
prevent a trial from shifting its focus from the culpability of the accused toward
the virtue and chastity of the victim. Significantly, it is intended to exclude
irrelevant and abusive inquiries regarding prior sexual conduct of sexual
assault complainants.” Commonwealth v. Cramer, 195 A.3d 594, 602
(Pa.Super. 2018) (citations omitted).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/18/20
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