In the Int of: T.M., Appeal of: T.M. ( 2020 )

J-S27002-20
2020 PA Super 228IN THE INTEREST OF: T.M., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: T.M., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HER GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 235 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000022-2019
IN THE INTEREST OF: T.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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:
APPEAL OF: T.C., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HER GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 236 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000027-2019
IN THE INTEREST OF: T.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: T.C., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HIS GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 237 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
J-S27002-20
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000025-2019
IN THE INTEREST OF: T.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: T.C., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HIS GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 238 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000026-2019
IN THE INTEREST OF: T.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: T.C., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HIS GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 239 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000023-2019
IN THE INTEREST OF: T.C., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: T.C., A MINOR, :
THROUGH HIS GUARDIAN AD LITEM :
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: No. 240 EDA 2020
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Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at No(s): CP-15-DP-
0000024-2019
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 18, 2020
In these consolidated appeals, six minor children, through their guardian
ad litem (“GAL”), Shannon K. McDonald, appeal from the orders entered on
December 11, 2019, in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County,
terminating court supervision of their dependency matters. The subject
children are T.M., a female born in November of 2002; T.C., a female born in
October of 2014; T.C. and T.C., twin males born in August of 2013; T.C., a
female born in July 2009; and T.C., a male born in November of 2010
(collectively, “the Children”). Upon careful review, we affirm.
The subject orders resulted from the request of Chester County
Department of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”) and Greg Rice, the Court
Appointed Special Advocate (“the CASA”), during a permanency hearing on
December 9, 2019, to close the Children’s dependency cases after M.C.
(“Mother”) and M.C. (“Father”) absconded from Chester County with the
Children in a recreational vehicle (“RV”). CYF and the CASA asserted that they
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*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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had exhausted their efforts to track and locate the family. N.T., 12/9/19, at
12, 18.
The background of this case is as follows. The juvenile court adjudicated
the Children dependent on April 18, 2019,1 after providing services in the
home for approximately nine months due to concerns regarding the Children’s
lack of supervision, hygiene, school performance, behavioral issues,
developmental delays, mental-health needs, and unsanitary conditions in the
home. Order of Adjudication and Disposition-Amended, 9/27/19, at 2–3.
The court maintained Mother’s and Father’s physical and legal custody
of the five younger children,2 Mother’s physical custody of T.M.,3 and Mother’s
and J.M.’s shared legal custody of T.M. Order of Adjudication and Disposition-
Amended, 9/27/19, at 6. The court required Mother and Father to participate
in the following permanency-plan objectives, in pertinent part:
[M]aintain safe, stable, and clean housing.
[M]aintain stable employment.
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1 The court amended the orders of adjudication and disposition on September
26, 2019, because the original orders inadvertently omitted the “Additional
Findings/Orders.”
2 Father is the natural father of the five younger children. Dependency
Petitions, 2/26/19. The father of seventeen-year-old T.M. is J.M., who did not
file a notice of appeal and is not a party to this appeal.
3 The court found that T.M. should not reside with J.M. because he lives with
his uncle, who has a criminal history of sexual assault. Order of Adjudication
and Disposition-Amended, 9/27/19, at 2–3. The court permitted J.M. to have
“liberal visits” with T.M. as he and Mother could agree, as long as the visits
did not occur at J.M.’s home. Id. at 7.
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[M]aintain contact with the [CYF] caseworker on a weekly basis.
[Mother and Father] will participate in home visits [with the
caseworker].
[P]articipate in a mental health evaluation and follow all
recommendations and take medications as prescribed.
[P]articipate and work with Life Skills. [Mother and Father] will
work to develop a set cleaning schedule including the [C]hildren’s
clothing and bed linens.
[E]nsure that the [C]hildren are bathed regularly and in clean
clothing.
[W]ork to develop a structured schedule that includes providing
three nutritious meals a day as well as a structured bed time.
Order of Adjudication and Disposition-Amended, 9/27/19, at 6–7. The court
also required Mother and Father to ensure that the Children participated in
mental-health evaluations,4 and that Mother and Father “maintain an
appropriate supervision plan that has been approved by CYF where [T.M.] is
not the sole caregiver or primary caregiver of the [younger] children.” Id. at
7.
The first permanency-review hearing occurred on June 12, 2019.5 By
order dated June 25, 2019, the juvenile court found, “There has been
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4 The only record information with respect to the Children’s mental health
relates to the two youngest children, who have been diagnosed with Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Order of
Adjudication and Disposition-Amended, 9/27/19, at 2.
5 Unless otherwise indicated, the dependency hearings in this case occurred
before Tiffany Shoemaker, a juvenile court hearing officer, who prepared
recommended orders to the court.
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substantial progress and compliance with [the] permanency plan” by Mother
and Father. Order, 6/25/19, at 1–2. The court stated that the family would
be moving out of their home by July 31, 2019, because the landlord would not
renew their lease. Further, the court explained that Father “is seeking a
promotion in Florida and has an interview for a position there. Mother and
the [C]hildren would be moving with Father.” Id. at 3.
The June 25, 2019 permanency order maintained Mother’s and Father’s
physical and legal custody of the five younger children. The order granted
Mother and J.M. shared physical custody of T.M., and it continued their shared
legal custody of her. Order, 6/25/19, at 4–5.
The second permanency hearing occurred on September 16, 2019.
Mother did not appear for the hearing, and the court found, “There has been
minimal compliance with [the] permanency plan, in that CYF cannot verify
housing, employment, treatment.” Permanency Review Order, 9/27/19, at 1.
With respect to Father, the court determined that he was minimally compliant
with the permanency plan for the same reasons, except that he was employed.
Id. In addition, the juvenile court found that Mother and Father were only
minimally compliant because they did not maintain contact with CYF after
September 4, 2019. Id. Further, the court determined that Life Skills, the
agency that provided support in the home, terminated its services “due to the
family reporting that they have moved.” Id. at 1.
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During the hearing, Father revealed that the family was residing at an
RV campground. Permanency Review Order, 9/27/19, at 3. Father confirmed
that the family still intended to move to Florida. Id. The juvenile court
reported that the Children “are residing in an RV which is somewhere between
PA and Florida.” Id. at 2.
The September 27, 2019 permanency order maintained Mother’s and
Father’s physical and legal custody of the Children as set forth above.
Permanency Review Order, 9/27/19, at 4. The order directed Mother and
Father to appear at the CYF office within forty-eight hours and to make the
RV available for CYF to determine if it provided appropriate housing. Id. at 5.
In addition, the order directed Mother and Father to “advise CYF immediately
of all addresses where they are residing and within 24 hours of any change of
address.” Id. Further, the order required Mother and Father to comply, inter
alia, with the following permanency objectives: sign releases providing CYF
with access to school information for the Children; ensure that the Children’s
medical and mental-health needs are met; and maintain weekly contact with
CYF. Id. at 4.
The court held a status-review hearing one week after the September
16, 2019 second permanency review, on September 23, 2019, which Mother,
Father, J.M., and the Children attended. The court noted that CYF inspected
the RV on September 18, 2019, and determined that it was clean and
adequate for the Children. Status Review Order, 9/27/19, at 2. In addition,
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the court stated that Mother testified the family “paid [to participate in] a
campground membership program where they can move around to different
campgrounds but cannot stay in one campground longer than 21 days.” Id.
The court indicated that the family was then staying at a campground in
Coatesville, Chester County. Id.
With respect to the Children’s mental-health evaluations, the juvenile
court concluded as follows:
Mother stated she has taken steps to arrange for [mental-health]
evaluations in Pensacola, Florida. The provider is waiting on
insurance information to schedule. The [C]hildren have not
received any [mental-health] treatment to date. Child Guidance
reported to [the] CASA that T.S.[, Mother’s and Father’s fourth
child,] had a [mental-health] evaluation on 7/3/19 and was
recommended to receive [mental-health] treatment and has not
received any. None of the other children [has received] their
[mental-health] evaluations as required under the current [o]rder.
[T.S., Mother’s and Father’s fifth child,] was recommended for
treatment but was unsuccessfully discharged on 8/8/19 due to
lack of communication with the family.
Status Review Order, 9/27/19, at 2.
The juvenile court also found that the Children were enrolled in a cyber
school, which required them to be logged on to a computer for five hours each
day. Status Review Order, 9/27/19, at 2. The court noted that Mother
contacted the cyber school “and asked them not to share any information with
CYF.” Id. Nevertheless, the court explained that the CASA introduced
documentation indicating that the Children had poor attendance. Id.
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In its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the juvenile court aptly
summarized its findings set forth in the September 27, 2019 status-review
order, as follows:
Mother had represented that the RV had recently been purchased
for $220,000 as the family’s residence. The family’s plan was to
use RV campgrounds, pursuant to a campground membership,
and move to Florida. During the hearing, the [C]hildren’s sporadic
school attendance and uncompleted mental health evaluations or
treatment continued to be unresolved issues. The September
27, 2019 status review order required Mother and Father
not to remove the [C]hildren from Chester County until
further order of the court[,] and [it] required them to
submit a plan for relocation to Florida.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 3 (emphasis added).
On October 2, 2019, the GAL filed a petition for an emergency hearing,
wherein she alleged that in violation of the status-review order, Mother and
Father departed Chester County with the Children, and they could not be
located. Petition, 10/2/19, at unnumbered 2. Further, the GAL asserted that
the Children were not being educated, and they had not received mental-
health evaluations. Id. The GAL requested an emergency hearing to
determine whether the Children were safe and their needs were being met.
Id. at unnumbered 3. In addition, the GAL requested that the hearing occur
before the juvenile court rather than the hearing officer because, if Mother
and Father failed to appear, “then relief can be given under the Juvenile Court
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Rules, specifically[,] a bench warrant be issued for their arrests.” Petition,
10/2/19, at unnumbered 3; see also Pa.R.J.C.P. 1140 (“Bench Warrants for
Failure to Appear”).
The emergency hearing occurred on October 3, 2019, and Mother and
Father did not appear. The following witnesses testified with respect to
serving Mother and Father with notice of the emergency hearing via telephone,
text message, and/or e-mail: the GAL, the CASA, and Eve Large, CYF legal
liaison. In addition, both Father’s counsel and Mother’s counsel stated on the
record in open court that they notified their respective clients of the
emergency hearing via e-mail, but the parents did not respond, and neither
counsel knew where Mother and Father currently were located. See N.T.,
10/3/19, at 21–23. Further, J.M. testified that he last had contact with T.M.
via text message on the Sunday evening prior to the hearing, but he did not
know where T.M. and Mother were located. Id. at 26.
At the conclusion of the testimony, the juvenile court determined that
Mother and Father absconded from Chester County with the Children. N.T.,
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10/3/19, at 37. Upon the GAL’s request, joined by CYF, the juvenile court
issued bench warrants pursuant to Pa.R.J.C.P. 1140.6, 7 Id. at 27, 29.
The third and final permanency hearing occurred on December 9, 2019,
at which time CYF still had not located Mother and Father. Hannah Hunsinger,
the CYF caseworker, testified on direct examination with respect to CYF’s
efforts to locate the family, as follows:
Q. What efforts did [CYF] make to try to track the family and find
out where they were?
A. So in addition to the phone calls, text messages, e-mails that
went unanswered by [Father and Mother], with the help of [the]
CASA, we were able to locate the family through a membership
that they had for their RV. And we tracked them to Texas where
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6 On a date unspecified in the record, the juvenile court quashed the bench
warrant with respect to Father. The court explained that it subsequently
accepted “the GAL’s argument during the October 3, 2019 hearing that Father
should be available, if Mother were arrested, to prevent the [C]hildren from
entering foster care, and to drive the [C]hildren and himself back to join
Mother in Chester County.” Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 4, ¶ 2; see
also N.T., 10/3/19, at 33 (where the GAL stated on the record, “Your Honor,
a few specifics that [CYF has] brought up to me. It may be wise to prevent
the youth from going to foster care in another state and creating issues, to
just have detained [Mother] and not detain [Father]. Is that possible in your
order?”).
7 The juvenile court explained:
Despite the GAL’s efforts, [the] non-criminal bench warrant
[against Mother] had never been successfully lodged against her
in the National Crime Information Center (“NCIC”) database. The
GAL had informed the court and CYF that the non-criminal nature
of Mother’s bench warrant led the Chester County authorities
responsible for inputting NCIC data to refuse the bench warrant’s
inclusion.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 5, ¶ 7.
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we attempted to make a referral, but by the time the referral was
made, the family had left Texas.
And so then we were able to locate them in Las Vegas,
Nevada[,] through their Netflix account with the help of [J.M.].
Q. When was it that we attempted to track them or we were able
to locate where they were in Texas?
A. So their reservation in Texas was up until October 20th, 2019.
So on October 15th, we made the referral down there.
Q. That was to Montgomery County CYF in Texas?
A. Yes.
Q. And they were not able to make contact with the family?
A. Correct.
Q. Then we learned that they moved on to Las Vegas, Nevada?
A. Yes.
Q. When were we able to locate them in Las Vegas?
A. We were able to locate them on October 21, 2019.
Q. What efforts were made while the family was in Las Vegas?
A. So we made a referral to Las Vegas, the Department of Children
and Families in Nevada[,] on October 21st of October. And they
attempted to engage the family. They went out at least four
times, knocked on the RV door. However, the family never
answered.
The caseworker did report that [Mother’s] vehicle was parked
there during one of the visits.[8] And during another one, [T.M.]
was home, and she was there caring for the kids and said that her
parents had gone out to get food.
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8The record reveals that Mother drove a “unique Mustang.” Permanency
Review Order, 9/27/19, at 2.
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So the caseworker left her business card and asked for [Father
and Mother] to call, but [CYF] never heard from them.
Q. Do we know roughly when they left the Las Vegas area?
A. They left I believe it was November 13th. The caseworker said
that she attempted to do a late night visit. When [CYF] went out,
the family was gone.
Q. Do we know where the family went from there?
A. So through conversations with [J.M.], he was kind of monitoring
their Netflix account. They were last logged on outside of Los
Angeles, California. We just don’t know their exact location.
Q. It is not exact enough for us to figure out what agency in
California to contact?
A. Correct.
Q. When was that last log-in on Netflix?
A. On November 26th.
Q. There’s been no contact since then?
A. Correct.
Q. You mentioned that you were in contact with [J.M.] and he was
somewhat helpful through this process?
A. Yes.
Q. So it is his Netflix account that they were using that he was
able to see where they were?
A. Yes.
N.T., 12/9/19, at 4–7.
Ms. Hunsinger further testified that Mother and Father have made “[n]o
progress, no compliance” in satisfying their permanency-plan objectives due
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to absconding with the Children. N.T., 12/9/19, at 10. Specifically, she
testified that the Children “were unenrolled” from their cyber charter school
on October 1, 2019. Id. at 9. Ms. Hunsinger testified as follows:
Q. [W]hat has [CYF] done to try to determine whether the
[C]hildren are in school?
A. Outside of speaking with the cyber school that they were
previously enrolled in, we haven’t had any way of figuring out if
they are in school.
[J.M.] doesn’t know if [T.M.] is in school. [T.M.] made a
statement [to J.M.] about studying the one day on the phone, but
he couldn’t say that was because she was in school or . . . exactly
what it was for.
Id. Moreover, Ms. Hunsinger further testified:
Q. As far as you know, [the Children’s former cyber charter school]
has not been contacted by any other school in any other state
regarding [school] records for the Children?
A. Correct.
Id. at 10. On cross-examination by the GAL, Ms. Hunsinger confirmed that
she was unaware of any record request made to the cyber school, where the
Children were last enrolled, or to their previous public school.9 Id. at 14.
During the third permanency-review hearing, Ms. Hunsinger requested
that the juvenile court terminate its supervision of this family and close the
dependency cases because “we have exhausted our efforts to locate and
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9 The record reveals that the Children previously were enrolled in a public
school district in Chester County, where they had resided at the
commencement of the dependency cases. Permanency Review Order,
9/27/19, at 3.
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engage the family.” N.T., 12/9/19, at 12. The CASA joined CYF’s request
because “we exhausted our efforts to locate and track them[,] and . . .
continuing to pursue them is causing [Mother and Father] to create more and
more instability for the [C]hildren.” Id. at 19. In contrast, the GAL requested
that the court “take custody of” the Children because of “[t]he concerns
reported by the caseworker regarding [the Children’s] lack of education[.]”
Id. at 22, 27.
By orders entered on December 11, 2019, the juvenile court terminated
its supervision of the Children. The court reasoned:
[M.C.], [F]ather of all [the] [C]hildren except [T.M.], and [M.C.],
Mother, have absconded with [T.M.], [T.C.], [T.C.], [T.C.], [T.C.],
and [T.C.] and left the jurisdiction of this court for residence in
another state. CYF and [the] CASA have made repeated and
exhaustive efforts to ascertain the current whereabouts of the
[C]hildren, tracking them to Texas and Nevada, and attempting
to involve law enforcement and the local child protective agencies
in those locations. The family has no apparent intention to return
to Chester County or Pennsylvania.
Order, 12/11/19.
On January 3, 2020, the Children, by the GAL, timely filed notices of
appeal and concise statements of errors complained of on appeal, which this
Court consolidated sua sponte.
The GAL raises the following issues on appeal:
1. Did the [juvenile] [c]ourt err in closing this matter without
resolution of the dependency issues or transfer to any other
jurisdiction?
2. Did the [juvenile] [c]ourt err in declining to remove custody
of the [C]hildren from the parents?
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GAL’s Brief at 6.
We review the orders terminating court supervision according to the
following standard:
[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an
appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the
record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the
lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we
review for an abuse of discretion.
In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 2010) (citation omitted).
Initially, the GAL asserts, for the first time, that the juvenile court closed
the Children’s dependency matters in contravention of Pa.R.J.C.P. 1631. The
GAL suggests that Rule 1631(A)(1) was not satisfied in this case because the
Children’s educational and mental-health needs were not met by Mother and
Father at the time of the final permanency hearing on December 9, 2019.
GAL’s Brief at 13. In addition, the GAL avers that Rule 1631(A)(12) and (13)
were not satisfied because no court in another county of this Commonwealth
or in another state has accepted jurisdiction.
In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the juvenile court explained that the
GAL never raised Rule 1631(A) during the permanency hearing. Juvenile
Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 7. Our review of the record confirms this fact.
Instead, at the hearing, the GAL focused only upon changing custody of the
Children, as addressed infra.
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Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for
the first time on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). In Jahanshahi v. Centura
Development Co., Inc., 816 A.2d 1179 (Pa. Super. 2003), we noted that
our Supreme Court has frequently stressed the necessity of raising claims at
the earliest opportunity to “eliminate the possibility that an appellate court
will be required to expend time and energy reviewing claims on which no trial
ruling has been made.” Id. at 1189 (emphasis in original) (citation
omitted). More recently, we clarified:
On appeal, we will not consider assignments of error that were not
brought to the tribunal’s attention at a time at which the error
could have been corrected or the alleged prejudice could have
been mitigated. Tindall v. Friedman, 970 A.2d 1159, 1174 (Pa.
Super. 2009). “In this jurisdiction one must object to errors,
improprieties or irregularities at the earliest possible stage of the
adjudicatory process to afford the jurist hearing the case the first
occasion to remedy the wrong and possibly avoid an unnecessary
appeal to complain of the matter.” Id. (quoting Thompson v.
Thompson, 963 A.2d 474, 475-46 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation
omitted)).
State Farm Mutual v. Dill, 108 A.3d 882, 885 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc)
(emphasis added). Thus, we conclude that this issue is waived.10
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10 Even if not waived, we agree with CYF that in terminating services, the
juvenile court sub silentio determined that court-ordered services no longer
are needed and the Children “remain[] with the guardian and the
circumstances which necessitated the dependency adjudication and placement
have been alleviated,” thereby satisfying Pa.R.J.C.P. 1631(A)(1). CYF’s Brief
at 4–11.
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In her second issue, the GAL argues that rather than terminating
supervision and closing the dependency cases, the court should have changed
the Children’s placement by granting CYF physical and legal custody pursuant
to 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351(f)(1)11 and Pa.R.J.C.P. 1514(A)(1).12 The GAL asserts
that the court erred “when, without other recourse to get compliance from the
parents, the [juvenile] [c]ourt declined to remove the [C]hildren from the
custody of the parents in an effort to return them to” Chester County. GAL’s
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11 Section 6351 of the Juvenile Act provides, in relevant part:
§ 6351. Disposition of dependent child.
* * *
(f) Matters to be determined at permanency hearing.— At
each permanency hearing, a court shall determine all of the
following:
(1) The continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the
placement.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6351(f)(1) (emphasis in original).
12 Rule 1514 provides, in relevant part:
Rule 1514. Dispositional Findings Before Removal From
Home
A. Required findings. Prior to entering a dispositional order
removing a child from the home, the court shall state on the
record in open court the following specific findings:
(1) Continuation of the child in the home would be contrary to
the welfare, safety, or health of the child;
Pa.R.J.C.P. 1514(A)(1) (emphasis in original).
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Brief at 15. Further, the GAL asserts that the court erred because it is in the
Children’s best interests to remove them from Mother’s and Father’s custody
“to ensure [they] are getting the needed educational and mental health
supports[.]” Id.
As noted, during the third permanency-review hearing, the GAL
requested that the court “take custody of” the Children. N.T., 12/9/19, at 22.
With respect to how the court would enforce such an order in light of the
family’s disappearance and the inability to include the outstanding bench
warrant against Mother in the NCIC database because of its non-criminal
nature, the following colloquy occurred:
THE COURT: How am I supposed to force these parents to do
something when I can’t get my hands on them[,] and they are not
here?
[THE GAL]: If you issue—
THE COURT: There are 3500 counties in this country. I’m only a
judge in one.
[THE GAL]: If you issue an order revoking [Mother’s and Father’s]
custody rights, then there are ways to enforce a custody order
that apply differently than dependency, and . . . we know that
there are better rules in place for custody issues than there are
for dependency issues. That is my proposal. . . .
Id. at 25.
Upon inquiry by the juvenile court, counsel for CYF responded as
follows:
THE COURT: What do you think of [the GAL’s] suggestion that the
[c]ourt terminate custody [of] the parents and give it to CYF?
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[CYF’s counsel]: We actually did look into that and discussed that
on our end because, yes, if you were to do that, we could
essentially turn the case over to the county detectives.
If they are charged then with a criminal offense of interfering with
custody, obviously the D.A.’s office and detectives have far more
superior ways to track down somebody and find them than we do,
and also have the ability to . . . issue a criminal bench warrant
that could be acted upon by other authorities in another state.
Our concern and the reason we did not go down that road is . . .
the factual basis. . . . [W]hat do we actually hang our hat on to
do that[?]
[W]e went back and forth a lot in this case. Do we really feel that
these people are a danger[,] or the [C]hildren are in danger[,] or
is it just that they are not getting certain services that they should
be getting. We don’t know for a fact if [the Children] are actually
in danger or not. I understand there are concerns about truancy
and all that, but again, these are unknowns. And our concern is
in order to be able to hang our hat and create a factual basis to
change custody, we just don’t know that we have that.
* * *
And I would say [CYF] also does have the concern of . . . the
trauma that can be inflicted upon children being taken away from
their parents. And, in this case, you would be taking [the
C]hildren away from their parents in California somewhere, and
then everybody having to be transported back here across the
country, which are some of the concerns we were voicing when
we were discussing the bench warrant.
N.T., 12/9/19, at 32–33.
Thereafter, the GAL stated on the record: “I think that actually if you
are really looking for facts as to why it is you can transfer custody, you can
rely upon the educational factor here. . . . [I]n order to place a child into a
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school, that school must do a records request from the prior school.”13 N.T.,
12/9/19, at 34. The colloquy between the GAL and the court continued:
THE COURT: Anywhere in the country?
[GAL]: Anywhere in the country. . . .
THE COURT: How do you know that?
[GAL]: Because that is how I have seen it happen in multiple
schools from multiple states. . . .
I also know that [the C]hildren had IEPs in place, and those IEPs
are required to be transferred with the child. And that is another
factor that would be inquired into when enrolling in another
school. . . .
Id. at 34–35.
In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the juvenile court set forth the following
factual finding:
5. During the December 9, 2019 hearing, the CYF caseworker
credibly testified that she had no way to determine if the
[C]hildren were in school. Although the GAL stated that in her
experience[,] the lack of a school records request to the
[C]hildren’s former school necessitated a finding that they were
not attending a school, that statement was insufficient for the
court to find that the [C]hildren were not attending school.
Instead, the court found as a fact that it was unknown at the
December 9th hearing whether the [C]hildren were attending
school. There was also no credible evidence presented to the
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13 It is important to note that the GAL did not include the lack of evaluations
and/or treatment for the Children’s mental health as a basis for changing their
placement. As such, we deem waived the GAL’s argument that the court
abused its discretion in not changing the Children’s placement due to their
mental-health needs. See Jahanshahi v. Centura Development Co., Inc.,
816 A.2d at 1189 (“Claims which have not been raised in the trial court may
not be raised for the first time on appeal”).
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court that the [C]hildren were unsafe, or that their health,
physical, mental or moral welfare was endangered.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/19, at 4–5. We discern no abuse of discretion by
the court in basing its decision on credibility findings in favor of Ms. Hunsinger,
who testified that CYF does not know whether the Children are in school. See
N.T., 12/9/19, at 9 (“Outside of speaking with the cyber school that they were
previously enrolled in, we haven’t had any way of figuring out if they are in
school.”).
The juvenile court ultimately concluded that changing the Children’s
placement is not in their best interests because the GAL’s request
is an attempt to manipulate a remedy in criminal court, under the
guise of ‘interference with child custody’ (12/9/2019 N.T., p. 23),
thereby enabling law enforcement to charge Mother and Father
with that crime and issue NCIC registered arrest warrants against
them. (12/9/2019 N.T., p. 32). Even if this intentional use of a
dependency court order to engineer a criminal arrest were
permitted, . . . the court did not have sufficient evidence to issue
it, and its issuance would cause unjustifiable hardship to the
[C]hildren.[14]
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14 Further, the juvenile court concluded:
[T]his scheme to elevate Mother[’s] and Father’s conduct into
criminal behavior would ultimately fail. Interference with custody
of children, 18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a), requires that the charged
defendant ‘knowingly or recklessly’ takes a child from the custody
of its lawful custodian. How could probable cause be established
to issue an arrest warrant when the order transferring custody
could not be prove[n] to have been received by Mother and
Father? It could not.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 9; see also 18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a)
(Interference with custody of children) (providing, “A person commits an
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Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 8. The court continued:
Furthermore, the intended result of the transfer, the
arrest of Mother and Father, the forced removal of their six
children, the [C]hildren’s transportation, likely across a continent,
and mandated residence with strangers in an unfamiliar setting,
would create unwarranted stress on the [C]hildren. Placing such
foreseeable trauma on these [C]hildren is antithetical to
dependency court’s purpose to create a disposition in a child’s best
interests, “best suited to the . . . mental and moral welfare of the
child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6351(a). These [C]hildren would likely never
forgive those who knowingly caused them such hardship, nor
forget the sudden cleaving of their lives. The GAL’s argument at
the October 3, 2019 hearing[,] that a bench warrant should not
be issued against Father[,] was premised, in part, to prevent this
type of governmentally induced trauma from being inflicted. The
court accepted the correctness of that argument. It continues to
be correct. Trauma to these [C]hildren must be avoided if
possible.
Although removal of the [C]hildren from Mother and
Father would surely punish them for violating the court’s order
requiring them not to leave Chester County without permission,
punishment of parents is not a purpose of dependency court.
There are occasions when an available legal remedy appears to be
inadequate to redress wrongful conduct. It is never appropriate,
however, for a court to manipulate the law or facts to create a
response deemed more acceptable to the jurist or litigants. In the
present case, the transference of custody from Mother and Father
to CYF may appear to vindicate the authority of the court in the
face of a blatant disregard of its underlying dependency order, but
it would be unlawful, unwise and unjust. . . .
Juvenile Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 10–11.
____________________________________________
offense if he knowingly or recklessly takes or entices any child under the age
of 18 years from the custody of its parent, guardian or other lawful custodian,
when he has no privilege to do so.”).
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Upon careful review, the record supports the juvenile court’s findings of
fact and credibility determinations. We hold that the court’s inferences and
conclusions of law are reasonable in light of those findings. Accordingly, we
affirm the orders terminating court supervision.
Orders affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/18/20
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