Colachino, R. v. Jones, J. ( 2020 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
RUTHANN COLACHINO : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JEFFREY JONES :
:
Appellant : No. 1845 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered October 8, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Civil Division at
No(s): 2018-01754
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED OCTOBER 09, 2020
Jeffrey Jones appeals from the October 8, 2019 order finding that
Ruthann Colachino was entitled to a one-half share of a winning lottery ticket
with a pre-tax value of $100,000. We affirm.
The instant dispute between Mr. Jones and Ms. Colachino concerns the
proceeds of a “Bingo Squared” scratch-off lottery ticket with a face value of
$100,000, which was purchased very early on the morning of February 22,
2018, at a Turkey Hill mini-mart located in Carbondale, Pennsylvania. Mr.
Jones and Ms. Colachino are former paramours, who have a minor child
(“D.J.”) together and have previously cohabitated.
In February 2018, the parties were in a period of attempted
reconciliation. On the evening in question, Mr. Jones had just received a
sizable tax refund in the amount of $5,501 due to claiming D.J. as a
dependent. As part of an arrangement between the parties, he had agreed to
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split this money with Ms. Colachino. The tax refund was credited to Mr. Jones’s
bank account shortly after midnight on February 22, 2018, and the parties
immediately traveled together to the aforementioned mini-mart with cash in
hand. Both Mr. Jones and Ms. Colachino were regular patrons of this
establishment, where they were well-known for purchasing lottery tickets in
one another’s company. On this particular evening, Mr. Jones and Ms.
Colachino purchased a number of lottery tickets in separate transactions,
including at least four Bingo Squared scratch-off tickets.
Upon returning to their shared home, both parties began to “play” the
tickets. Mr. Jones scratched one of the Bingo Squared tickets, and discovered
that it was worth $100,000. The parties were understandably elated, and
loudly professed their shared intention to use the money to leave public
housing and buy a home together with the winnings. Later that day, the
parties and D.J. traveled to Middletown, Pennsylvania, to cash-in the ticket.
Ultimately, the Commonwealth issued a check in Mr. Jones’s name for the
post-tax amount of $72,930.
Alas, the parties’ collective bliss did not last long. Mr. Jones ended his
relationship with Ms. Colachino approximately one week later on March 3,
2018. The planned move and home purchase never occurred, and Mr. Jones
did not share any portion of the lottery winnings with Ms. Colachino. On March
15, 2018, Ms. Colachino filed a complaint alleging that Ms. Jones had violated
an “agreement” to split the lottery winnings equally with her, and asserting
claims for breach of contract and conversion.
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After discovery and the filing of an amended complaint, the case
proceeded to a bench trial on July 29, 2019. The trial court heard succinct
testimony from Mr. Jones, Ms. Colachino, Heather Coleman, the clerk who sold
the winning ticket, and Ms Colachino’s eldest daughter, J.C.. The court also
reviewed surveillance footage from the Turkey Hill and related documents.
On October 8, 2019, the trial court found in favor of Ms. Colachino.
Specifically, the trial court concluded that Mr. Jones and Ms. Colachino were
involved in a “joint venture,” and that Ms. Colachino was entitled to “her one-
half share of the proceeds from the winning lottery ticket purchased on the
morning of February 22, 2018 by the parties’ lottery group.” Trial Court
Opinion, 10/8/19, at 3-4.
Mr. Jones filed a motion for post-trial relief alleging, inter alia, that the
trial court erred by finding: (1) “that a joint venture existed between the
parties when they did not combine resources for the purposes of purchasing
lottery tickets, but rather made their own individual purchases;” and (2) “that
the parties by their conduct agreed to split the proceeds from the winning
ticket because such a finding is a resulting trust, and imposition of a resulting
trust can only be made through a court in equity.” Post-Trial Motions,
10/24/19, at ¶¶ 4-5. On November 15, 2019, the trial court denied Mr.
Jones’s post-trial motions.1
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1 We note that Mr. Jones did not timely file his post-trial motions. See
Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(c)(1) (requiring post-trial motions to be filed within ten days
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Appellant filed a timely appeal to this Court,2 and pre-emptively filed a
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b).3 Prompted by Mr. Jones’s gratuitous filing, the trial court authored
a short Rule 1925(a) opinion relying upon the reasoning previously set forth
in its October 8, 2019 memorandum and order.
Mr. Jones has raised two claims for our consideration in this case:
1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law in its October 8, 2019 [o]rder by applying the preponderance
of evidence standard of proof to the evidence when it essentially
found a resulting trust, which requires an examination by the clear
and convincing standard of proof?
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of a “verdict” in a case). However, if the trial court accepts untimely filed
post-trial motions and rules on the merits thereof, this Court will treat the
issues as having been properly preserved for appellate review. See Behar v.
Frazier, 724 A.2d 943, 945-46 (Pa.Super. 1999). Consequently, we will
deem those issues raised in Mr. Jones’s post-trial motions to have been
properly preserved for our appellate review. Id.2 Mr. Jones timely filed his notice of appeal on November 6, 2019, while his
post-trial motions were still pending before the trial court. On November 15,
2019, the trial court denied Mr. Jones’s post-trial on the merits. On January
28, 2020, this Court entered a rule to show cause as to why Mr. Jones’s appeal
should not be dismissed as premature. Mr. Jones argued that Pa.R.A.P.
905(a)(5) permitted this procedure, as it provides that “[a] notice of appeal
filed after the announcement of a determination but before the entry of an
appealable order shall be treated as filed after such entry and on the day
thereof.” Ultimately, we granted Mr. Jones leave to file a praecipe to enter a
final judgment with the trial court to perfect jurisdiction. Appellant complied,
and a final judgment was entered by the trial court on February 24, 2020.
Thus, Appellant’s appeal was timely filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5).
3“Because the trial court did not order the filing of a Rule 1925(b) statement,
we will not conduct a waiver inquiry pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4).”
Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 745 n.7 (Pa.Super. 2014).
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2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law in its October 8, 2019 [o]rder by finding that a joint venture
existed between the parties when they did not combine resources
for the purposes of purchasing lottery tickets but instead made
individual purchase[s]?
Mr. Jones’s brief at 6.
With respect to Mr. Jones’s first claim for relief, we discern that he is
attempting to recast the civil relief granted to Ms. Colachino as effectively
creating a “resulting trust.”4 Id. at 13 (“The relief requested and the court’s
determination amounted to the existence of a resulting trust on behalf of Ms.
Colachino.”). As such, Mr. Jones argues the trial court utilized the wrong
standard of proof in assessing Ms. Colachino’s claims. Compare Fenderson
v. Fenderson, 685 A.2d 600, 605 (Pa.Super. 1996) (“The law requires clear,
direct, precise and convincing evidence of a resulting trust before it will
convert absolute ownership into an estate of lesser quality.”) with Snyder v.
Gravell, 666 A.2d 341, 343 (Pa.Super. 1995) (“[T]he party having the burden
of proof in a contract matter must sustain it by a preponderance of the
evidence.” (internal citations and quotations omitted)).
Initially, we note that neither Ms. Colachino’s amended complaint, nor
the trial court’s memorandum and order, contemplated the creation of a
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4 “A resulting trust arises when a person makes a disposition of property
under circumstances which raise an inference that he does not intend that the
person taking or holding the property should have a beneficial interest in the
property.” Fenderson v. Fenderson, 685 A.2d 600, 604 (Pa.Super. 1996).
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resulting trust.5 However, before engaging with the arguable merits of Mr.
Jones’s first claim, we must first assess whether Mr. Jones preserved this
specific argument in his post-trial motion. See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b)(1)-(2);
Puleo v. Thomas, 624 A.2d 1075, 1077 (Pa.Super. 1993) (“[A] failure to
raise an issue in post[-]trial motions or exceptions would normally result in a
waiver of that issue for purposes of appellate review.”). “The purpose of this
rule is to provide the trial court the first opportunity to review and reconsider
its earlier rulings and correct its own error.” Chalkey v. Roush, 757 A.2d
972, 975 (Pa.Super. 2000) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Mr. Jones’s post-trial motion includes only one argument concerning the
alleged creation of a resulting trust in this case. Specifically, Mr. Jones
asserted that the “imposition of a resulting trust can only be made through a
court in equity.” Post-Trial Motions, 10/24/19, at ¶ 5. However, there is no
exception or argument concerning the standard of proof utilized by the trial
court. Consequently, the trial court did not have an opportunity to review and
consider this specific line of argument in the first instance. Therefore, Mr.
Jones has waived his first claim for failure to preserve it in his post-trial
motions. See Board of Supervisors of Willstown Township v. Main Line
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5 Mr. Jones repeatedly cites this Court’s holding in Snyder v. Gravell, 666
A.2d 341, 343 (Pa.Super. 1995), to support his contention that Ms. Colachino
was seeking the imposition of a resulting trust. However, Mr. Jones has
fundamentally misunderstood the procedural posture of our holding in
Snyder. Specifically, the plaintiffs in that case specifically requested the
imposition of a resulting trust. Id. (“In this case, however, appellants sought
the imposition of a resulting trust as a remedy for appellees’ alleged breach
of contract.”). Ms. Colachino has not. Thus, Snyder is inapposite.
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Gardens, Inc., 155 A.3d 39, 44 (Pa. 2017) (“Rule 227.1 requires parties to
file post-trial motions in order to preserve issues for appeal, and if an issue
has not been raised in a post-trial motion, it is waived for appeal purposes.”
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).
Appellant’s second claim is more straightforward and essentially
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence adduced by Ms. Colachino to support
her civil claims. See Appellant’s brief at 22 (“[A] review of the record . . .
demonstrates that Ms. Colachino did not establish any evidence in the record
to support the existence of a joint venture lottery group with Mr. Jones[.]”).
Thus, Mr. Jones asserts that the trial court erred in finding that a joint venture
existed between Mr. Jones and Ms. Colachino. Id. at 20-33.
Our standard of review in non-jury cases is limited to
a determination of whether the findings of the trial court are
supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
committed error in the application of law. Findings of the trial
judge in a non-jury case must be given the same weight and effect
on appeal as a verdict of a jury and will not be disturbed on appeal
absent error of law or abuse of discretion. When this court reviews
the findings of the trial judge, the evidence is viewed in the light
most favorable to the victorious party below and all evidence and
proper inferences favorable to that party must be taken as true
and all unfavorable inferences rejected.
Gutteridge v. J3 Energy Group, Inc., 165 A.3d 908, 914 (Pa.Super. 2017)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Additionally, “[i]n a non-jury
trial, the factfinder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence, and the
Superior Court will not disturb the trial court’s credibility determinations.” Id.at 916 (citing Triffin v. Dillabough, 716 A.2d 605, 607 (Pa. 1998)).
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Under Pennsylvania law, a joint venture is a “special combination of two
or more people where, in some specific venture, a profit is jointly sought
without any actual partnership or corporate designation.” McRoberts v.
Phelps, 138 A.2d 439, 443 (Pa. 1958); see also Gold & Co., Inc. v.
Northeast Theater Corp., 421 A.2d 1151, 1153 n.1 (Pa.Super. 1980) (“A
joint venture is an association of persons or corporations, who by contract,
express or implied, agreed to engage in a common enterprise for their mutual
profit.”). “The existence or non-existence of a joint venture depends on the
facts and the circumstances of each particular case and no fixed or fast rule
can be promulgated to apply generally to all situations.” McRoberts, supra
at 444. Overall, the existence of a joint venture “depends upon what the
parties intended in associating together,” but “[i]t must arise from a
contractual basis, although the contract need not be express but may be
implied from the acts and conduct of the parties.” Id. at 443-44.
Despite the open-ended nature of this inquiry, our Supreme Court has
identified certain “essential” factors, including: (1) each party to the venture
must make a contribution, not necessarily of capital, but by way of services,
skill, knowledge, materials or money; (2) profits must be shared among the
parties; (3) joint proprietary interest and right of mutual control over the
subject matter of the enterprise; and (4) a single business transaction rather
than a general and continuous transaction. Id. at 444.
The trial court authored the following summary of the evidence it found
relevant to its assessment of Ms. Colachino’s civil claims:
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During trial, [Ms. Colachino] offered as evidence the testimony of
the clerk who was working at the Turkey Hill [mini-mart] when
the lottery ticket purchase was made. According to that clerk, the
parties purchased lottery tickets together on many past occasions.
Also, the clerk indicated that the parties made several transactions
of interest, . . . where they bought a total of four “Bingo Squared”
lottery tickets. A video tape of the action in the store that morning
was introduced as evidence, and it reflects [Ms. Colachino]
standing at the . . . store counter where she is subsequently joined
by [Mr. Jones], and they both purchased lottery tickets, including
the “Bingo Squared” tickets. The video verifies that they entered
the store together and before leaving the store together, they
bought lottery tickets in more than one transaction. Further
testimony showed that after they left [the] Turkey Hill, [the
parties] went back to “her” or “their” residence, . . ., played the
scratch-off tickets, and it was a ticket that [Mr. Jones] was playing
that revealed itself to be a $100,000.00 winner. According to the
recollection of Plaintiff’s daughter about the circumstances
attendant to the win, both parties were exclaiming “We won” and
“We are buying a house.” As evidenced by the parties’ seven
years of buying lottery tickets together and the testimony which
supported that fact, we agree that [the parties] were, by mutual
agreement, in a lottery group with the operating rule being the
equal sharing of any monies won. Whether or not the video
showed the two actually pooling or exchanging money at the
store’s lottery counter is immaterial to the circumstances that the
pair, as a lottery group, had been together buying lottery tickets
at [the Turkey Hill] for years, and were reconciled as a couple
when the winning ticket was bought on February 22, 2018.
Trial Court Opinion, 10/8/19, at 3.
Viewing the testimony and evidence of record in the light most favorable
to Ms. Colachino as the verdict winner, we conclude that the trial court’s
factual assessment is supported by the certified record.
The underlying events in this case were captured on video, and are not
reasonably in dispute. Moreover, the testimony from Mr. Jones, Ms.
Colachino, and Ms. Coleman all independently confirm that the parties
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regularly purchased lottery tickets while in one another’s company. Mr. Jones
conceded that the parties were in the habit of playing the lottery at least two
years prior to these events. See N.T. Trial, 7/29/19, at 23 (claiming that the
parties were playing the lottery but not splitting winnings). Both Ms. Colachino
and Ms. Coleman similarly testified that the parties regularly played the
lottery. Id. at 28-29, 49-50; see also Appellant’s Amended Complaint,
5/2/18, at Exhibit A (attesting that the parties regularly purchased lottery
tickets from Ms. Coleman at the Turkey Hill mini-mart).6
Mr. Jones emphasizes that the parties made separate purchases.
However, Mr. Jones’ arguments ignore that the purchaser of the winning ticket
was not definitively identified at trial. See N.T. Trial, 7/29/19, at 55.
Moreover, Mr. Jones himself testified that he could not accurately differentiate
between the respective tickets purchased by the parties. Id. at 10, 17. Thus,
the mere fact that the parties engaged in separate purchases of lottery does
not avail Mr. Jones because the certified record does not confirm that he
actually purchased the winning ticket.7 Contrary to Mr. Jones’s arguments,
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6 This signed document was introduced during the bench trial as “Exhibit H,”
and utilized by both Ms. Colachino and Mr. Jones during Ms. Coleman’s
testimony. See N.T. Trial, 7/29/19, at 54-55, 59.
7 Moreover, we note that the tax refund which funded the parties’ endeavors
on the morning of February 22, 2018, were the result of an arrangement
between the parties that Mr. Jones would share the money equally with Ms.
Colachino. See N.T. Trial, 7/29/19, at 8, 25-28. Thus, both parties can
reasonably be construed as “contributing” to the joint venture that permitted
the purchasing of the subject lottery tickets with their respective funds.
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his testimony evinces a clear intent to use the winnings for the mutual benefit
of the parties. Id. at 13 (“I said I was buying a house. And she – her and
my son were going to come with me.”).
Although the trial court’s discussion does not apply the four factors
noted in McRoberts, supra, we believe that those factors are satisfied here.
Again, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Ms. Colachino, the
evidence of record indicates that: (1) both Ms. Colachino and Mr. Jones made
contributions to the joint lottery venture, e.g., purchases of lottery tickets;
(2) testimony from both parties indicated an initial intent to use the winnings
for their mutual benefit; (3) the parties enjoyed a “right of mutual control”
over the lottery tickets, as evinced by their inability to differentiate amongst
the tickets purchased; and (4) these joint entrepreneurial efforts were limited
to lottery tickets. Accord McRoberts, supra at 443-44. Furthermore, there
is “no fixed or fast rule” with respect to the existence of a joint venture. Id.
Indeed, Mr. Jones’s claim is essentially that the trial court should have
credited his version of events over that of Ms. Colachino. However, the trial
court explicitly rejected Mr. Jones’s version of events as incredulous. See
Trial Court Opinion, 10/8/19, at 3 (“In [my] view, it is extremely unlikely that
the parties “just happened to be together” at the [Turkey Hill], as [Mr. Jones]
claims. Their long-standing pattern of buying tickets together belies his
claim.”). We cannot disturb the credibility determinations rendered by the
trial court.
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Overall, we discern no abuse of discretion or legal error in the trial
court’s analysis. As such, no relief is due on this issue.
Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/9/2020
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