Com. v. Murphy, P. ( 2020 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
PATRICK ROBERT MURPHY :
:
Appellant : No. 2487 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 20, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-45-CR-0001386-2018
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED JULY 24, 2020
Patrick Robert Murphy appeals from his judgment of sentence of
seventy-two hours to six months of imprisonment, plus fines and costs,
imposed following his conviction for driving under the influence—controlled
substance (“DUI”). We affirm.
The relevant facts, succinctly, are as follows. On November 22, 2017,
following a routine traffic stop for a broken headlight, Appellant was arrested
upon suspicion of DUI. A test of Appellant’s blood revealed a minimal
detectable presence of an inactive metabolite of marijuana. While Appellant
admitted to smoking marijuana on occasion, there was no indication that his
marijuana use was recent or illegal. Furthermore, the Commonwealth’s
evidence established that the inactive metabolite detected in Appellant’s blood
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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had no physiological effect on his body or mind. However, as operating a
motor vehicle with the mere presence of any metabolites of marijuana in one’s
blood is prohibited by 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(1)(iii), Appellant was convicted of
violating that statute and sentenced as indicated above. Following the trial
court’s denial of his timely post-sentence motion, he filed this timely appeal.
Appellant presents the following question for this Court’s consideration:
“Given the changes in the law concerning the legalization of marijuana in other
states and the legalization of medical marijuana in Pennsylvania, is
[§ 3802(d)] unconstitutional for being overbroad as it applies to marijuana in
that it punishes legal as well as illegal activity?” Appellant’s brief at 5.
We begin with a review of the applicable legal principles. Since the
constitutionality of a statute is a question of law, “our scope of review is
plenary and our standard of review is de novo.” Commonwealth v.
Davidson, 938 A.2d 198, 203 (Pa. 2007). This Court has explained:
There is a strong presumption in the law that legislative
enactments do not violate the constitution. Moreover, there is a
heavy burden of persuasion upon one who challenges the
constitutionality of a statute. . . . A statute, therefore, will only
be found unconstitutional if it clearly, palpably and plainly violates
the constitution.
Commonwealth v. Murray, 749 A.2d 513, 516 (Pa.Super. 2000) (cleaned
up).
A statute is unconstitutionally overbroad “only if it punishes lawful
constitutionally protected activity as well as illegal activity. Thus, in
determining whether a statute is unconstitutional due to overbreadth, a
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court’s first task is to determine whether the enactment reaches a substantial
amount of constitutionally protected conduct.” Commonwealth v. McCoy,
69 A.3d 658, 662 (Pa.Super. 2013) (cleaned up).
Section 3802(d) provides in relevant part as follows:
An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical
control of the movement of a vehicle under any of the following
circumstances:
(1) There is in the individual’s blood any amount of a:
(i) Schedule I controlled substance, as defined in [35
Pa.C.S. § 780-104(1), which includes marijuana];
. . . ; or
(iii) metabolite of a substance under subparagraph (i)[.]
75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d).
Appellant contends that § 3802(d) is unconstitutionally overbroad
because marijuana may be legally ingested in various forms in Pennsylvania
and elsewhere. Specifically, although he acknowledges that medical
marijuana is not at issue in this case, Appellant cites Pennsylvania’s medical
marijuana act, 35 P.S. §§ 10231.101-10231.2110, as well as other
jurisdictions’ legalization of its recreational use. Appellant’s brief at 13-15.
Claiming that the statute “criminalizes behavior that did not occur in
Pennsylvania,” Appellant further posits that arresting a person for a violation
of § 3802(d) because he or she ingested marijuana elsewhere is “like arresting
someone in Pennsylvania for soliciting a prostitute in Las Vegas, where such
a thing is legal.” Id. at 13-14, 17.
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Appellant’s arguments are unavailing. First, § 3802 patently does not
criminalize merely having marijuana metabolites in one’s blood. Rather, the
statute prohibits and punishes only the act of driving a vehicle in
Pennsylvania while having such metabolites in one’s blood. Thus,
Appellant’s argument that § 3802 criminalizes extraterritorial conduct is
specious.
Second, Appellant cites no authority to support that driving with
marijuana metabolites in one’s blood, or utilizing marijuana in any context,
amounts to “constitutionally protected conduct.” Cf. McCoy, supra at 662
(cleaned up).
As Appellant has failed to identify a constitutionally-protected activity
that is punished by § 3802(d), his overbreadth necessarily challenge fails.
Accord Commonwealth v. Kitchen, 2002 Pa. Super. 394, ¶ 13, 814 A.2d
209, 213 (Pa.Super. 2002) (rejecting overbreadth challenge to child
pornography criminal statute where the appellant “fail[ed]to set forth a
constitutionally protected activity, which is being criminalized”). As that is the
only issue fairly suggested by Appellant’s statement of questions involved,1
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1 Appellant also argues that, in light of the lack of any effect of inactive
marijuana metabolites upon a person’s ability to drive, the legalization of some
marijuana uses in some jurisdictions served to divorce § 3802(d)(1)(iii) from
any legitimate public policy. See Appellant’s brief at 13. The law Appellant
cites in this regard relates to a substantive due process challenge. See id. at
2 (citing Shoul v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 173 A.3d 669, 676-78 (Pa. 2017) (discussing how substantive due
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no relief is due. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be considered
unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested
thereby.”).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judge Shogan joins the memorandum.
Judge Pellegrini concurs in result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/24/20
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process protects people from “arbitrary and unjust proceedings”). A
substantive due process claim is neither fairly suggested by Appellant’s stated
question, nor developed in his brief. Accordingly, we do not address it.
Similarly, the American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania has filed an
amicus curiae brief offering arguments that a prosecution under § 3802(d)
based upon inactive marijuana metabolites is not related to a legitimate state
objective and is barred as to medical marijuana patients, as well as that the
statute is unconstitutionally vague. See Amicus Curiae brief at 1-2.
However, Appellant has neither preserved nor presented those questions to
this Court. Therefore, they are not properly before us and may not serve as
a basis for relief. See Commonwealth v. Cotto, 753 A.2d 217, 224 n.6 (Pa.
2000) (“An amicus curiae is not a party and cannot raise issues that have not
been preserved by the parties.”).
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