Com. v. Maxwell, E. ( 2020 )

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2020 PA Super 108COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
ERIC L. MAXWELL :
:
Appellant : No. 997 MDA 2018
Appeal from the PCRA Order May 23, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0001517-1984
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., STABILE, J.,
DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., NICHOLS, J., and MURRAY, J.
OPINION BY OLSON, J.: FILED: APRIL 30, 2020
Appellant, Eric L. Maxwell, appeals from the May 23, 2018 order entered
in the Criminal Division of the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County that
dismissed as untimely his fourth petition filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction
Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. On appeal, Appellant asserts
that he validly invoked the “newly-discovered” fact exception to the PCRA’s
time-bar found at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii) when his petition cited a July
9, 2016 statement by his brother, Brian Maxwell (Brian).1 More precisely,
Appellant contends that Brian’s July 2016 statement constituted a new fact or
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1 In his statement, which we shall describe in greater detail below, Brian
claimed that, while he attended Appellant’s 1984 trial, he overheard the
prosecuting attorney say to a police officer that the prosecutor did not think
there would be any African Americans on Appellant’s jury.
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a new theoretical variant of a previously raised Batson2 challenge and, hence,
was not a newly-willing or newly-discovered corroborative source of a
previously raised claim, which we have held does not trigger the timeliness
exception found at § 9545(b)(1)(ii). See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 185
A.3d 1055, 1064 n.4 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc), appeal denied, 192 A.3d
1105 (Pa. 2018). We reject Appellant’s contention and affirm the dismissal of
Appellant’s fourth petition as untimely.
We summarized the facts underlying Appellant’s convictions in our 1986
opinion addressing the claims Appellant raised on direct appeal.
On March 15, 1984, an unmasked gunman entered the Thrift Drug
Store located on South 29th Street in Harrisburg[, Pennsylvania]
and demanded money from the cashier, Shavona Mitchell. The
cashier placed the cash drawer in a paper bag and handed the
package to the gunman. The gunman departed from the store
and walked along the front of the store toward the Weis Market,
located adjacent to the store. Spencer W. Arnold, Jr., a security
guard employed by the Thrift Drug Store was summoned by the
clerk and he immediately gave chase to the gunman. Arnold
apprehended the gunman and started to walk him back to the
drug store. Approaching the store, the gunman grabbed Arnold,
threw him against [a] fence, pulled out a gun and shot him.
The gunman ran to his car and drove from the Weis Market
parking lot at a high rate of speed. The gunman, later identified
as [Appellant], drove to his sister's house where several friends
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2Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). For convenience and clarity, we
shall refer to the substantive claim Appellant seeks to raise before the PCRA
court as a “Batson challenge” or “Batson-type challenge.” We are aware,
however, that the United States Supreme Court filed its decision in Batson in
1986, while Appellant’s homicide trial took place in November 1984.
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were gathered. These friends later drove [Appellant] to the York[,
Pennsylvania] bus terminal where he boarded a bus bound for
Baltimore[, Maryland]. At the Baltimore bus station[, Appellant]
was placed into custody on unrelated firearm charges.
Commonwealth v. Maxwell, 513 A.2d 1382, 1384 (Pa. Super. 1986),
appeal granted, 520 A.2d 1384 (Pa. 1987), appeal dismissed, 569 A.2d 328(Pa. 1989).
In November 1984, a jury found Appellant guilty of first-degree murder,
robbery, and simple assault.3 Thereafter, the trial court imposed a life
sentence without the possibility of parole for Appellant’s first-degree murder
conviction,4 along with two to five years’ incarceration for his remaining
offenses. This Court affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence on direct
appeal. See Maxwell, 513 A.2d at 1384. Subsequently, our Supreme Court
granted allowance of appeal, Commonwealth v. Maxwell, 520 A.2d 1384(Pa. 1987), but thereafter dismissed further review after learning that
Appellant escaped from confinement on August 20, 1989. See
Commonwealth v. Maxwell, 569 A.2d 328 (Pa. 1989) (per curiam).
Appellant did not seek review before the United States Supreme Court.
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3 18 Pa.C.S.A §§ 2502(a), 3701, and 2701, respectively.
4 A sentence of life without the possibility of parole was imposed after the jury
found that death was not an appropriate punishment since the aggravating
circumstances did not outweigh the mitigating circumstances.
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Appellant has actively pursued collateral relief in the many years since
his judgment of sentence became final. On August 14, 1990, the PCRA court
dismissed Appellant’s first PCRA petition. This Court affirmed and our
Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal. Commonwealth v. Maxwell,
595 A.2d 192 (Pa. Super. 1991) (unpublished memorandum), appeal denied,
600 A.2d 534 (Pa. 1991). On August 10, 1993, the United States District
Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania denied Appellant’s petition for a
writ of habeas corpus and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit dismissed his appeal. See Maxwell v. Domovich, 2012 WL 383669,
*1 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 6, 2012) (describing the procedural posture of Appellant’s
habeas corpus claims). Thereafter, on September 20, 2001, the PCRA court
dismissed a second PCRA petition filed by Appellant.5 This Court affirmed that
dismissal. Commonwealth v. Maxwell, 832 A.2d 539 (Pa. Super. 2003)
(unpublished memorandum). On March 4, 2004, the PCRA court dismissed
Appellant’s third PCRA petition. This Court affirmed and our Supreme Court
denied allowance of appeal. Commonwealth v. Maxwell, 864 A.2d 580 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 875 A.2d 1074 (Pa.
2005).
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5 Appellant’s second PCRA petition filed in May 2000 raised multiple claims,
including a challenge to the racial composition of his jury pursuant to Batson.
See PCRA Court Opinion, 3/27/18, at 3.
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On August 20, 2012, Appellant, acting pro se, filed this, his fourth, PCRA
petition. Counsel was appointed and filed an amended petition on September
7, 2016. The petition alleged that Appellant was entitled to collateral relief
because the prosecutor in 1984 violated Appellant’s right to a fair and
impartial jury when he intentionally excluded African-American jurors from
the venire. See Amended PCRA Petition, 9/7/16, at para. 39.2.1; see also
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(i) (PCRA petitioners eligible for collateral relief
where they plead and prove by a preponderance of the evidence that their
convictions arose from “[a] violation of the Constitution of this Commonwealth
or the Constitution or laws of the United States which, in the circumstances of
the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process that no
reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place[]”).
Because Appellant filed his fourth petition so many years after his
judgment of sentence became final, his counseled petition invoked the
newly-discovered facts exception to the PCRA’s time-bar found at 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9545(b)(1)(ii). The newly-discovered fact alleged in Appellant’s petition
involved a July 9, 2016 meeting between Appellant and his brother, Brian.
The visit occurred at SCI-Camp Hill and was said to be their first one-on-one
visit in 32 years. During the visit, Brian recalled for Appellant overhearing the
prosecuting attorney tell a police officer at the 1984 trial that he did not think
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there would be any African-Americans on the jury. See Amended PCRA
Petition, 9/7/16, at para. 39.2.1.
The parties agreed to bifurcated proceedings. A jurisdictional hearing
was to take place first, to be followed by a hearing on the merits in the event
Appellant demonstrated the application of a timeliness exception. Pursuant
to the parties’ agreement, the Honorable Scott A. Evans of the Dauphin County
Court of Common Pleas convened an evidentiary hearing on May 15, 2017 at
which Appellant and Brian testified. Brian testified that he largely stopped
speaking with Appellant following his arrest for the instant offenses and did
not visit him in the Dauphin County Prison while awaiting trial in 1984. After
Appellant was convicted, Brian occasionally spoke to Appellant via telephone,
but those conversations were kept short. Brian also testified that he, along
with other family members, visited Appellant on two occasions more than two
decades ago; however, Brian’s first one-on-one visit with Appellant occurred
on July 9, 2016. During this visit, the two spoke about the prosecutor’s
comment. Brian testified that that he did not believe this statement had any
relevance when he heard it and Appellant testified that he never heard this
information before the July 9, 2016 meeting.
Judge Evans credited the testimony offered by Brian and Appellant and
concluded that Appellant pled and proved the application of the
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newly-discovered fact exception to the PCRA’s timeliness requirement found
at § 9545(b)(1)(ii). Thus, Judge Evans issued the following order:
AND NOW, this 26th day of September, 2017, following an
evidentiary hearing on the PCRA jurisdictional requirements held
on May 15, 2017, and upon consideration of the Commonwealth’s
memorandum opposing PCRA jurisdiction, and [Appellant’s]
response to the Commonwealth’s memorandum, it is hereby
ORDERED that the jurisdictional requirements have been met.
[The PCRA court] shall make a determination on the merits of the
issues set forth in [Appellant’s] PCRA petition.
PCRA Court Order, 9/26/17.
Owing to the fact that the prosecutor at Appellant’s 1984 homicide trial
was The Honorable Richard Lewis, who was by now the President Judge of the
Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, Judge Evans sua sponte requested
recusal from further proceedings for himself along with all other judges on the
Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County. As a result, the Administrative
Office of Pennsylvania Courts assigned an out-of-county judge, the Honorable
John L. Braxton, Senior Judge, to conduct the substantive PCRA evidentiary
hearing where Appellant was to have an opportunity to prove the merits of his
Batson claim under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(i).
Judge Braxton convened a hearing on January 31, 2018 at which
President Judge Lewis, Appellant, Brian, and Christine Arnold (the victim’s
widow) testified. After the evidentiary hearing, both Appellant and the
Commonwealth submitted briefs. Rather than adjudicating Appellant’s
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Batson challenge under § 9543(a)(2)(i), Judge Braxton instead revisited the
jurisdictional determination reached by Judge Evans. On March 27, 2018,
Judge Braxton issued notice of his intent to dismiss Appellant’s petition. See
PCRA Court Order, 3/27/18. In an accompanying opinion, Judge Braxton
explained that Appellant failed to plead and prove the applicability of the
newly-discovered fact exception under § 9545(b)(1)(ii) because Brian’s
testimony lacked credibility. See PCRA Court Opinion, 3/27/18, at 7.
Appellant responded to Judge Braxton’s notice of intent to dismiss on April 11,
2018 and, thereafter, Judge Braxton issued an order dismissing Appellant’s
fourth petition on May 23, 2018. Appellant filed a timely appeal and both
Appellant and the PCRA court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.6
On April 23, 2019, a three-judge panel of this Court issued a ruling that
vacated Judge Braxton’s May 23, 2018 order and remanded this matter for
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6 In his Rule 1925(a) opinion, Judge Braxton offered several reasons to
support his decision to revisit the jurisdictional issue previously decided by
Judge Evans. Judge Braxton explained that “the recusal of the Dauphin
County bench render[ed Judge Evans’] decision void,” that the timeliness of
Appellant’s PCRA petition was a threshold jurisdictional issue that needed to
be addressed, that Judge Evans failed to offer a cogent analysis for his ruling,
and that the prior hearing before Judge Evans focused on the “due diligence”
aspect of the newly-discovered fact exception rather than the discovery of a
new “fact” for purposes of the provision. See PCRA Court Opinion, 8/15/18,
at 6.
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further proceedings before the PCRA court. Two judges on that panel found
that the coordinate jurisdiction rule7 barred Judge Braxton from re-examining
Judge Evans’ jurisdictional determination. A third judge, however, concluded
that because Appellant raised Batson challenges in prior post-conviction
petitions, in particular his second PCRA petition filed on May 24, 2000, Brian’s
July 9, 2016 statement constituted only a newly-discovered source of
information that corroborated previously known facts and claims. As such, it
did not confer jurisdiction over the instant petition. We granted the
Commonwealth’s request to review the petite panel’s determination. After
careful review, we affirm the PCRA court’s dismissal of Appellant’s fourth
petition.
The question we confront in this appeal is whether Brian’s July 9, 2016
statement triggered the timeliness exception set forth at § 9545(b)(1)(ii),
commonly referred to as the newly-discovered fact exception. Appellate
review of a PCRA court’s dismissal of a PCRA petition is limited to the
examination of “whether the PCRA court’s determination is supported by the
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7 In general terms, the coordinate jurisdiction rule holds that judges of
coordinate jurisdiction should not overrule each other’s decisions. See Zane
v. Friends Hospital, 836 A.2d 25, 29 (Pa. 2003). The purpose of the rule is
to preserve the expectations of the litigants, ensure uniformity of decisions,
promote judicial economy, and bring finality to trial court proceedings. See
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record and free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 102 A.3d 988,
992 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “The PCRA court’s findings will not
be disturbed unless there is no support for the findings in the certified record.”
Commonwealth v. Lawson, 90 A.3d 1, 4 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations
omitted). “This Court grants great deference to the findings of the PCRA court,
and we will not disturb those findings merely because the record could support
a contrary holding.” Commonwealth v. Hickman, 799 A.2d 136, 140
(Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted). In contrast, we review the PCRA court’s
legal conclusions de novo. Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20
(Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), appeal denied, 101 A.3d 785 (Pa. 2014).
It is uncontested that Appellant’s petition is untimely. Briefly, the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court dismissed Appellant’s direct appeal on December
21, 1989, when it learned he escaped from custody. Thereafter, Appellant did
not seek review with the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus, his
judgment of sentence became final for purposes of the PCRA on or around
March 21, 1990, upon the expiration of the time for seeking further review.
See U.S.Sup.Ct.R. 13 (allowing 90 days for filing petition for certiorari with
United States Supreme Court); 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(3). Appellant’s fourth
petition was filed on August 20, 2012, more than two decades after his
judgment of sentence became final. As such, Appellant needed to invoke an
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exception to the PCRA’s time-bar to obtain review of the merits of his Batson
claim.
To this end, Appellant elected to pursue the newly-discovered fact
exception to establish jurisdiction, which is set forth at § 9545(b)(1)(ii).8
Specifically, Appellant alleges that, on July 9, 2016, he learned through Brian
that the district attorney told a police officer during Appellant’s trial that he
did not believe that any African-Americans would serve on the jury. Brian’s
statement, however, is not a new “fact” as contemplated by the PCRA.
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8 The statutory exceptions found at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545 are as follows:
(i)the failure to raise the claim previously was the result of
interference by government officials with the presentation of the
claim in violation of the Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth
or the Constitution or laws of the United States;
(ii) the facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to
the petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise
of due diligence; or
(iii) the right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized
by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and
has been held by that court to apply retroactively.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(iii). Any petition invoking one of the exceptions
to the time bar must be filed within 60 days of the date the claim could have
been presented. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(2). Effective December 24, 2018,
§ 9545(b)(2) was amended to provide that petitions invoking an exception
must be filed within one year of the date the claim could have been presented.
See Act 2018, Oct. 24, P.L. 894, No. 146. However, as the amended provision
applies only to claims arising on or after December 24, 2017, the original
60-day time period governs in this case.
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It is well settled in Pennsylvania that the focus of the exception found
at § 9545(b)(1)(ii) is on newly-discovered facts, not on newly-discovered or
newly-willing sources that corroborate previously known facts or previously
raised claims. See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 185 A.3d 1055, 1064 n.4
(Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc), appeal denied, 192 A.3d 1105 (Pa. 2018). Our
Supreme Court previously explained the newly-discovered fact exception
under § 9545(b)(1)(ii) as follows:
[Section 9545(b)(1)(ii)] “requires petitioner to allege and prove
that there were ‘facts' that were ‘unknown’ to him” and that he
could not have ascertained those facts by the exercise of “due
diligence.” Commonwealth v. Bennett, 930 A.2d 1264,
1270-1272 (Pa. 2007). The focus of [§ 9545(b)(1)(ii) is “on [the]
newly discovered facts, not on a newly discovered or newly willing
source for previously known facts.” Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 863 A.2d 423, 427 (Pa. 2004) [(abrogated on other
grounds)]. In Johnson, [our Supreme Court] rejected the
petitioner's argument that a witness['] subsequent admission of
alleged facts brought a claim within the scope of [§ 9545(b)(1)(ii)]
even though the facts had been available to the petitioner
beforehand. Relying on Johnson, [our Supreme Court
subsequently] held that an affidavit alleging perjury did not bring
a petitioner's claim of fabricated testimony within the scope of
[§ 9545(b)(1)(ii)] because the only “new” aspect of the claim was
that a new witness had come forward to testify regarding the
previously raised claim. [Commonwealth v.] Abu–Jamal, [941
A.2d 1263, 1267 (Pa. 2008)]. Specifically, [the Court] held that
the fact that the petitioner “discovered yet another conduit for the
same claim of perjury does not transform his latest source into
evidence falling within the ambit of [section] 9545(b)(1)(ii).” Id.
at 1269.
Commonwealth v. Marshall, 947 A.2d 714, 720 (Pa. 2008).
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The certified record here reveals that Appellant raised Batson-type
challenges in at least three prior post-conviction filings: (1) a state habeas
corpus petition filed September 22, 1996; (2) a second federal habeas corpus
petition filed November 3, 1997; and, (3) a second PCRA petition filed May
24, 2000. See Amended PCRA Petition, 9/7/16, at para. 39.3.2. Thus, as far
back as May 2000 and perhaps as early as 1996, Appellant advanced
contentions that mirror his present Batson claim. The instant petition
alleged:
On May 24, 2000, [Appellant] filed his second PCRA petition.
[Appellant] asserted his petition was timely filed due to
interference by government officials. [Appellant] advanced
multiple claims, most significantly is the claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object and
require the District Attorney provide race-neutral reasons
for his use of peremptory challenges on black potential
jurors under Batson v. Kentucky. The [PCRA c]ourt never
appointed an attorney to represent [Appellant]. This petition was
dismissed without a hearing on September 18, 2001. The [PCRA]
court held that “[i]ssues 2-4, relating to the alleged denial of the
right to an impartial jury were raised and decided in [Appellant’s]
first PCRA and may not be re-litigated herein.” Issue 4 was
[Appellant’s] claim that his attorney was ineffective for
failing to object under Batson v. Kentucky.[]
Amended PCRA Petition, 9/7/16, at para. 29 (emphasis added). In view of
these allegations, Brian’s statement, even if credited by a factfinder, is merely
a new source of information that confirmed facts and claims of which Appellant
was already aware and which he previously raised.
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There is no room to suggest in this case that Brian’s statement falls
within the scope of § 9545(b)(1)(ii) as a “new fact” or “new theoretical
variant” of a previously raised claim. Although Appellant stresses that he did
not learn of Brian’s statement before July 9, 2016, he does not rebut the fact
that he previously raised Batson-type challenges in prior post-conviction
submissions. Indeed, the petition itself makes clear that, as early as
September 1996 (and certainly no later than May 2000), Appellant possessed
facts which enabled him to formulate and pursue claims alleging that the
district attorney improperly used peremptory challenges to exclude blacks
from the jury. As such, the petition establishes that Brian’s July 9, 2016
statement did not bring anything “new” to Appellant’s attention, much less
bring Appellant’s claim of racially tinged jury selection practices within the
scope of § 9545(b)(1)(ii). The only “new” aspect of Appellant’s claim was
that a newly-willing testimonial source had come forward to corroborate a
legal theory Appellant raised decades before. See Abu-Jamal, 941 A.2d at
1267. Put another way, the fact that Appellant discovered through Brian yet
another confirmatory source for the same claim he raised in no fewer than
three prior post-conviction filings does not transform Appellant’s latest source
of information into the type of fact falling within the scope of § 9545(b)(1)(ii).
See Marshall, 947 A.2d at 721-722 (newly-discovered corroborative sources
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of publicly known discriminatory jury selection practices do not bring
underlying discrimination claim within scope of § 9545(b)(1)(ii)).
For each of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Brian’s July 9, 2016
statement served merely as a new corroborative source for previously known
facts and claims. As such, it could not satisfy the newly-discovered facts
exception to the PCRA’s time-bar and it did not confer jurisdiction over
Appellant’s fourth petition. Because the PCRA court lacked jurisdiction, it
properly dismissed the petition as untimely.9
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 04/30/2020
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9 Since Brian’s statement cannot, as a matter of law, constitute a new “fact”
as contemplated by § 9545(b)(1)(ii), the coordinate jurisdiction rule was not
an obstacle to Judge Braxton’s re-assessment of the initial erroneous
jurisdictional ruling. See, e.g., Ryan v. Berman, 813 A.2d 792, 795 (Pa.
2002) (acknowledging that departure from the coordinate jurisdiction rule is
generally permitted where a prior holding is clearly erroneous and following it
would create manifest injustice).
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